Equine Science
loose connective tissue proper
"packing" materials of the body; fill space between organs, cushion and stabilize specialized cells in organs; support epithelia, blood vessels and nerves, store lipids; provide route for the diffusion of materials
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production; Krebs Cycle produces ATP
Pros of passive immunity
Provides a very quick, strong response to exogenous antigens
exocrine glands (epithelial tissues)
Secretions are discharged onto the skin or other epithelial surfaces via ducts; ex. enzymes entering digestive tract
What lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes
active immunity
The immunity produced as a result of the administration of an antigen; immunity is usually long-term; exposure to the antigen or vaccination
reticular fibers (connective tissue fiber types)
Thinner, branching, interwoven framework called a stroma; Resist forces applied from many directions; stabilizes the parenchyma of an organ
vesicular transport
Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes
Organs
a group of specialized tissues; cardiac muscles grouped together to form the heart
Systems
a group of specialized; the heart is grouped together with the vessels to form the cardiovascular system
Neurons (nerve cells)
a nerve cell; longest cell in the body; limited ability to repair because they cannot divide; cell body with a large nucleus; dendrites (receive information) are branching projections with one axon (carry information)
dense irregular connective tissue
able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength; Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract.
muscle function
acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter to start muscle contraction
Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
amount of formed elements within the blood
synovial joints - components
articular cartilage; joint capsule: fibrous, synovial; joint space; joint fluid
ligaments
attach bone to bone; poor blood supply, take longer to heal
tendons
attach muscle to bone; decent blood supply, take time to heal
mononuclear cells (white blood cells)
be cells and plasma cells; t cells are responsible for cellular immunity
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
bioconcave cells that lack nuclei in their mature form when they are released fron the bone marrow; hemoglobin is a major cellular component; transport oxygen via "heme"; carbon dioxide binds to "globin"
fluid connective tissues
blood and lymph are connective tissues that contain distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix
tissue injuries
body attempts to restore homeostasis by causing inflammation and then regeneration can occur
growth abnormalities
bone can support more weight if static; dynamic forces across bone result in: shrinkage (atrophy), enlargement (hypertrophy), fractures, rearrangement of internal structure
appendicular skeleton
bones of the thoracic limb: scapula; humerus; radius/ulna; carpal bones; MC II, III, and IV; sesamoids; phalanges bones of pelvic limb: pelvis; femur; patella; tibia/fibula; tarsal bones; sesamoids; MT II, III, and IV; phalanges
components of skull
bones, sinuses, various foramen
short bones
carpal/tarsal bones; absorb concussion
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
Lysosomes
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell; bud off Golgi apparatus
skeletal muscle tissue
cells are long, striated; located in combination with connective tissues and nervous tissues in the skeletal muscles, functions: to move and stabilize the position of the skeleton; guards entrances and exits; generates heat; protects internal organs
smooth muscle tissue
cells are short and nonstriated; involuntary muscle is found in the intestines where it pushes food along the digestive tract; found in arteries and veins
Neuroglia
cells that support; support structure of neural tissues; protect neurons; repair tissues after injury; provide nutrients to neurons
components of lymphatic system
cells, tissues, organs
vertebral column
cervical vertebrae: 7 (neck); thoracic vertebrae: 18; lumbar vertebrae: 6; sacrum; caudal vertebrae: 18
growth plate closures
close in more distal locations first; proxim ial locations occur later; spinal columen vertebral growth plates close last at age 5 1/2 to 6 years
dense regular connective tissue
collagen fibers are parallel and densely packed, aligned with the forces applied to the tissue; tendons and ligaments
Hemostasis
complex series of interactions triggered in the body to prevent hemorrhage (blood loss) 3 steps -constriction of blood vessels -platelet plug -clot formation
cranial and caudal nuchal bursae
cranial nuchal bursa is a synovial bursa located on C1; caudal nuchal bursa is a synovial bursa located on C2
Regeneration
damaged tissues are replaced or repaired
compact bone (cortex) components of a bone
dense type of bone that covers the external layers of most bones
calcification (growth of bone)
deposition of calcium salts in tissues other than osseous tissues
tissues within the lymphatic system
digestive, respiratory, urogenital; little pockets if lymphatic tissues that are the first to respond in local areas
endochondrial ossification (growth of bone)
during development, the skeleton is formed from cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone
nuchal ligament
elastic tissue composition provides passive support the weight of the head; head and neck work as a lever like at high speeds
growth of bone
elongation occurs along the growth plate (physis) that joins the ends to the shaft
4 types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Dense connective tissue proper
fibers densely packed; aka collagenous tissues because collagen fibers are the dominant fiber type
regeneration responses
