EPY 220B Chapter 2

Declarative memory

Declarative memory (also known as explicit memory) is a combination of episodic and semantic memory in which memories are recalled with specific facts, data and events.

Procedural memory

Procedural memory (how to memories) is related to how to do things through repetition and practice.

Giving students time to think

Processing thought takes time. Waiting 3 seconds is ideal. Can lead to more discussion and less simplistic questions being asked.

Encouraging effective long-term memory storage

Relate new ideas to students' prior knowledge and experiences. Take advantage of student's diverse background knowledge in designing instruction. Provide experiences on which students can build. Help students organize ideas by making connections among them. Facilitate visual imagery. Present questions and tasks that encourage elaboration Suggest mnemonics for hard to remember facts. Give students time to think.

Sarah needs to know her division facts for a quiz tomorrow. She wants to do as well as she possibly can on the quiz. Taking what psychologists have learned about automaticity into account, which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah?

"Study the facts until you know them all perfectly, and then continue to practice them periodically after that."

Types of mnemonic devices and be prepared to provide an example of each

Acronym Mnemonics Acrostic Mnemonics Pegword Mnemonics Loci Mnemonic Keyword Mnemonics

Acronym Mnemonics

Acronym mnemonics use the first letter of each word in a series of steps or a list of names. A good example used in math is the mnemonic PEMDAS

Acrostic Mnemonics

Acrostic mnemonics use a creative sentence to remember a series of steps or a list of names: " Please excuse my dear aunt sally"

Three of the following children have been diagnosed as having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Which one is least likely to have ADHD?

Ben is consistently on the honor roll at school. His favorite times of day are recess and gym because he enjoys physical activity. It's hard for him to sit still on rainy afternoons when he hasn't had a chance to burn off some energy.

Understand how to address student misconceptions in learning

Conceptual change

Episodic memory

Episodic memory (memory of events) relates directly to personal experiences and is tied to specific dates or episodes

The textbook recommends a number of strategies for increasing students' attention in the classroom. Which one of the following alternatives, while possibly beneficial for other reasons, is not necessarily recommended as a strategy for increasing attention?

Follow a predictable routine every day.

Facilitating visual imagery

Highly effective way to learn and remember information. Teachers can promote students' use of visual imagery in a variety of ways. Effective way to encode material.

Three of the following statements accurately characterize rote learning. Which statement is not true of rote learning?

Information is stored as one or more visual images.

Helping students make connections among ideas

Interrelationships students identify within the subject matter they're learning to easily remember and apply it later. To organize the facts.

Which one of the following statements best characterizes working memory (sometimes known as short-term memory)?

It actively processes a small amount of information, typically holding it for less than a minute.

Psychologists often emphasize the importance of attention in the learning process. From the perspective of the three-component model of memory, why is attention so important?

It moves information from the sensory register into working memory.

Pegword Mnemonics

Pegword mnemonics are useful for learning lists of items. One-bun, two-shoe, three-tree, four-door These are called pegs and are associations that you memorize based on the rhyming words you chose for each number

Which one of the following statements best describes how learners often acquire procedural knowledge?

Learners first learn it as declarative knowledge; with time and practice, it gradually becomes procedural knowledge.

Mnemonic Devices

Mnemonic devices are memory strategies that assist learners in recalling bigger pieces of information, especially in the form of lists, steps and stages a process, parts of a whole, phases, etc

Suggesting mnemonics for hard-to-remember facts

Mnemonic devices help students organize information in a manner that makes it easier to store and retrieve that information from memory

Only one of the following teaching practices is consistent with what we know about working memory. Which one?

Ms. Borelli tells her students that they should try to focus on main ideas rather than try to remember every detail.

Semantic memory

Semantic memory (memory of facts) is the memory of things related to common knowledge, such as facts, and not to any specific time or context

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to encourage students to correct their existing misconceptions?

Show students how new information contradicts what they presently believe.

Conceptual change

Significant revision of one's existing beliefs about a topic, enabling new and discrepant information to be better understood and explained

Relate new ideas to students' prior knowledge and experiences.

Students can more effectively learn and remember classroom subject matter if they connect it to many other things they already know. Yet students don't always make such connections on their own,

Which one of the following statements best describes the idea that learning involves a process of construction?

Students combine pieces of information about a topic to create their own understandings.

In contemporary psychology, a schema can best be described as

knowledge about the typical characteristics of a certain object or phenomenon

When teachers increase their wait time from one second to three seconds, other teacher behaviors are likely to change as well. Which one of the following is not a typical outcome of increasing wait time?

Teachers often lose the momentum of classroom activities.

Keyword Mnemonics

The keyword method is often used in the teaching of foreign languages and uses visual images with association with vocabulary to recall word meaning. Fang means house in Chinese: a house has fangs Men means door in Chinese: a door with men painted on it.

Loci Mnemonic

The word loci means "location" and is very similar to using pegwords, but uses locations instead of rhyming pegwords to remember lists, events, or ideas. Placing items in rooms. Living room: bun Bathroom: shoe Kitchen: tree To complete method: develop a story: "I saw a bun sitting on the couch as I walked to the bathroom where a shoes was, I then walked in the kitchen for water where a tree poured me a glass."

Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register?

Visual information lasts less than a second, with auditory information lasting a bit longer.

Which one of the following statements best describes wait time and its typical effects?

When teachers allow students more time to respond to a question, students are more likely to answer the question and explain their reasoning.

Morris is trying to remember how to spell the word broccoli. He retrieves the first three letters (B R O) and the last three (O L I), then assumes that the "kuh" sound in the middle of the word must be a K. He writes "brokoli" on his paper. Morris' process of remembering how to spell the word (in this case, incorrectly) illustrates the use of

construction in retrieval

Three of the following teaching strategies are likely to help students acquire a conceptual understanding of classroom subject matter. Which strategy, though possibly beneficial for other reasons, is least likely to promote conceptual understanding?

developing automaticity of basic skills

The fact that it is difficult to think about too many things all at the same time, such as watching a YouTube video and studying for a test, reflects:

limited capacity of working memory

As Chalonte reads her science textbook, she encounters the word ecology for the first time and uses the context to figure out what the word means. Given what we know about how the brain functions, we could reasonably assume that

many parts of her brain are involved in this task

When you are studying for a test, you may often try to identify interrelationships among the new pieces of information you are learning. Psychologists call this process

organization

During a lecture about World War II, Mr. Cochran tells his class about some of the major leaders of the countries involved in the war. He then asks Kathy to identify the leader of Great Britain during World War II, and she correctly responds, "Winston Churchill." At the time she answers the question, Kathy is exhibiting

retrieval