Epii 2
4. Four types of factors play a part in the causation of disease. If a scientist is more concerned about the repeated exposure, environmental conditions, and aggravation of a disease or injury due to hard work. Which of these four factors would he focus on? - Predisposing factors - Enabling factors - Precipitating factors - Reinforcing factors
- Reinforcing factors
3. Relative risks greater than __ can be considered strong 4 10 6 2
2
In which of the following options is the removed factor least likely to be causal of the stated disease? 1. Quitting smoking; lung cancer 2. Reduce Direct sunlight; skin cancer 3. Remove raw eggs from diet; salmonella 4. Quit daily exercise; appendicitis
4. Quit daily exercise; appendicitis
3. Screening for exampleitis correctly diagnoses 85% of positive cases, but only correctly excludes 40% of negative cases. Exampleitis screening can be defines as: A- Sensitive, but not very specific B- Sensitive and specific C- Having a low positive predictive value D- Having high negative predictive value
A- Sensitive, but not very specific
3. In the current pandemic we live in today, the CDC recommends the general public to wear masks, maintain social distancing and wash hands frequently. The general recommendations that the CDC recommends is an example of what kind of prevention? A. Precautionary prevention B. Primary prevention C. Secondary prevention D. Primordial prevention
A. Precautionary prevention
You are speaking with a patient about how they can reduce their risk of being susceptible to a certain disease by addressing common modifiable risk factors in time. Which of the following would not be discussed as a factor? Tobacco use Obesity Unhealthy diet Physical inactivity
Obesity
2. Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor Sex Age Poor nutrition Previous illness
Poor nutrition
______ is the probability of a negative test in people without the disease. Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative predictive value
Specificity
A cause is determined _______ when it inevitably produces or initiates an outcome. Necessary Sufficient Genetic Absolute
Sufficient
You are doing some research and want to screen workers in lead factories. What type of screening would you perform? Mass screening Multiple or multiphasic screening Targeted screening Case-finding screening Opportunistic screening
Targeted screening
1. When several studies give the same results repeatedly this is called. - Consistency - Over study - False study - Useful study
- Consistency
2. John is measuring the exposure of fluoride in fruit punch. As this cannot be measured individually, what study can be used to provide evidence of what is going on? - Ecological studies - Cross- sectional- study - Cohort study - Experimental study
- Ecological studies
3. Another term for causal pathway. - Hierarchy of causes - Growing pathway - Trickle of causes - Elevating pathway
- Hierarchy of causes
5. John and Mark drinks heavily and smokes throughout the day. They are at high risk of heart attacks and strokes. What type of phenomenon is this? - Interaction - Direct causes - Indirect causes - Risk factors
- Interaction
5. Intermediate risk factors for chronic disease can be described as: A- Carrying a 40-60% increase in chance for developing a chronic disease B- Risk factors that are resultant of a combination of environmental, unmodifiable and modifiable risk factors for a patient C- Risk factors which can be changed via patient behaviors D- Risk factors independent of environmental, behavioral or inherited factors
B- Risk factors that are resultant of a combination of environmental, unmodifiable and modifiable risk factors for a patient
1. From 2015 to 2017, the HIV mortality rates in Haiti was 57%. Which of the following factor is the most likely to cause a change in the mortality rates in the coming years? A. Death rates in Haiti B. Age structure changes C. Sexual activity of the general population D. Birth rates in Haiti
B. Age structure changes
5. To find the number of cases of ADHD in elementary schools in a specific county, what kind of screening should a researcher use? A. Mass screening B. Multiphasic screening C. Targeted screening D. Opportunistic screening
B. Multiphasic screening
2. The obesity rates of South Korean immigrants were found to be 8% in a 1970s study and in a new study conducted on Korean Americans under the age of 30, the obesity rate of the new generation was found to be 38%. Which of the following factors is the most likely to be in explanation for the rise in obesity of the new generation? A. Trend differential B. Preventative potential C. Causation framework D. Primordial prevention
B. Preventative potential
Bob's uncle is a heavy smoker who started smoking at the age of 12. Recently, Bob's uncle was hospitalized and diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer and was given 6 months to live. Which of the following factors is the most likely to be root of his lung cancer? Bob's uncle's genetic trait Bob's uncle's diabetes Bob's uncle's stress level due to his work environment Bob's uncle's asthma
Bob's uncle's stress level due to his work environment
2. The population individuals suffering from exampleitis have protein X levels with a right skew in their distribution. What might be an effective way to reduce the prevalence of exampleitis? A- Specific campaigns aimed at reducing protein X levels in people with high readings B- A comprehensive health strategy aimed at making people more deliberate in their health choices C- A specific health strategy aimed at reducing protein X levels in the general population D- Developing a new medication to reduce protein X in women aged 40-60
