Ergonomic hazards
The correct term for hearing loss that can be induced by occupational exposure to noise is: A) Presbycusis B) Sociocusis C) Sensorineural D) Conductive
The correct answer is: C
Back Disorder Risk Factors include all of the following EXCEPT: A) Excessive vibration B) Prolonged sitting C) Inappropriate body mechanics D) Continued bending
The correct answer is: A B, C and D above are appropriate Back Disorder Risk Factors. Excessive vibration is considered a CTD Risk Factor according to OSHA Guidelines.
Which occupational illness occurs at the highest rate? A) Cumulative trauma B) Pneumoconioses C) Poisoning D) Heat-related
The correct answer is: A Based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics (1994), repeated trauma had the highesty incidence rate (41.1 per 10,000 F.T.W.) The next highest occupational illness was skin disorders.
When attempting to reduce ergonomic injuries, which of the following actions is the most proactive? A) Design reviews B) Injury/illness data reviews C) Medical surveillance D) Audits/assessments
The correct answer is: A Design reviews allow for ergonomic issues to be identified and eliminated before workers are exposed, which is the most proactive step. Reviewing injury/illness data, conducting medical surveillance, and audits find the problem once it has occurred or is occurring.
The end goal of Ergonomic/Human Factors Engineering includes any of the following EXCEPT: A) Increase workers' compensation costs B) Reduce worker errors and accidents C) Control stresses affecting worker's psychic comfort D) Increase worker productivity
The correct answer is: A Ergonomics, traditionally Human Factors Engineering, in the U.S. is a multidisciplinary activity dealing with interactions between individuals and their total working environment, plus stresses relating to such environmental elements as atmosphere, heat, light, sound in addition to workplace tools and equipment.
In conducting Pulmonary Function Tests, FEV is the acronym for: A) Forced Expiratory Volume B) Full Expected Volume C) Forced Expiratory Velocity D) Full Expected Velocity
The correct answer is: A Forced Expiratory Volume is the volume of air that can be forcibly expelled during the first or second exhalation. This test is used to detect obstructive diseases.
Human Factors Engineering is a technical discipline which includes any of the following EXCEPT: A) Interrelationships between people B) Design of the workplace to reduce mistakes and accidents C) Design of tools to promote comfort D) Reduction of injuries
The correct answer is: A Human factors, also referred to as ergonomics, human engineering, bioengineering and biomedics is a technical discipline mainly concerned with optimizing the relationship between people AND their work environment.
Human factors engineering is fitting the worker to the task or the task to the worker. Man is better at all of the following EXCEPT: A) Exerting large forces smoothly B) Handling the unexpected C) Sensitive to a wide variety of stimuli D) Flexibility
The correct answer is: A Machines are better at exerting large forces smoothly.
At high levels of illumination, the rods and cones both function and the eye is most sensitive to light wavelengths around 550nm. This effect is called: A) Photopic vision B) Prkinje effect C) Scotopic vision D) Incandescent effect
The correct answer is: A Photopic vision is the correct answer. It occurs when the rods and cones are both functioning.
The buildup of iron oxide in the lungs, such as could occur in welders, is called: A) Siderosis B) Asthma C) Metal Monitis D) Anthrasilicosis
The correct answer is: A Siderosis is the condition associated with the buildup of iron oxide in the lungs of welders.
Voluntary muscle is controlled at will and comprises what percentage of body weight? A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) 40%
The correct answer is: D Voluntary muscle is controlled at will and comprises of 40% of body weight.
Consider the design placement of components. Which of the following terms relates to the principle in which the performance of the activity with the component is vital to the achievement of the objectives of the system? A) Importance Principle B) Functional Principle C) Sequence-of-Use D) Frequency-of-Use
The correct answer is: A The Importance Principle is described above. The determination of importance is largely a matter of judgment.
The total inner hand surface is grasping the (often cylindrical) handle which runs parallel to the knuckles and generally protrudes on one side or both sides from the hand. This coupling is known as: A) Power grasp B) Enclosure C) Hook grip D) Lateral grip
The correct answer is: A The Power Grasp is the correct type of coupling for the given description.
The amount of air breathed in and out during normal respiration is called: A) Tidal Volume B) Total Tidal Volume C) Total Vital Volume D) Total Normal Volume
The correct answer is: A The Tidal Volume is the amount of air breathed in and out during normal respiration.
