ESS 40B Quizzes #5 and up

C4 plants are usually ________ in shady habitats because C4 photosynthesis has ______________ than the C3 pathway.

rare; higher ATP requirements

In general, a species' _____ niche will be smaller than its _____ niche due to interactions with other organisms in the community Correct!

realized; fundamental

The Hadley cell is thermally direct. This means that air forming this circulation cell:

rises where it is warmer and sinks where it is cooler

Vascular plants hydrate photosynthetic cells using _________, whereas bryophytes do so using _____________.

soil water; surface water

In plants, ______________ are defined as haploid (1n) cells that develop into gametophytes. Gametophytes, in turn, produce either haploid (1n) male or female _____________ that can fuse to form diploid (2n) ____________.

spores gametes zygotes

Which of the following parts of the 3-cell conceptual model can explain the presence of deserts at about 20-30 oN and 20-30oS?

subtropical highs where air sinks from the upper atmosphere, compresses and so warms, resulting in clear skies and low humidity

Which of the following is NOT a reason that the temperature during the day in Las Vegas can be a lot higher than in Irvine?

Las Vegas is at higher altitude than Irvine

At the genetic level, evolution is:

a change in the frequency of an allele or genotype over time.

If you start with 500,000 kg of phytoplankton, approximately how many units of organisms in the 5th trophic level can you support?

50 kg

Which of the following statements concerning ocean acidification are TRUE?

-As pH decreases, saturation state also decreases -As saturation state decreases, the ability of organisms to calcify decreases - As CO2 increases, pH decreases -As CO2 increases, saturation state decreases

Many bryophytes have to be able to tolerate desiccation because they:

-Dry out with the environment -Have little water storage capacity

How is the life-cycle of fish impacted by human fishing pressures?

-Organims reach maturity faster -organsims tend to produce fewer viable eggs -organism ten to be smaller when they've reached maturity

What would be considered an advantageous mutation

-a mutation that makes an individual more visible to predators, but increases attraction to potential mates -a mutation that increases an organism's ability to find food -a mutation that gives offspring a competitive advantage within a population of that same species

Zooxanthellae are ________.

-phototropic autotrophs -phytoplankton

When carbon dioxide (CO2) is added to seawater (H20), which of the following happens? (check all that apply)

-the carbonate ion concentrations (CO32-) in the surface oceans decreases -the bicarbonate (HCO3-)ion concentration in the surface oceans increases -the hydrogen ion concentration in the surface oceans increases

In seed plants, the embryo develops inside the seed, which allows for:

-the development of dormancy -nutrient reserves for the developing embryo -greater protection for the developing embryo

Which of the following plants would likely be the first to colonize a newly formed volcanic island (an environment of bare rock with no developed soil)?

A bryophyte

Order the carbon reservoirs in the list below from smallest to largest: A. atmosphere B. terrestrial vegetation C. surface water D. deep ocean E. organic matter in soil F. sedimentary rock

B. terrestrial vegetation A. atmosphere C. Surface Ocean E. organic matter in soil D. deep ocean F. sedimentary rock

A researcher is comparing atmospheric CO2 levels in Earth's northern and southern hemispheres during June and August. Since more terrestrial plants are present in the northern hemisphere, what do you expect she will find?

Because atmospheric CO2 measurements represent global amounts, measurements in the northern and southern hemispheres will be (approximately) the same

If water molecules (H2O) suddenly stopped forming hydrogen bonds with each other, how would water transport in vascular plants change (if at all)?

It would stop, because water transport relies on H2O molecules being connected by hydrogen bonds

In the Sierra Nevada mountains of California there are many populations of the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha. You notice that females of one population (population A) lay their eggs near the tip of a plant's stem. Females of another population in the same area (population B) lay their eggs at the base of the stem on a different type of plant. The young hatch out as caterpillars; they live on the host plant and eat its leaves. Is the information above a complete description of the butterflies' niche?

No, because a complete niche includes physical and biological factors

What impact will ocean acidification have on the lysocline?

Ocean acidification will cause the lysocline to shoal (get shallower)

Which of the following is a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide? burning of fossil fuels volcanoes respiration photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

How does extensive exploitation over long time periods exploit the physical size of fish?

Remaining fish tend to get smaller

Consider the Keeling curve, which shows a steady increase in CO2 levels over the past 50+ years. This steady rise has been attributed to both natural and human activity. Imagine if everyone in the world planted a fast-growing vine that was an annual (i.e., it grows large and fast, but dies after one year). Predict the effect this would hypothetically have on the level of CO2 in the atmosphere over the next 20 years.

The level of CO2 in the atmosphere will steadily increase because decomposition of the annuals simply returns the CO2 back into the atmosphere

Site A has an alpha biodiversity value of 10. Site B has an alpha biodiversity value of 13. Together, they have a gamma biodiversity value of 19. What can be said about sites A and B?

Too little information to tell

How would subjecting a CAM plant at night to normal daytime temperatures affect its water use efficiency (CO2 captured and H2O lost)?

Water use efficiency would decrease due to an increasing concentration gradient for diffusion of water out of the leaf at night but CO2 capture would also increase because the stomata is open at night

Why do some organisms need saturation states much greater than 1 to calcify?

When saturation states are high, carbonate concentrations are high

Death Valley, to the east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, has extremely low relative humidity and very little rainfall because:

air descending down from the Sierra mountains compresses and so the saturation vapor pressure increases, resulting in lower relative humidity

Within the stem of a vascular plant, where would you expect to find the cells that are the most mature?

at the base of the stem near the soil

What type of energy transfer occurs in the atmosphere due to differences in temperatures at the equator vs the poles?

convection

The wings of a moth and the wings of a hummingbird are morphologically similar. They both beat in the same way to make the organisms "hover", and their wing beats are extremely fast (and metabolically very costly!) Both organisms have wings of approximately the same size and weight. Wings in the moth and hummingbird are an example of:

convergent evolution

A scientist is researching a population of blue jays in her city. In order to completely define this blue jay population, she must:

determine the size, range, and density of the blue jay population

If a plane flies from the Equator towards the South Pole it would be deflected to the:

east

Due to the movement of surface ocean water in the North Atlantic gyre, which coastline would have warmer and more humid climates?

east coast of USA e.g. North Carolina

If air warms it will become:

less dense and more buoyant

A haploid cell contains _______ , and diploid cell contains _________.

one set of the chromosome (1n) ; two sets of chromosomes (2n)

From personal experience, you may have noticed that cut flowers placed in a vase with tap water continue to be "alive" for several days. What is the most likely explanation as to why these cut flowers don't immediately wither and die?

the plant can still take up water from the vase via an "evaporation pump"

In genetics, two organisms are part of the same population if:

they are the same species and are in the same geographic area

Two individuals of opposite sex are members of the same species if:

they can produce fertile offspring

Due to the allee effect, fish have greater fitness when

they have greater population densities

Water is transported from the soil to the leaves in the:

xylem