C- A specific health strategy aimed at reducing protein X levels in the general population
4. A common blood test that may be ordered is called a chem-12, as it measures 12 different readings using blood collected in 4-5 tubes at once. This is an example of what screening tactic: A- Mass screening B- Target screening C- Multiphasic screening D- Cost-effective screening
C- Multiphasic screening
4. In a high-risk individual study such as heroine rehabilitation programs, which of the following are not advantages that are observed in the study? A. Good chance that the study benefits the participants B. Motivation for the subject C. Difficulty in identifying the individuals at high risk D. Appropriate for the individuals
C. Difficulty in identifying the individuals at high risk
1. Identify a secondary level type preventive strategy: A- Providing subsidies for glucometers so diabetics can more easily check their daily blood sugar B- Promoting exercise in youth populations in an attempt to reduce obesity and heart disease risk C- Improving employment rates in a community with history of poverty and health issues D- Providing free blood testing through walk-in clinics to identify common health issues
D- Providing free blood testing through walk-in clinics to identify common health issues
Which of the following conditions leading to mortality did not significantly decrease in Brazil from 1930-2003? A. Infection diseases B. Cancer C. External causes D. Cardiovascular diseases
D. Cardiovascular diseases
John, an epidemiologist who is currently studying the spread and escalation of COVID-19 wants to conduct a study where he is able to prove the strong causation of the disease. Which of the following studies should John NOT conduct? A. Randomized controlled trials B. Cohort studies C. Case-control studies D. Ecological studies
D. Ecological studies
4. Researchers are investigating the association between exercising and lower mortality rates. They establish a clear causal relationship between the two but want to quantify effects. Which of the following studies would help them achieve this? Ecological Cross-sectional Cohort Experimental
Ecological
A cause is termed ______ when an outcome cannot develop in its absence. Necessary Sufficient Genetic Absolute
Necessary
Researchers have come up with a new way to screen for the presence of lung cancer. Of all the people who have lung cancer, the screening test identifies 98% of them as ill. What is this an example of? High specificity Low specificity High sensitivity Low sensitivity
High sensitivity
1. Koch's postulates are most valuable when the specific cause is a ________ pathogenic infectious agent, chemical poison or other specific factor, and there are no _______ carriers of the pathogen Highly; unhealthy Highly; healthy Slightly; healthy Slightly; unhealthy
Highly; healthy
Which type of screening aims to screen the whole population? Multiple screening Mass screening Targeted screening Opportunistic screening
Mass screening
Which of the following is a description that accurately describes the difference between population strategy and high risk strategy? Population strategy involves a small cost per person while high risk involves a large cost per person Population strategy aims to reduce risk in people with a high risk of getting a disease while the high risk strategy programs reduce the risk across a whole population by a small amount The impact of the population approach is a reduced disease incidence among people at high risk while the impact of the high risk strategy is improved behavioral patterns across the whole population The impact of the population approach is seen within one to two years of initiation of the programme while the impact of the high risk approach is seen in the short term
Population strategy involves a small cost per person while high risk involves a large cost per person
Age, sex, and specific genetic traits are termed as Predisposing factors Enabling (or disabling) factors Precipitating factors Reinforcing factors
Predisposing factors
___________ prevention involves underlying economic, social, and environmental conditions leading up to causation. Primordial Primary Secondary Tertiary
Primordial
Finish the following sentence accurately. ________ and _________ prevention contribute most to the health of the whole population, while ________ and ________ prevention are generally focused on people who already have signs of the disease. Primordial , secondary, tertiary, primary Secondary, tertiary, primary, primordial Primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary Tertiary, primordial, primary, secondary
Primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary
In Texas, the obesity rate exceeded 40% of the population. Due to health safety reasons, the governor placed a ban on fried foods. 1 year later after the ban, the obesity rate dropped to 10% of the population. What is a possible explanation of the relationship between obesity and fried foods? Reversibility causality Dose-response Strength Consistency
Reversibility causality
______ is the proportion of people with the disease in the screened as ill by the screening test. Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative predictive value
Sensitivity
In an Epidemiological study where there is multiple-causality involved, what does the scenario mean in terms of risk factors? The difference of the attributable factors for each risk factor is below 50% The sum of the attributable factors for each risk factor exceeds 100% The difference of the attributable factors for the total risk factor is above 50%. The sum of the attributable factors for the total risk factor exceeds 100%.