The primary factors that affect development of Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD) include all of the following EXCEPT: A) Age of the worker B) Intensity of force applied C) Repetitiveness of task D) Lack of a proper rest period
The correct answer is: A The age of a worker has little effect on the development of CTD. The accumulation of micro-injuries from excessive force, repetition, and lack of rest between tasks will eventually result in a disabling injury.
What is the function of the ear's eustachian tube? A) Pressure equalization B) Transmission of sound waves C) Collect dirt D) Prevent infection
The correct answer is: A The eustachian tube serves to equalize pressure in the middle ear with the external atmospheric pressure. It opens during swallowing and yawning.
Quality of illumination pertains to the: A) Distribution of brightness in the visual environment B) Desirable number of foot candles that satisfies environmental needs C) Illumination ratio between surfaces D) Differences in the ratio between the light source and reflected surface
The correct answer is: A The factors to be considered for good illumination are quantity, the amount of illumination that produces brightness on the task and its surroundings and quality, which pertains to the distribution of brightness in a visual environment and includes the color of light, its direction, diffusion and degree of glare. In a positive sense, quality of illumination implies that all brightnesses contribute favorably to visual performance, visual comfort, ease of seeing, safety, and aesthetics for the specific task involved.
Carpal tunnel syndrome involves an injury to the median nerve. The nerve is compressed due to in- flammation in the carpal tunnel. Carpal tunnel will not result in which of the following? A) Numbness in little finger B) Pain in the wrist upon exertion C) Pain in the second and third fingers D) Numbness in the thumb
The correct answer is: A The little finger is not served by the median nerve therefore the little finger is not affected by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.
The main part of the body involved in maintaining the body's heat balance is: A) Skin B) Heart C) Lungs D) Hair
The correct answer is: A The skin is responsible for dissipating heat load through the blood flow of the capillaries. The capillaries expand and contract depending on load.
This ailment is characterized by aches, pain, and stiffness of joints and muscles. The pain is felt in the muscles and the points where the muscles are attached to the bones. Common tender points are the front of the elbow and hip joint, the rear of the knee or shoulder, the base of the neck, and along the vertebrae. Which ailment is indicated? A) Fibrositis B) Tendonitis C) Tenosynovitis D) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
The correct answer is: A The symptoms discussed above define Fibrositis.
Within the three-dimensional envelope of a work space, more specific considerations of work-area design relate to: A) Specific features of horizontal, vertical, and sloping work surfaces B) Specific features of horizontal, flat and/or sloping work surfaces C) Specific features of horizontal, vertical, and flat work surfaces D) Features of the work situation are determined on the basis of non-anthropometric considerations
The correct answer is: A The three-dimensional envelope of work space considers: horizontical, vertical, and sloping work surfaces.
The thumb and two fingers (often forefinger and index finger) oppose each other at or near the tips. This coupling is known as: A) Writing grip B) Tip grip C) Side pinch D) Pinch grip
The correct answer is: A When the forefinger and index finger oppose each other at or near the tips, it is called the writing grip. Arrange your fingers like this and you will see why it is called the writing grip.
Inflammation of the nasal passages is called: A) Asthma B) Rhinitis C) Laryngitis D) Anthrarhinitis
The correct answer is: B "Rhinitis" is the inflammation of the internal nasal tissues.
Work operations, reach, operator's position and posture are all best analyzed by: A) Civil engineers B) Human factor engineers C) Safety engineers D) Environmental engineers
The correct answer is: B A human-factors engineer would utilize these variables to conduct studies.
A temporary depression of the hearing is called a: A) Noise Induced Hearing Reduction (NIHR) B) Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) C) Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS) D) Temporary Auditory Depression (TAD)
The correct answer is: B A temporary depression of the hearing is called a Temporary Threshold Shift or TTS.
When designing an ergonomically desirable work place, which of the following is a good design practice? A) Allowing room for employees to lean forward or to the side to reach objects B) Designing the work so that employees can move about and use different muscle groups C) Placing objects within close reach to discourage movement D) Designing work which requires the arms to be held up or out
The correct answer is: B Allowing employees freedom of movement and the use of different muscle groups helps prevent overuse of any one muscle group. Leaning, restricted movement, and extension of arms all can cause injury over the long-term.
