Erythrocytes/leukocytes

erythropoiesis.

The process of red blood cell formation

Which of the following would indicate the patient has an allergy to a fungus: A. There neutrophils are low and their monocytes are high B. There monocytes and Eosinophils are high C. There monocytes are high and basophils are low D. They are lymphocytes and eosinophils are high

There monocytes and eosinophils are high

Erythrocytes

These are red blood cells Consists of hemoglobin Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide Formed in bone marrow from erythroblasts Anucleated (they don't have a nucleus) Makes up 99% of the cellular component of blood There are approximately 5 million cells per mm3 (uL) of blood.

Leukocytes

These are the white blood cells They have a nucleus There are five major types: Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes Makes up less than 1% of the cellular component of blood There are approximately 5000 - 10000 per mm3 (uL) of blood Fight infectious agents and therefore called our second line of defense Skin is our first line of defense

The process of red blood cell formation is called erythropoiesis.

This process is continuous but the time frame for one erythroblast to form a mature erythrocyte is about 5-7 days. During erythropoiesis, the nucleus is ejected. •The nucleus is a large structure and takes up a lot of room. •It has to be ejected to make room for maximum amount of hemoglobin. •Each red blood cells consists of about 280 million molecules of hemoglobin. +Hemoglobin can be abbreviated as: ~Hb or Hgb ~NOT Hg (remember what Hg stands for?) During erythropoiesis, the mitochondria are also ejected. •The mitochondria functions to produce ATP. +In order to make ATP, the mitochondria need a variety of ingredients. ~One ingredient is oxygen ~The mitochondria uses oxygen. ~If it were still present in the erythrocyte, the erythrocyte would not able to deliver oxygen to the tissues of the body (the mitochondria would use it all up before the tissues got any). During erythropoiesis, all organelles are ejected but this class only concentrates on the nucleus and the mitochondria.

Platelets stick to a wounded area that's forming a platelet plug. What chemical ensures the platelets will be sticky enough to create a plug?

Thromboxane A2

Some lymphocytes can turn into special cells called T cells. What hormone is involved in converting some lymphocytes to T cells?

Thymosin

If a patient has adequate amounts of iron but is still not able to form hemoglobin, what vitamin like they lack?

Vitamin B

_______ is involved in the production of thymine.

Vitamin B-12

The continuous use of wide spectrum antibiotics will kill the bacteria that produce _____ which is necessary for the formation of some of the blood clotting factors.

Vitamin K

hypoxia

When carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, the hemoglobin molecule is delivering carbon monoxide to the tissues rather than oxygen.

Biliverdin

a greenish colored pigment. When a person gets a bruise, many times a green color may appear. This color is due to the presence of biliverdin.

Heme

a large complex, organic molecule and has to be excreted out of the system.

DNA is needed to produce stem cells in the___________

bone marrow.

Heme

complex organic molecule consisting of one central iron unit.

Erythroblasts will form_______ once exposed to_______

erythrocytes erythropoietin.

As soon as the kidney cells are satisfied regarding oxygen concentration, they stop releasing_______. In actuality, EPO is always being released since RBCS are dying every day.

erythropoietin.

Defecit

-penia

Excess

-philia and -cytosis

What is the total magnification used to identify white blood cells?

1000

Which of the following values would represent monocytosis: A. 1% B. 4% C. 10% D. 15%

15%

If you counted 75 cells in each of the leukocyte counting squares what would be the total WBC count based on the dilution factor associated with this lab?

15,000 mm3

Each erythrocyte consists of approximately _______ molecules of hemoglobin.

280 million

If you counted 35 white blood cells and found 17 of them to be neutrophils, what would your neutrophil percentage be?

48.6%

What is the normal range for white blood cells and a healthy individual?

5 to 10,000 mm³

There are _____ amino acids in one hemoglobin molecule.

574

Plasma component (55% of the total volume) is made of:

92% water 7% protein 1% ions

If all the leukocytes were normal for a patient except for having an elevated lymphocyte count, the patient probably has ______

A viral infection

Antigen

Allergen

What causes the skin to have a yellowish color when the liver is not functioning to full capacity?

Bilirubin

_______ becomes a component of bile

Bilirubin

Erythrocytes and Leukocytes are formed in the ______

Bome marrow

carbaminohemoglobin.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) binds to the amino acid portion of hemoglobin.

_______ from cigarettes will bind to the iron portion of hemoglobin. This too, will reduce oxygen carrying capacity

Carbon monoxide

Whole blood consists of:

Cellular component (45% of the total volume) Plasma component (55% of the total volume)

Thymine is one component of_________

DNA.

A _____ and protein consumption could result in a _____of amino acids available for hemoglobin formation

Decrease; decrease

A _______and iron could result in a _________and hemoglobin information and therefore a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity

Decrease; decrease

Anytime there is a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity, the kidney cells were released _____ and erythrocyte formation will begin

EPO

If we counted 50 leukocytes and found three of those cells to be eosinophils, the patient would have ______

Eosinophilia

_______have a nucleus. ________are anucleated.

Erythroblasts; Erythrocytes

Cellular component (45% of the total volume) consists of:

Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets

Aspirin thins the blood, true or false?