The sum of the attributable factors for each risk factor exceeds 100%
5. A new study has found that individuals who eat fast food on a regular basis have a two fold increase in risk of having a heart attack compared to those that don't eat from fast food restaurants. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true? There is a strong association between fast food consumption and risk of heart attack The risk ratio is too low to infer association The risk ratio is too high to infer association There is a weak association between fast food consumption and risk of heart attack
There is a strong association between fast food consumption and risk of heart attack
In a scenario of casual inference, despite the tentative and judgements being made on available ample evidence what kind of problems could a researcher possibly run into in causal inference in studies? There are multiple interpretations that could take place Evidence is not always correct There is still uncertainty in the inference Incorrect temporal relationships can occur
There is still uncertainty in the inference
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor that can contribute to a host being susceptible? Genetic factors Malnutrition Tissue Invasion Poverty
Tissue Invasion
All but which of the following is a non-modifiable risk? Age Tobacco use Sex Heredity
Tobacco use
4. What is the calculation for the probability of a person not having a disease when the test presents a negative result? a. # of true negative/(# of false negatives + # of true negatives) b. # of true positive/(# of true negatives + # of false negatives) c. # of true positive/(# of true positive + # of false negatives) d. # of true negative/(# of false positives + # of true negatives)
a. # of true negative/(# of false negatives + # of true negatives)
4. Calculate Stuart's risk of being in a car crash. He commutes over an hour to work- making him 6 times more likely to crash. Additionally, he drives a small sports car- making him 3 times more likely to crash. a. 18 b. 9 c. 3 d. 24
a. 18
5. After conducting another study, Kelly finds that older individuals were more likely to get sick from eating tomatoes than younger people. Classify this relationship. a. Age is a risk factor in this disease b. Age is a factor in causation of this disease c. Age is one of multiple sufficient causes in this disease d. The relationship between age and infection is temporal
a. Age is a risk factor in this disease
2. What is the first disease to meet Koch's postulates? a. Anthrax b. Smallpox c. Creutzfeldt-Jakob d. Tuberculosis e. Cholera
a. Anthrax
2. Which of these is not an advantage of primary prevention strategies? a. Benefits to individuals b. Radical c. Potential for the population d. Behaviorally appropriate
a. Benefits to individuals
List the following diseases in order from most deaths caused to least. a. Cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes b. Diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease c. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cancer d. Cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease
a. Cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes
1. Researchers on Yellow Island are investigating the cause of a "Turnedtummy" outbreak. They find that only individuals who had eaten tomatoes from South Market in the last week were infected. It is discovered that this disease results from the T. tummy bacterium that had infected the entire grocery store tomato supply. Which of the following is a sufficient cause for this disease? a. Eating tomatoes from South Market b. Ingesting T. tummy bacterium c. A genetic pre-disposition to get "Turnedtummy" when exposed to T. tummy d. Vomiting after T. tummy ingestion
a. Eating tomatoes from South Market
4. There is a new program to help those who want to quit smoking to reduce the number of smokers that could potentially develop lung cancer in the future. Which of the following best describes this new program the government has implemented? a. High-risk individual strategy b. Population strategy c. Primordial prevention d. Secondary prevention
a. High-risk individual strategy
4. A group of epidemiologists are trying to find factors that play a role in the causation of ebola. They have realized that the majority of the patients have a common trait. All of the patients who have gotten the disease are over the age of 60. What type of factor would this be qualified as? a. Predisposing b. Enabling c. Precipitating d. Reinforcing e. Causative
a. Predisposing
2. A patient has hypertension even though they do not eat a lot of unhealthy food. The doctor tells the patient that hypertension medications are required to bring down the blood pressure, but diet changes will be unlikely to alter any change. What risk factor might best describe the patient's risk? a. Predisposing factors b. Enabling factors c. Disabling factors d. Precipitating factors e. Reinforcing factors
a. Predisposing factors