Which of the following is not a symptom of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? A) Cannot tell hot from cold B) Excessive sweating of hand and wrist C) Lack of strength D) Trouble performing simple manipulative tasks
The correct answer is: B Carpal Tunnel Syndrome patients often develop autonomic nerve damage which results in loss of the sweat function, leaving dry, shiny skin. The remainder of the answers are common symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
Cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) are rapidly becoming a major source of Workers' Compensation dollar loss. The most common form is: A) Bursitis B) Carpal tunnel syndrome C) Kaolinosis D) Tendonitis
The correct answer is: B Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common disease of workers performing repeated exertions or movements of the fingers/hand and wrist which compress the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. It is often associated with tingling, pain or numbness in the thumb and first three fingers, frequently resulting in lost time and workers' compensation costs.
A common injury to the wrist involving the median nerve that produces tingling and numbness is: A) Wrist drop B) Carpal tunnel syndrome C) Raynaud's syndrome D) White finger
The correct answer is: B Carpal tunnel syndrome is an injury/inflammation of the carpal tunnel of the wrist. The median nerve is compressed resulting in numbness and tingling in areas served by the median nerve. Other symptoms are also common i.e. pain and sometimes muscle atrophy.
One of the problems with the old method of using cotton earplugs is cerumen. Cerumen is also detrimental to some of the modern earplugs. What is cerumen? A) Ear canal hair cells B) Earwax C) Fluids secreted by the cochlea D) Secretions of the hypothalamus
The correct answer is: B Cerumen is earwax. If cotton earplugs were used the earwax would bind the cotton together minimizing the protective effect.
Disorders that result from repeated exertions or movements of the body are most often described by which of the following terms? A) Regional musculoskeletal disorders B) Cumulative trauma disorders C) Occupational cervicobrachial disorders D) Occasional trauma disorder
The correct answer is: B Disorders that are caused, precipitated or aggravated by repeated exertion or movements of the body are most frequently called cumulative trauma disorders (CTD). Other terms less commonly used terms include: Repetitive trauma disorders, repetitive strain injuries, overuse syndromes, regional musculoskeletal disorders.
A form of Pulmonary Function Testing is FVC, which means: A) Full Volume Capacity B) Forced Vital Capacity C) Full Vital Capacity D) Forced Volume Capacity
The correct answer is: B Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully after a maximal inspiration, exhaling as fast as possible.
Which of the following occupations has experienced the highest incidence of cumulative trauma disorders? A) Laborers B) Meat cutters C) Assemblers D) Metal finishers
The correct answer is: B From Liberty Mutual Insurance statistics involving Workers' Compensation claims/100 workers/year for cumulative trauma disorders: Meatcutters and butchers - 0.4988 Laborers - 0.1670 Metal finishers - 0.0782 Assemblers - 0.0593
Hearing loss attributed to listening to Rock music and walkmans is called: A) Psychogenic B) Sociocusis C) Sensorineural D) Conductive
The correct answer is: B Hearing loss due to social habits is called sociocusis.
In heat stroke, the: A) Body temperature is lowered B) Body temperature is elevated C) Body temperature is normal D) Patient sweats profusely
The correct answer is: B In heat stroke the patient has an elevated temperature and does not sweat.
The most frequent occupational disease is attributed to: A) Pneumoconiosis (PCS) B) Dermatosis C) Chemical poisoning D) Radioactive exposure
The correct answer is: B Industrial skin diseases account for more than half of all compensation claims for occupational disease. These claims are scattered throughout all types of industry and sometimes appear where occupational skin disease may be least expected. There are two general types of dermatitis, primary irritation and sensitization. Cause can be classified under the headings of: chemical agents, mechanical agents, physical agents, plant poisons and biological agents.
The optimum locations for "components" would be predicated on which of the following? A) Anthropometric and biomechanical characteristics B) Human sensory, anthropometric, and biomechanical characteristics C) Performance of some operational activity D) Body dimension and reach
The correct answer is: B It is reasonable to hypothesize that any given component has a generally "optimum" location, which would be predicated on the human sensory, anthropometric, and biomechanical characteristics.
In worker's compensation cases involving hearing loss, the term low fence is often heard. Low fence also varies by state. What is the meaning of this term? A) Minimum noise level the worker must be able to hear B) Hearing threshold level at which impairment begins C) Minimum acceptable dollar value related to the loss D) Maximum acceptable dollar value related to the loss
The correct answer is: B Low fence is the minimum threshold level at which hearing impairment begins (in that particular state).