fibroblasts lay down a collagenous framework to stabilize the injury site - scar tissue
classification of joints by tissue type
fibrous; cartilaginous; synovial
white blood cells (leukocytes)
fight infection
skull
flat bones joined by cartilage at birth; maturing the cartilage changes to bone, forming suture lines; process complete by 8 years old
interstitial fluid
fluid in the spaces between cells; bathes the external surfaces of the cells
serum
fluid portion of coagulated blood after centrifugation
components of bone
foramen (for passage of blood vessels and nerves)
muscular system
force behind levers; cover, protect and provide locomotion; assist with thermoregulation
ossification (growth of bone)
formations of bone by deposition of calcium salts in a matrix of osteoid tissue
lymph
forms as interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels that return the fluid to the cardiovascular system; immune cells monitor the lymphatic as it passes through the lymph nodes
synovial membranes
found in joint capsules; produce synovial fluid, lubricates joints
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)
highly infectious, viral disease of horses; transmitted from horse to horse via vectors (insects: horse flies, mosquitos); test by Coggins
fossa (surface features of bone)
hollow; sometimes gives an underlying muscle, bone, organ or gland more room to move
Serology
how to measure antibodies; can measure in foals; ex. Coggins
immune system suppressors
improper nutrition; illness, injury or stress; some medications; juvenile or senior age
connective tissue
includes bone, fat and blood; have specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, have ground substance; never exposed to the outside; highly vascular with sensory receptors
inflammation responses
increase oxygen and nutrients; increase number and activity of phagocytes; release cytokines to stimulate immune system; remove toxins and waste products
nonspecific immunity - innate immunity
lacks
innate immunity (nonspecific)
lacks specificity and memory - mucous membranes, skin, and surface secretions
Pros of active immunity
lasts longer than passive
long bones
leg bones; support weight, aid in locomotion, store minerals, levers for joint movement
cardiac muscle tissue
located within the heart wall; function to circulate; maintain blood pressure
Collagen (connective tissue fiber types)
long, straight; most common fiber; formed from bundled fibers; flexible but strong as steel when pulled straight; tendons and ligaments
connective tissue proper
loose connective tissue (fat) and dense connective tissue (tendons)
Organs within the Lymphatic system
lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, bone marrow
Platelets
membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm contain enzymes and special proteins; clotting response
hyaline
most common type of cartilage; tough but flexible; connections between ribs and sternum, nasal cartilage
Fibrocartilage
mostly densely woven collagen fibers; extremely durable and tough, absorbs compression; intervertebral discs, around a few joints and tendons
muscles of the head
motion of the head controlled by neck muscles; give horse expression; movement of lips, nostrils, ear, pinna, eyelids, jaw
Osmosis
movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration through a membrane.
cells (within the lymphatic system)
neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells, macrophages and monocytes
appositional growth (cartilage)
new layers of cartilage are added to the surface
articular (joint) surface
normally covered in cartilage; cartilage damage results in degenerative joint disease (chronic or osteoarthritis)
inflammation
one process to restore homeostasis after injury; swelling, heat, redness and pain to isolate damaged tissues and draw necessary chemical mediators
flat bones
pelvis/skull/ribs; enclose and protect vital cavities
functions of connective tissue
physical protection, support and structural framework of other tissue types, binding of structures, storage of energy reserves, transport of fluids and dissolved materials, immune protection
fluid component of blood
plasma; 92% water and 8% transported solids serum - plasma minus the clot constituents
muscle features
point of origin, a muscle belly (power), a point of insertion (motion)
Hematopoietic system
production of all types of blood cells from stem cells within the bone marrow; secondary site is the spleen and liver; blood stored in the spleen
process (surface features of bone)
projection on the bone; functions as a pulley for the muscles that run over it
Lymphatic System/Immunity
protection of the body against foreign invaders: bacteria, viruses, allergens, foreign materials, toxins
skeletal system functions
protection of vital organs; allow locomotion acting as levers; framework and support; framework and support; defense; blood formation;muscle attatchment
Tuberosity (surface feature of bone)
protrusion on the bone; usually a site of muscle attachment
functions of epithelial tissue
provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions
Equine Infectious Anemia Chronic Disease
recurring signs: fever, edema, anemia, icterus, depression, weight loss; have to be quarantined for life
blood
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma
epithelial glands
release hormones into the interstitial fluid and blood; secretions regulate activities of other tissues and organs
elastic cartilage
resilient and flexible; external pinna of ear; epiglottis and auditory tube
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
responsible for immune responses; Granulocytes- Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils Agranulocytes (mononuclear cells) - Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Neutrophils (white blood cells)
segmented nucleus when mature; first line of defense; drawn in by chemical mediators
