epidemiology final

Each of the following is considered a macro-environmental exposure, EXCEPT: a) Air pollution b) Bioterrorism c) Public drinking water contamination d) Alcohol consumption

Alcohol consumption

The process of toxicokinetic includes: a) Absorption b) Distribution c) Biotransformation d) All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is an approach to handling confounding? a) Individual matching b) Stratification c) Adjustment d) All of the above

All of the above

Loss to follow-up bias is a major concern in which of the following study designs? a) Cross-sectional b) Cohort study c) Ecologic study d) Case-control study

Cohort Study

Distinguish between double and triple blinding in experimental epidemiology study design.

Double blinding is when both the study participants and investigator are unaware of who is receiving the active treatment. Whereas, triple blinding is where the treatment is kept a secret but also the analysis is conducted away from the investigators.

T or F: An analytic study attends to outside the distribution of four related states or events?

False

Epidemiological triad is a traditional model that characterizes infectious disease causation by showing the interaction and interdependence of: a) Host, environment, gene b) Host, agent, gene c) Host, environment, agent d) Environment, agent, risk-factor

Host, environment, agent

An appropriate measure of association between exposure and disease in a case-control study design is: a) RR - relative risk b) HR - hazards ratio c) OR - odds ratio d) PR - prevalence ratio

OR - odds ratio

Briefly describe the difference between experimental and observational epidemiology study?

Within experimental study design, the investigators influence the exposure of the study subjects. Whereas, with observational studies, the researchers observe the relationships between variables.

Each of the following is an important criterion when making causal inference, EXCEPT: a) Absolute risk b) Biologic plausibility c) Consistency of association in several studies d) Dose-response relationship

absolute risk

Hill's guideline that the cause must precede the disease is known as: a) Consistency b) Dose-response c) Temporality d) Biological plausibility

Temporality

Briefly describe the purpose of randomization in experimental epidemiology study design.

The purpose of randomization in experimental epidemiology study design is to make the intervention and control groups look as similar as possible eliminating selection bias and averages out unconscious bias.

The type of error an investigator commits when a true null hypothesis is rejected: a) Type I b) Type II c) Delta error d) Sigma error

Type I

In the Health Belief Model, the construct of confidence in one's ability to take action is: a) Cue to action b) Process of susceptibility c) Perceived benefit d) Self-efficacy

self-efficacy

Factors A, B, or C can each individually cause a certain disease without the other two factors, but only when followed by exposure to factor Z. Exposure to factor Z alone is not followed by the disease, but the disease never occurs in the absence of exposure to factor Z. Factor Z is: a) A necessary sufficient cause b) A sufficient, but not necessary cause c) A necessary, but not sufficient cause d) Neither necessary nor sufficient

A necessary, but not sufficient cause

Recall bias is a major concern in which of the following study designs? a) Case-control b) Prospective cohort study c) Retrospective cohort study d) Cross-sectional study

Case-control

The following are the major sources of lead in the United States except: a) Homes built before 1978 b) Chalk c) Waterpipes d) Toys and Jewellery

Chalk

The phase of the clinical trial when the efficacy of the treatment and dosage methods are evaluated: a) Phase I b) Phase II c) Phase III d) Phase IV

Phase I

The phase of the clinical trial when the toxicokinetic effect of the treatment are evaluated: a) Phase I b) Phase II c) Phase III d) Phase IV

Phase II

A major limitation of cross-over design in experimental study design: a) Double effect b) Residual effect c) Triple effect d) Observational effect

Residual effect

The following statement refers directly or indirectly to a particular indicator of the validity of a screening test. Identify the measure being referred to: Eighteen percent of those with diagnosed depression tested negative on a new screening test for the design a) FN - False Negative b) FP - False Positive c) SEN - Sensitivity d) SPEC - Specificity.

false negative