Numbness of the fingers is associated with: A) Siderosis B) Raynaud's Syndrome C) Lead poisoning D) Tetanus
The correct answer is: B Raynaud's Syndrome is a disease associated with the use of hand held vibrating tools. It results in a loss of feeling and is characterized by white spots on the fingers and hands.
A condition which results from exposure to welding fumes that is characterized by accumulation of metal oxides in the lung without apparent physical symptoms is called: A) Pulmonary atresia B) Siderosis C) Idiopathic pulmonary distress D) Byssinosis
The correct answer is: B Siderosis is a pigmentation of the lung due to iron oxide exposure. The pigmentation can be marked but there seems to be no physical detriment. However, some siderosis patients present with chronic bronchitis and dyspnea. Differential diagnosis is difficult.
Which of the following ergonomically related orthopedic problems leads to the greatest morbidity and cost? A) Carpal tunnel syndrome B) Low back syndrome C) Ganglion formation D) TRIGGER finger
The correct answer is: B Statistics indicate that low back pain is responsible for more lost time than any other ergonomic related problem. About one third of all disabling injuries are due to manual handling of objects.
(Lateral Aspect): What is the common name for the point at the tip of the femoral trochanter, 1.0 cm anterior to the most laterally projecting part of the femoral trochanter? A) Knee B) Hip C) Thorax D) Lumbar
The correct answer is: B The "Hip" is point at the tip of the femoral trochanter and meets the other two conditions described above.
Thump pad and the pads of three of four fingers oppose each other near the tips (object grasped does not touch the palm). This coupling is known as: A) Palm grip B) Disk grip C) Tip grip D) Lateral grip
The correct answer is: B The "disk grip" or "thumb-fingertips enclosure" is the coupling that results when the thumb pad is opposed to three-four fingers. Arrange your fingers as described and you will see where the coupling got its name.
The shift in sensitivity from photopic to scotopic vision is called: A) Scotopic Effect B) Purkinje Effect C) Photopic Effect D) Photonic Effect
The correct answer is: B The Purkinje Effect is the shift from photopic to scotopic vision.
The carpus is defined as: A) The collection of bones in the hand B) The wrist bones, collectively C) The bony eminerice at the distal D) Pertaining to the palm of the hand
The correct answer is: B The carpus is defined as the wrist bones, collectively.
The part of the ear which contains the hair like cells that detect sounds is the: A) Semicircular canals B) Cochlea C) Stapes D) Anvil
The correct answer is: B The cochlea is the organ which contains the hair like cells. The sound waves move the hairs at specific locations in the cochlea. The sites of hair movement correspond to the sounds' frequency.
The conductive zone within the respiratory tree includes: A) Trachea B) Trachea and bronchea C) Alveoli and bronchea D) Bronchea
The correct answer is: B The conductive zone includes the trachea and bronchea. (Ref. Engineering Physiology)
The flexing of the elbow, the biceps and brachialis on the front of the upper arm are the: A) Non-fixation muscles B) Prime movers C) Ergon muscle D) Anti-fixation muscles
The correct answer is: B The flexing of the elbow, the biceps and brachialis on the front of the upper arm are the prime movers.
A "leaning-forward" posture accentuates the pressure between the vertebrae. This posture is also called: A) Lordotic posture B) Kyphotic posture C) Popliteal posture D) Lumbar posture
The correct answer is: B The kyphotic posture occurs without a seat back or with an inadequate back; this is a "leaning-forward" posture.
The middle ear contains a group of bones called the: A) Stapes B) Ossicles C) Incus D) Eustachian tubes
The correct answer is: B The middle ear consists of the eustachian tubes the mastoid air cell system and the sound conducting mechanism composed of the incus, malleus and the stapes. These three small bones comprise the ossicles.
The ossicles are located in the: A) External ear B) Middle ear C) Inner ear D) Ear drum
The correct answer is: B The ossicles are located in the middle ear.
The primary factors that influence thermal regulation of the human body are: A) Metabolism, convection, evaporation, heat load B) Metabolism, radiation, evaporation, convection C) Metabolism, heat balance, and heat load D) Convection and heat load
The correct answer is: B The primary factors that influence thermal regulation of the human body are: metabolism, radiation, evaporation, and convection.