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Acute Disease
signs occur within 7-10 days; depression, fever, pin-point hemorrhages on mucous membranes
Axial Skleton
skull; vertebral column: 7 cervical, 18 thoracic, 6 lumbar; 5 sacral; 15-25 coccygeal; sternum; ribs: 18 pairs
axial skeleton
skull; vertebral column; sternum; ribs
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
small cellular fragments that lack nuclei; Cytoplasmic, enzyme-containing fragments of large cells known as megakaryocytes; These cell fragments are important in the initial formation of blood clots
cells
smallest unit of life; ~200 different kinds of specialized cells; although different functions they have same structure
medullary cavity (marrow)
space surrounded by the cortex of a long bone; site of blood cell production
neural tissue
specialized for conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another; 98% of neural tissue is in the brain and spinal cord
muscle tissues
specialized for contraction, which brings about movement; possess organelles and properties distinct from those of other cells
cancellous bone
spicules of bone interspersed with marrow components in the inner layers of a bone
supporting connective tissue
strong framework that supports the body; contain a matrix that includes numerous fibers; cartilage and bone
antigen
substance that triggers an immune response
cell-mediated immunity (a division of acquired immunity)
t cells have surface receptors that must be in contact with and respond to specific antigens. they will produce antibodies and interact with the foreign invader to destroy it
immunity
the body's defense
bone
2/3rds of the matrix consists of calcium salts; rest is collagen fibers; minerals are arranged around collagen fibers, making bone hard, and strong
muscles of the neck in the horse
24 pairs; arch, strengthen' lift, bend, rotate head and neck; heavy weight counterbalance the weight of the body
equine blood
7-9% of body weight; ~40 liters; can loose up to 1/3 of total volume slowly; can lose 1/4 of total volume until serious problems
epithelial tissue
A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out; skin, digestive tract, respiratory tract; reproductive and urinary tracts
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Anemia
A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.
Cartilage
A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together; chondrocytes only cells in the matrix; avascular, nutrients and waste go through the matrix
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing chromatin that carries DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Plasma Membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells; water passses freely
isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution; the cell will shrivel up, pulls the water out of the cell
hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution; the cell will swell and possibly explode
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell; cis face receives materials from the E.R. and the trans face releases substances for transport
antibody
An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.
humoral immunity (a division of acquired immunity)
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; long memory; acquired through exposure or vaccination
What lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity?
B lymphocytes
Meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
Vacule
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
interstitial growth (cartilage)
Chondrocytes divide and the daughter cells produce new matrix, expanding cartilage from within
elastic (connective tissue fiber types)
Contain the protein elastin; Elastic fibers are branched and wavy; After stretching, they will return to their original length; Component of blood vessels; Elastic ligaments are dominated by elastic fibers
Endocytosis
Endo (within) cytosis (cell) is a process in which a substance (e.g. proteins) gains entry into a cell without passing through the cell membrane
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
Exocytosis
Exo (exit) cytosis (cell) is a process in which a substance is exited from the cell without passing through the cell membrane
Tissues
Groups of cells with a common structure and function; myocytes grouped together to form tissues known as muscles
aquired immunity
Immunity obtained from the development of antibodies in response to exposure to an antigen.
masseter muscle in horses
Large mastication muscles that form the jowl of the horse; Attach along facial crest and zygomatic arch; Insert along outer curve of the mandible; chew food
Plasma
Liquid part of blood; in the vessels of the circulatory system
Ribosomes
Makes proteins (on rough e.r.)
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through carries proteins
joint
the junction of 2 or more bones
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
passive immunity
the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal; administration of colostrum from mare to foal
Periosteum
tough outer membrane of bone which supplies the innervation and vasculature fro the outer layers of bone; covers entire outer surface of bone, except for articular surfaces
Functions of blood
transport of oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissues and cells; transport carbon dioxide; distribute nutrients; transport waste products to kidneys; transport hormones; aid in heat regulation; maintain body pH; aids in preventing blood loss; assist in immune system
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin molecule
growth of long bones
two ends (epiphysis) and a shaft (diaphysis)
immune system enhancers
vaccination; proper nutrition; good physical condition; regular routines, low to moderate stress
irregular bones
vertebral column; protect spinal cord