1. Hezekiah's uncle has been feeling fatigued and without sense of smell ever since his 55th birthday party few days ago in his house where about 30 people have gathered. He went to the hospital and they pronounced him COVID positive. What is most likely a necessary cause of Hezekiah's uncle contracting COVID? a. coronaviridae alphacoronavirus b. lack of social distancing during the party c. consuming too much sugar at the party d. not wearing face covering and being around people without face covering
a. coronaviridae alphacoronavirus
5. A new form of virus has swept over the state of Alaska and an average of 300 people were dying every week. Robert, an epidemiologist, started researching to see if there was any clue to solve this problem and he found out that there was a town without any infection or death. And this town had no animals. Robert conducted a study and saw that owning a dog seemed to be related to this disease. Although he doesn't know the exact causation, he decides to tell Alaskans not to own the dog. Should he do this or not, and why? a. yes, because it is a "precautionary prevention" and will potentially save people b. yes, because he proved that the dogs caused the disease c. no, because he has not fully discovered the cause of the disease d. no, because it will violate the animal protection law
a. yes, because it is a "precautionary prevention" and will potentially save people
5. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease is caused by what infectious agent? a. A fungi b. A prion c. A virus d. A protozoan
b. A prion
To determine if a specific living organism causes a disease it must meet Koch's postulates. What was the first disease to meet these rules? a. Tuberculosis b. Anthrax c. Cholera d. Salmonella
b. Anthrax
2. Which of the following options demonstrates a proper relationship about the quality of evidence for causation between various studies. a. Cross-sectional study > Cohort study b. Cohort study > Cross-sectional study c. Ecological study > Experimental study d. Ecological study > Cohort study
b. Cohort study > Cross-sectional study
2. A study at Southern Adventist University on the causation of cardiometabolic diseases shows that poor nutrition can be a possible cause of these diseases. More studies were done at other major universities and they also suggest this causation. Based on this information, this research shows to have high: a. Plausibility b. Consistency c. Strength d. Temporal relationship
b. Consistency
1. A group of doctors is determining the specificity and sensitivity of a test to include all true positives to reduce the chances of false negatives. What must the doctors do in order to achieve this result? a. Increase sensitivity and specificity b. Increase sensitivity and decrease specificity c. Decrease sensitivity and specificity d. Decrease sensitivity and increase specificity
b. Increase sensitivity and decrease specificity
2. You go in for your annual checkup with the doctor. This checkup consists of weight, height, blood pressure, and the doctor asks you to provide a urine sample. What type of screening is this checkup? a. Mass screening b. Multiphasic screening c. Targeted screening d. Opportunistic screening
b. Multiphasic screening
4. Interaction is the effect of two or more causes acting together and is the effect is greater than an individual effect. How is this effect measured? a. Addition b. Multiplication c. Squared d. Summation e. Exponents
b. Multiplication
2. Kelly is participating in a case-control study to determine the cause of "Turnedtummy". Researchers hone in on a specific genetic trait she possesses, which they believe to incur susceptibility. What type of factor in causation would this be? a. Reinforcing factor b. Predisposing factor c. Enabling factor d. Precipitating factor
b. Predisposing factor
1. The ability of a study design to prove causation is an important aspect of epidemiology. Which study would have the strongest ability to "prove causation"? a. Cohort Study b. Randomized Control Trial c. Ecological Study d. Case-Control Study e. Cross-Sectional Study
b. Randomized Control Trial
5. Which of the following experimental designs would be strongest for proving that alcoholism during pregnancy leads to fetal alcohol syndrome? a. Case-Control Study b. Randomized Controlled Trial c. Cohort Study d. Cross Sectional Study
b. Randomized Controlled Trial
4. After looking at the class average grade, Dr. Corbie has assigned an extra credit homework to his students. The students were given specific instructions which said that they will have to design a study that will strongly prove causation of a certain disease. What would be the best study design for this purpose? a. Case-control studies b. Randomized controlled trials c. Cohort studies d. Ecological studies
b. Randomized controlled trials
Unfortunately, Sarah caught mono, an infection with Epstein-Barr virus, transmitted through saliva. Which of the following answers could be considered the necessary cause of her condition? a. Sarah drank from a glass 5 other people had also drank from. b. Sarah somehow came into contact with the saliva of someone with mono. c. Sarah kissed multiple people at a party. d. Sarah was spat on by an angry group of teenagers.