The sacrum is located: A) Upper spinal cloumn B) Below the lumbar vertebrae C) Above the cervical vertebrae D) Within the thorax
The correct answer is: B The sacrum is located below the lumbar vertebrae.
Theory Y Management assumes the worker is: A) Basically uninterested in work B) Basically interested in work C) Basically blase towards work D) Basically accident prone
The correct answer is: B Theory Y Management holds that the worker is interested and motivated to work, as opposed to Theory X.
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation is called: A) Residual Volume B) Vital Capacity C) Tidal Volume D) Vital Residual Volume
The correct answer is: B Vital Capacity in the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
Occupational fatalities due to workplace violence (homicide) is the ______________ leading cause of occupational fatalities in the United States. A) Highest B) Second highest C) Fifth highest D) Eighth highest
The correct answer is: B Workplace violence has emerged as an important safety and health issue in today's workplace. Its most extreme form, homicide, is the second leading cause of fatal occupational injuries in the United States. Nearly 1,000 workers are murdered, and 1.5 million are assaulted in the workplace each year. According to the BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), there were 709 workplace homicides in 1998, accounting for 12% of the total 6,026 fatal work injuries in the United States. Environmental conditions associated with workplace assaults have been identified and control strategies implemented in a number of work settings. OSHA has developed guidelines and recommendations to reduce worker exposures to this hazard but is not initiating rulemaking at this time.
Ultrasonic noise can not be heard by the human ear. What does the ear hear during ultrasonic operation? A) Ultrasonic noise B) Subharmonic noise C) ELF noise D) You think you hear something
The correct answer is: B You actually hear subharmonics of the ultrasonic noise which are generated in your hearing range. An ultrasonic welder emitting noise at 20 kHz (human limit) will be heard at 10 kHz, the first subharmonic.
The greatest single contributor to urban air pollution is: A) Electric utilities burning oil B) Electric power generating stations who burn coal C) Automobiles D) Process manufacturing plants
The correct answer is: C Cars and trucks are major sources of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds which interact in the presence of sunlight to produce ground-level ozone pollution commonly referred to as smog. Researchers allege the automobile is responsible for approximtely 40% of urban smog nationally and a great deal more in some areas of California.
Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD) is: A) An acute injury caused by repetitive motion B) A chronic illness caused by exposure to extremes in temperature C) A chronic injury caused by an accumulation of micro-injuries D) An acute form of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
The correct answer is: C Cumulative Trauma Disorder is a type of chronic musculoskeletel injury that is caused by an accumulation of many micro injuries over a period of time. Acute or macro injuries cause immediate pain and damage from sudden or extreme force, while micro injuries are from low-intensity stresses that accumulate over a long period of time.
Kinematic analyses are based on the relationships of: A) Non-uniaxial motion and uniaxial motion B) Displacement and acceleration C) Displacement, velocity, and acceleration D) Longitudinal motion and latitudinal motion
The correct answer is: C Kinematic analyses are based on the relationships between the position (displacement), velocity, and acceleration, which are vector quantities.
Which of the following does NOT apply when one considers the design of physical space and arrangement of components? A) Frequency-of-Use B) Sequence-of-Use C) Link Principle D) Importance Principle
The correct answer is: C Link principle is not an appropriate term. The other terms all directly apply to the design of the physical space.
Most muscles are joined by hundreds or even thousands of nerve fibers of the efferent (motor) nervous system. The contact between the end point of the axon of one motor-neuron and the sarolemma of the muscle is called: A) Reticulum switches B) Cross Bridges C) Motor Endplate D) Motor muscle
The correct answer is: C Most muscles are joined by hundreds or even thousands of nerve fibers of the efferent (motor) nervous system. The contact between the end point of the axon of the motor-neuron and the sarolemma of the muscle is called motor endplate.
As one ages there is a vascular and neural degeneration of the inner ear. This results in a decrease in hearing ability. This condition is called: A) Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) B) Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS C) Presbycusis D) Auditory Threshold Reduction (ATR)
The correct answer is: C Presbycusis is the decrease in hearing that is associated with aging.