False

Under normal circumstances, the majority of the Bilirubin produced will leave the body by way of _______

Feces

Most often, you cannot see the nucleus of basophils because they have a numerous number of ________ that will hide the nucleus

Granules

It consists of 4 ______ units embedded in the protein globular units

Heme

process to get rid of heme:

Heme in the liver will convert to biliverdin. Biliverdin converts to bilirubin. Bilirubin becomes a component of bile. Bilirubin is made of bile salts / bilirubin / cholesterol/and water Bile will leave the liver and enter into the small intestine to be used. •Bile will emulsify fat in the small intestine. •After emulsification, the digestive enzyme, lipase, will digest the fat. Bile will eventually enter the large intestine and will exit the body via feces. Some of the bilirubin will not become a component of bile •This bilirubin will enter into the bloodstream and travel to the urinary system to be urinated. •The majority of the bilirubin however will leave the body via feces. Therefore, via the urinary system and via feces, the body gets rid of bilirubin and ergo, gets rid of heme. The formation of bile is a method of getting rid of heme.

if the liver does not function up to par:

Heme in the liver will convert to biliverdin. Biliverdin converts to bilirubin. If the liver is not functioning very well, it has a hard time incorporating bilirubin into bile. Therefore, a smaller than normal amount of bilirubin exits the body via feces. However, the kidneys cannot get rid of all the excess bilirubin so a lot of the bilirubin stays in the bloodstream

Basil fills consist of many granules that release ______

Histamine

carboxyhemoglobin.

If carbon monoxide (CO) is inhaled, it binds to the iron portion of hemoglobin just as oxygen does.

Anti-histamines will

Inhibit basophil activity Block histamine receptor sites

If Bilirubin cannot exit the body via the digestive system, then Bilirubin accumulates in the blood stream so _______ occurs

Jaundice

Red blood cell formation proceeds in this manner:

Kidney cells detect a decrease in oxygen concentration in the blood. This triggers the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys to release erythropoietin. Erythropoietin targets the erythroblasts within the bone marrow. Erythroblasts begin differentiating to form mature erythrocytes •Erythroblasts have cell organelles including a nucleus •As it is differentiating, the nucleus and organelles are ejected +The two structures we discuss in particular are: -The ejection of the nucleus -The ejection of the mitochondria =At this point, the cell is called a reticulocyte •During differentiation, hemoglobin is forming within the red blood cell +The "ingredients" for hemoglobin are: -Iron -Amino acids -Heme •Hemoglobin binds to oxygen as the erythrocytes pass through the lungs. •This oxygen is then delivered to all parts of the body (including the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys). •As soon as the kidneys detect an adequate amount of oxygen, the juxtaglomerular cells will stop releasing erythropoietin.

________ is a cancerous condition where the bone marrow is producing an excess of leukocytes

Leukemia

Which of the following cells can undergo a process called diapedesis: A. Erythrocytes B. Leukocytes C. Platelets D. All of the above

Leukocytes

Bile is normally used by the digestive system to emulsify fat to assist the digestion of fat by the enzyme ______

Lipase

The _______ ultimately converts heme to bilirubin

Liver

B & T cells are derived from what kind of leukocyte?

Lymphocyte

Platelets

Megakaryoblasts in the bone marrow form megakaryocytes Megakaryocytes form the platelets Platelets were formerly called thrombocytes but since they are only pieces of megakaryocytes they are not true cells Responsible for blood clotting Normal range is 150,000 to 500,000 per mm3 (uL) of blood Makes up less than 1% of the cellular component of blood.

A physician would definitely prescribe an anabiotic if the patient had elevated levels of ______

Neutrophils

Leukocytes have one ______ and the ______of it helps the technician identify it

Nucleus; shape

oxyhemoglobin.

Oxygen (O2) binds to the iron portion of hemoglobin.

Many leukocytes can _______ the pathogen affecting the body

Phagocytize

Lymphocytes can differentiate to form T cells which

Present foreign antigens to the B cells

Lymphocytes can differentiate to form B cells which

Produce antibodies

With adequate thymine, there will be adequate ___________ formation.

RBC stem cell

The parietal cells of the stomach release______

intrinsic factor.

Bilirubin

is a yellowish-brown pigment. If a patient has excess bilirubin in their bloodstream, a yellow tint begins to appear through their skin --- especially in the areas where the blood vessels are close to the surface of the skin --- such as the face and the whites of the eyes. This condition is called jaundice.

Erythropoietin

is the hormone released to trigger red blood cell formation.

"Old" red blood cells are decomposed by the ______ and _______ cells.

liver; spleen

Agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

The release of EPO is controlled by a __________

negative feedback mechanism

Granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Kidney cells released erythropoietin due to the detection of a lack of______

oxygen.

The hemoglobin molecule is a ______ protein.

quaternary

Heme is not ________

recycled.

Vitamin B-12 is used by the ______ in the bone marrow.

stem cells

intrinsic factor causes the small intestine to absorb _______ into the bloodstream

vitamin B-12 (cobalamin)