b. Sarah somehow came into contact with the saliva of someone with mono.
3. A person tests positive for COVID-19. The person was known to have attended a populated concert and this was originally attributed to being where the patient got the virus. It was later determined the patient went to the concert after symptom onset. What does this situation violate the most? a. Pressure that patient exhibited on the causal effects from COVID b. Temporal relationship c. Interaction between person and concert-goers of exposing them to COVID d. The amount of time for symptom onset e. One or more of Koch's postulates
b. Temporal relationship
3. Sensitivity focuses on a. When the diseases is absent b. When the disease is present c. When the person has a false positive test d. When the person has a false negative test
b. When the disease is present
3. Ryan is in the emergency room due to a severe asbestosis. He needed to feed his family and the only work he could find around his hometown was an old construction site that not many people applied to because of repeated rumors of presence of asbestos at the site. Choose the answer that correctly matches the causation factors of Ryan's disease. a. predisposing factor - exposure to asbestos reinforcing factor - low income b. enabling factor - repeated exposure to asbestos predisposing factor - genetic traits of poorly functioning immune system c. precipitating factor - exposure to asbestos enabling factor - low income d. reinforcing factor - repeated exposure to asbestos precipitating factor - genetic traits of poorly functioning immune system
c. precipitating factor - exposure to asbestos enabling factor - low income
1. Strength is often used to measure the association between possible cause and effect by the size of relative risk. Relative risk greater than what number is considered to be a strong association? a. 3 b. 5 c. 2 d. 6 e. 1
c. 2
3. Which of the following options is not part of the DPSEEA multi-layer framework for the analysis of different elements of causation a. Pressure b. Effect c. Age d. State
c. Age
3. Resulting from the research into the "Turnedtummy" outbreak, epidemiologists on Yellow Island find that there seems to be a direct relationship between the number of tomatoes eaten and the number of days an individual is sick. What element of causation does this show? a. Consistency b. Strength c. Dose-response relationship d. Reversibility
c. Dose-response relationship
1. John lives in a very poor neighborhood that is linked to bad housing, inadequate medical care, and poor nutrition. John is closely tied to what type of factor which plays a part in the causation of disease? a. Precipitating factor b. Reinforcing factor c. Enabling factor d. Predisposing factor
c. Enabling factor
4. Which of the following causes of tuberculosis is a necessary cause and not just a sufficient cause? a. Poverty b. Genetic factors c. Exposure to bacteria d. Crowded housing
c. Exposure to bacteria
3. Which of the following correctly demonstrates a temporal relationship? a. Carter comes down with a fever and then is exposed to the influenza virus b. Peyton is charged with theft and then steals Henry's wallet c. Henry has too many drinks and then crashes his car d. Maddie gets in trouble and then hits her brother
c. Henry has too many drinks and then crashes his car
4. An experiment is conducted and shows that individuals that consume a large amount of caffeine are most likely to have long-term insomnia. Different studies also show this of varying techniques, which when all studies are taken into consideration is best indicative of: a. High strength between studies b. low strength between studies c. High consistency across studies d. low consistency across studies e. High consistency only if a meta-analysis is conducted
c. High consistency across studies
Each of the following individuals was just diagnosed with the same type of cancer. Based only off of the following factor about the individual, who is most likely to experience the most severe of the disease? a. Mary who has been blind since birth b. Joan who has a serious peanut allergy c. Lauren who has severe depression d. Sarah who mild anxiety
c. Lauren who has severe depression
3. Brian has been seeing a patient that is constantly coming back for chest pain and shortness of breath. Brian asks the patient about his surroundings and if anyone near him has similar symptoms as his workplace. The patient replies that he works in construction and some of his coworkers have shortness of breath. What factor is in play here? a. Predisposing factor b. Enabling factor c. Reinforcing factor d. Precipitating factor e. Genetic factors
c. Reinforcing factor