A phenomenon that results in paleness of the skin from oxygen deficiency due to reduction of flow of blood caused by blood vessel and nerve spasms, and also results in decreased feelings in the hands is called: A) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome B) Dupuytren's Contracture C) Raynaud's Phenomenon D) Reflex Sympathetic
The correct answer is: C Raynaud's Phenomenon (or Syndrome) is a disorder of the hand and arm sometimes resulting from excessive vibration exposure, but not as a result of cumulative trauma. Raynaud's Phenomenon can develop from the single use of a vibrating tool, though it typically comes from long-term use. In addition, it can be caused by exposure to certain chemicals, exposure to cold, and excessive emotional stress. While doctors can diagnose and treat the signs and symptoms of Raynaud's phenomenon, they are still not sure what causes it.
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum expiration is called: A) Tidal Volume B) Tidal/Residual Volume C) Residual Volume D) Vital Capacity
The correct answer is: C Residual Volume is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum expiration.
Which part of the body is the main one involved in maintaining the body's heat balance? A) Lungs B) Heart C) Skin D) Hair
The correct answer is: C Skin is the site of most thermoregulation activities including sweating, conductive and radiant heat transfer.
Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer, the most important occupational cause of melanoma is: A) Asphalt tar B) Ultraviolet light due to black lights C) Sunlight D) Nitrosoamines
The correct answer is: C Sunlight is the most common occupational cause of melanoma skin cancer in caucasian workers.
This technique utilizes a six-step process to analyze and control human errors. The process involves selecting an event, identifying the tasks associated with the event, separating specific behaviors of each task and assigning basic error rates is called: A) Behaviorial assessment B) Job safety analysis C) Technique for human error rate prediction D) Operability study
The correct answer is: C Technique for human error rate prediction is the technique that utilizes a six-step process to analyze and control human errors.
The midpoint position of the palpable junction between the proximal end of the clavicle and the sternum at the upper border (jugular notch) of the sternum is called: A) Lumbar/sacral B) Lumbar sub-Link C) Sternoclavicular D) Thorax
The correct answer is: C The "sternoclavicular junction" is the junction described above.
In considering horizontal work surfaces, the area that can be conveniently reached with a sweep of the forearm with the upper arm hanging in a natural position at the side is called: A) Sweep Area B) Semi-Sweep Area C) Normal Area D) Maximum Area
The correct answer is: C The Normal Area is defined as the area that can be conveniently reached with a sweep of the forearm with the upper arm hanging in the neutral position.
The Vestibular Nerve is located within: A) Brain B) Eye C) Ear D) Carpals
The correct answer is: C The Vestibular Nerve and Cochlear Nerve comprise the Statoacoustic Nerve which is found in the ear.
The following defines the upper respiratory system in appropriate order: A) Nose, epiglottis, trachea, lobes of lungs, pleura and bronchi B) Nose, pharynx, larynx and trachea C) Nose, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, lobes of lungs, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi and alveoli D) Nose, pleura, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, lobes of lungs, primary bronchi and secondary bronchi
The correct answer is: C The appropriate order for the respiratory system is: nose, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, lobes of lungs, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi and aleveoli.
In mechanics, the term equilibrium implies that: A) The body of concern must be at rest B) The body of concern is in constant motion C) The body of concern is either at rest or moving with constant velocity D) All forces acting on the body are not at rest
The correct answer is: C The body of concern is either at rest or moving with a constant velocity. Newton's second law of motion sets the relationship between the applied forces and motion: F = ma, m stands for the mass of the body, a is the acceleration vector, and F is the net or resultant force vector.
What part of the eye is acutely damaged by the welders flash of ultraviolet rays? A) Pupil B) Sclera C) Cornea D) Retina
The correct answer is: C The cornea is acutely damaged by the welders flash of ultraviolet rays.
What factor least influences the interchange of heat between man and his environment? A) Moisture content of the air B) Air velocity C) Air density D) Air temperature
The correct answer is: C The density of the air is not one of the major influencing factors in heat exchange between man and the environment.
The incus is part of: A) Foot B) Inner ear C) Middle ear D) Outer ear
The correct answer is: C The incus is part of the middle ear.
In which part of the ear is mechanical energy transferred to electrical energy? A) Outer ear B) Middle ear C) Inner ear D) Ear drum
The correct answer is: C The inner ear contains the cochlea, which contains tiny hair cells, which vibrate when exposed to sound waves and transmit electrical impulses to the brain along nerves attached to the hair cells.
The metacarpal is defined as: A) The center point of the hand B) The most distal point of the hand C) Pertaining to the long bones of the hand between the carpus and phalanges D) The muscle of the posterior lower arm
The correct answer is: C The metacarpal is defined as pertaining to the long bones of the hand between the carpus and phalanges.
The term which defines the torque that a given muscle (or group of muscles) can develop voluntarily around a skeletal articulation which is spanned by the muscle(s) is called: A) Muscle span B) Muscle torque C) Voluntary muscle strength D) Involuntary muscle strength
The correct answer is: C The term which defines the torque that a given muscle (or group of muscles) can develop voluntarily around a skeletal articulation which is spanned by the muscle(s) is called voluntary muscle strength.
A primary sign of heat stroke on a worker is: A) Cherry red skin B) Pale, clammy skin C) Hot, dry skin D) Nausea
The correct answer is: C There is no sweating with heat stroke. Answers B) & D) are associated with heat exhaustion.
The condition that results when the body's heat regulating mechanism fails to function is: A) Heat cramps B) Heat exhaustion C) Heat stroke D) Heat syncope
The correct answer is: C With heat syncope, cramps, and exhaustion the body is still capable of producing sweat and is, therefore, able to achieve some cooling.
In waste parlance the term "rubbish" and "garbage" have different meanings. Rubbish is that portion of waste not containing: A) Cloth B) Paper C) Wood D) Food
The correct answer is: D "Garbage" refers to food waste while rubbish refers to non-hazardous, non-food waste.
Common job risk factors for the development of Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD) include all of the following EXCEPT: A) Excessive force B) Abnormal postures C) Mechanical compression D) Repetition
The correct answer is: D Although repetition contributes to the development of CTD, it is the repetition of the risk factors such as excessive force, abnormal postures, and mechanical compression that eventually causes the injury. Repetition is a compounding factor that contributes to the risk for developing CTD.
Anthropometric data is widely used in: A) Epidemiology B) Ergonomics/Human Factors Engineering C) Biomechanics D) B and C
The correct answer is: D Anthropometry is concerned with measurement of the human body. Included in these measurements are body dimensions, range of body members and muscle strength. Also considered are dimensions taken statically and dynamically. Viewed in physical terms, the body is a complex system of levers and motors attached to a frame. Biomechanics deals with the study and function of the body in relation to dynamics of man-machine systems. Ergonomics/HFE use anthropometric data to design and construct equipment, tools etc. that work safely and efficiently with humans.
Which of the following statements is not true concerning human behavior? A) There is not such person as an average person B) Best approach is to design systems to fit percentiles of the population C) In fitting personnel to a job consider both physical and personality characteristics D) Attitude is an important characteristic of fitting the worker to the task
The correct answer is: D Attitude is not an important characteristic of fitting the worker to the task.
Biological Exposure Indice's data is important because they include type(s) of exposure in addition to inhalation. Which of the following exposures are least likely to be assessed by a BEI? A) Skin absorption B) Injection C) Ingestion D) Transplacental
The correct answer is: D BEI's measure certain biological functions to determine the "total" exposure from all routes. BEI's do not measure transplacental exposures. They may provide some useful information however on exposure of the fetus to workplace chemicals.
The most prevalent occupational disease is: A) Black lung B) Silicosis C) Asbestosis D) Dermatitis
The correct answer is: D Dermatitis is the most prevalent occupational disease. It occurs in most every industry and occupation, since skin irritants and sensitizers are used throughout industry. The other answers are restricted to specific exposures to employees in certain industries.
Which of the following is likely to increase proneness to skin problems? A) Dry skin B) Oily skin C) Fair skin D) All of the above
The correct answer is: D Dry, oily or fair skin make the individual more susceptible to one form or another of skin disorders.
Heat energy of the body can be lost by: A) Radiation B) Convection C) Conduction D) Evaporation
The correct answer is: D Heat energy of the body can be lost by evaporation.
Human performance is a function of: A) Age and sex B) Attitude and motivation C) Training and motivation D) (Aptitude + training) * motivation
The correct answer is: D Human performance is a function of (aptitude + training) * motivation
Workstations should be designed to accommodate the specific persons who are actually on a given job. If the specific person is unknown, to what minimum segment of the work force should work stations be designed to accomodate? A) 50% of the work force (the "average" employee) B) 68% of the work force (plus or minus one standard deviation) C) 90% of the work force D) 95% of the work force
The correct answer is: D It is not adequate to try to design a system to a so-called "average" person. One attempts to design to 95% of the expected work force.