5. In epidemiology, there are often hierarchy of causes. Based on the list below, which would be at the top of this specific list? a. Conflicts between cars and pedestrians b. Increasing car density c. Relying on cars for transport d. Time spent in hazardous situations e. Motor vehicle crash injuries
c. Relying on cars for transport
1. Which of the following is an example of a necessary cause? a. Sue doesn't wash her hands- she contracts influenza b. Tom is locked out of his house in below freezing weather- he comes down with a cold c. Sawyer consumes salmonella infected meat- he gets salmonella poisoning d. Laura falls off her roof- she breaks her arm
c. Sawyer consumes salmonella infected meat- he gets salmonella poisoning
3. Annie is getting her eyes and hearing tested while she is in school as it is required. Which of the following best describes her situation? a. Primordial prevention b. Primary prevention c. Secondary prevention d. Tertiary prevention
c. Secondary prevention
2. Sally is now a diabetic. Growing up, Sally enjoyed the daily dose of her chocolate chip cookies made by her mom, who is a diabetic herself as well. Cathy, Sally's daughter, is wondering if there is any hope for her or not. She asks her epidemiologist friend about the most probable cause for her mom's disease. What would be the best answer from the epidemiologist friend? a. your mom's disease is caused by the genetics b. your mom's disease is caused by the chocolate chip cookies c. your mom's disease is caused by the interplay of her genetics and her lifestyle d. your mom's disease is caused by chance
c. your mom's disease is caused by the interplay of her genetics and her lifestyle
5. According to the book, if one has 2 or more major risk factors, what were the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in men and women? a. 65% in men; 55% in women b. 50% in men; 69% in women c. 50% in men; 50% in women d. 69% in men; 50% in women
d. 69% in men; 50% in women
5. Linda wants to know how the probability of dying from skin cancer would be different for tanned individuals who tanned at the beach and used tanning beds if they had either never tanned at the beach or never used tanning beds. What statistic measurement would be best for her to calculate in this scenario? a. Prevalence b. Incidence c. Risk Ratio d. Attributable Fraction
d. Attributable Fraction
Mr. Smith assigned his students to each come up with an example of a way to implement primary level of prevention against a noncommunicable disease of their choice. Which of his students didn't come up with a correct answer. a. Abe suggested removing a large root than many of his classmates have sprained their ankles on. b. Bob suggested mandating seat belts to lower car crash injuries c. Chuck suggested removing asbestos from everyone's homes to prevent lung cancer d. Dave suggested screening for cervical cancer.
d. Dave suggested screening for cervical cancer.
Based on the following information, which disease would most likely have the best chances of fitting the criteria to be screened? a. Disease A: lead time of 1 day b. Disease B: lead time of 1 week c. Disease C: lead time of 1 month d. Disease D: lead time of 1 year
d. Disease D: lead time of 1 year
5. Sally enjoys listening to music with earbuds at a semi-loud volume for extended periods of time as it helps her study. However, she has found her hearing has gotten worse as she has gotten older. What kind of causation has Sally experienced? a. Reversibility b. Strength c. Consistency d. Dose-response e. Temporal Relation
d. Dose-response
2. Sue eats unhealthy food and develops a case of morbid obesity. Which if the following best describes how Sue's eating habits contributed to her weight increase? a. Predisposing Factor b. Precipitating Factor c. Reinforcing Factor d. Enabling Factor
d. Enabling Factor
4. Which of the following options is not a factor that plays a part in the causation of disease a. Precipitating factors b. Disabling factors c. Reinforcing factors d. Exposure factors
d. Exposure factors
5. A Dose-response relationship can be best exhibited in which experiment: a. Everyone that takes 250mg of Vitamin C has varying digestive health b. Individuals that take 50mg, 100mg, or 150mg Vitamin C all have the same level of digestive health c. A Vitamin C dosage that slightly increases digestive health, but not to a statistically significant level. d. Individuals take 50mg, 100mg, or 150mg of Vitamin C and end up with increase digestive health as dosage increases. e. Everyone in the study takes a 250mg dose of Vitamin C and ends up with the same digestive health
d. Individuals take 50mg, 100mg, or 150mg of Vitamin C and end up with increase digestive health as dosage increases.