Light passes through the crystalline lens in the eye and focuses on the: A) Cornea B) Iris C) Pupil D) Retina
The correct answer is: D Light enters the eye through the pupil, travels through the transparent crystalline lens, then travels through the vitreous humor (eyeball) and finally focuses on the retina.
Metal fume fever is a delayed type of disease with flu-like symptoms. It has been associated with exposure to all of the following EXCEPT: A) Magnesium oxide fumes B) Nascent zinc oxide fumes C) Zinc oxide fumes D) Thorium oxide fumes
The correct answer is: D Metal fume fever has been shown to be caused by exposure to freshly generated (nascent) fumes of zinc and magnesium and their oxides. Although zinc and magnesium are the most common causes, copper has been known to cause metal fume fever also.
The Ancillary Structures of the human skeleton are: A) Appendicular B) Cartilage, ligaments and axial C) Tendons, ligaments and appendicular D) Tendons, cartilage and ligaments
The correct answer is: D The "Ancillary Structures" consist of: cartilage (gristle), supportive structures that serve to reduce friction and absorb shock at joints; ligaments which are fibrous tissue, mainly collagen, that hold joints together; and tendons, which are also fibrous tissue, mainly collagen, that attach muscles to the bone.
A classic example of synergism, in regards to toxic effect, involves asbestos coupled with a synergistic agent to produce lung cancer. What is this synergistic agent? A) Water B) Polyvinyl chloride C) Dust D) Cigarette smoke
The correct answer is: D The classic example of toxicologic synergy is asbestos and cigarette smoke. The following table illustrates the effect:. ACTIVITY RELATIVE RISK OF LUNG CANCER Non-smoking, no asbestos exposure .15 Non-smoking, asbestos exposure .50 Smoking, no asbestos exposure 1.0 Smoking and asbestos exposure 6.0
Human factors engineering or ergonomics is concerned with fitting the worker to a task or the task to the worker. A man-machine system is considered a closed loop system. Which one of the following do not make up the closed loop system? A) Reacts B) Data Input C) Senses of Man D) Size of material
The correct answer is: D The closed loop system is made up of reacts, machine, data input and senses of man.
Which of the following are located in the inner ear? A) Ear drum B) Ossicles C) Eustachian tube D) Cochlea
The correct answer is: D The cochlea is the auditory part of the inner ear and is shaped like a snail shell. It contains the basilar membrane on which the end organs of the auditory nerve are distributed.
A person who is aware of a danger and its extent, and knowingly exposes himself, assumes all risks and can not recover damages even though he is injured through no fault of his own. This principle is known as: A) Joint tort B) Contributor negligence C) Fright without physical contact D) Assumption of risk
The correct answer is: D The principle of "Assumption of risk" allows people to knowingly be exposed to hazards and not be eligible for damage awards. As you can imagine there is much litigation in this area.
The term that describes muscle fibrie elements (polymerized protein molecules) capable of sliding along each other, thus shortening the muscle and, if doing so against resistance generating tension is called: A) Muscle contraction B) Kinetics C) Free dynamics D) Muscle filaments
The correct answer is: D The term that decribes muscle fibrie elements (polymerized protein molecules) capable of sliding along each other, thus shorting the muscle and, if doing so against resistance, generating tension, is called muscle filaments.
Blood is carried to the heart by the: A) Arteries B) Capillaries C) Spleen D) Veins
The correct answer is: D The veins carry blood to the heart.
Theory X Management assumes which of the following? A) The worker is basically uninterested in work B) Worker must be motivated to work C) Work is natural and desirable D) Two of the above
The correct answer is: D Theory X Management holds that workers must be made to work by a set of external rewards and punishments. Work is not a natural condition.
A condition which is caused by a very loud impulsive sound can cause a ringing in the ear and an immediate loss of hearing is called: A) Anacuses B) Mastoidectomy C) Lateral semnisci D) Tinnitus
The correct answer is: D Tinnitus is a condition which is caused by a very loud impulsive sound which can cause a ringing in the ear and an immediate loss of hearing.