4. Kelly wants to conduct her own study to determine the cause of "Turnedtummy". If ethics were not a concern, which study design would be the best for her to use? a. Ecological b. Cross-sectional c. Case-control d. Randomized control trial
d. Randomized control trial
Which of the following options correctly lists the following studies in order from best ability to prove causation to worst? a. Cross-sectional, cohort, randomized controlled trials, ecological b. Randomized controlled trials, ecological, cross sectional, cohort c. Cohort, randomized controlled trials, ecological, cross sectional d. Randomized controlled trails, cohort, cross sectional, ecological
d. Randomized controlled trails, cohort, cross sectional, ecological
3. Billy wants to conduct a study to "prove" causation between two different variables. Not considering other variables that could inhibit him from conducting a specific type of study, which of the following studies should Billy conduct in order to have the highest probability of "proving" causation? a. Ecological studies b. Cross-sectional studies c. Cohor studies d. Randomized controlled trials
d. Randomized controlled trials
1. A patient comes into a clinic for rehab due to a stroke. What level of prevention is this an example of? a. Primordial b. Primary c. Secondary d. Tertiary
d. Tertiary
1. Which of the following is a reliable criterion for determining whether an association is causal or not? a. a temporal relationship b. AICs under 1,000 c. linear regressions with alpha set to 0.01 d. there are no reliable criteria
d. there are no reliable criteria
2. In an attempt to discover reasons why there has been a sudden outbreak of tuberculosis, epidemiologists are distinguishing factors as either being sufficient or necessary. Out of the following list, which of the following would be deemed necessary for developing tuberculosis? a. Malnutrition b. Crowded Housing c. Poverty d. Genetic Factors e. Exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis.
e. Exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis.
John is trying to calculate his risk of catching a rare disease. This risk of disease is increased 10 times if his diet includes cheese, and 20 times if his diet includes ice-cream. John eats both cheese and ice-cream regularly. What is his risk of getting this disease? a. His risk is multiplied 10 times b. His risk is multiplied 20 times c. His risk is multiplied 30 times d. His risk is multiplied 100 times e. His risk is multiplied 200 times
e. His risk is multiplied 200 times
1. The Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is often carried by rodent flies on animals like rats. Which of the following is most accurate about necessary and sufficient cause: a. The contact of a human and rodent fly on the rat is necessary to contract the Bubonic plague b. The contact of a human with a rat known to not have rodent flies is sufficient to cause to contract plague c. The contact of a human with a rodent fly on a rat is sufficient and necessary causes for the plague d. The contracting of the Yersinia pestis bacterium is sufficient for the plague e. The contracting of the Yersinia pestis bacterium is necessary for the plague
e. The contracting of the Yersinia pestis bacterium is necessary for the plague
3. Pasteur's work on microorganisms led to the formulation, first by Henle and then by Koch, of 4 rules for determining whether a specific living organism causes a particular disease (causation). Which of the following is not one of those 4 rules? a. the organism must be present in every case of the disease b. the organism must be able to be isolated and grown in in pure culture c. the organism must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, cause the specific disease d. the organism must be recovered from the animal and identified e. the organism must not be the causative agent of another disease
e. the organism must not be the causative agent of another disease
What is the correct order for driving forces as mapped out by the DPSEEA framework? Pressure Exposure State Effect i, ii, iii, iv ii, iii, iv, i ii, i, iii, iv i, iii, ii, iv
i, iii, ii, iv
5. Preventing water contamination in a city is an example of a. Secondary prevention b. Tertiary prevention c. Primary prevention d. Primordial prevention
no answer given; thanks sherley