Essentials of Physical Anthropology: Chapter 8, ANTH 1101: Final Exam, Anthropology 101 Exam 1, Anthropology 101 Exam 2, Anthropology 101 Final, Anthropology 101- Exam 3, Anthropology 101, Anthropology 101, Anthropology 101, Anthropology 101, ANTHROP...

Analogy

similarities between species that are the result of similar adaptation to similar selective pressures -analogies are NOT the result of common ancestry -Wings on birds and bats -the process which leads to analogies is called convergent evolution

Homology

similarities that organisms share because of common ancestry. Key factor in determining how organisms are assigned to taxonomic categories - indicator of common inheritance - particularly useful for understanding physical characteristics and descent

Biosociality

social identifacation based on a diagnosis

The fact that Orangutans are for the most part solitary can best be explained by

socioecology

all of the following is accurate regarding cells EXCEPT

somatic cells determine the sex of an individual

secondary innovation

something new that results from known principles; ex. the wheel is a primary innovation, but wagons or carts are secondary

Anthropologists define consumption as

the act of using and assigning meaning to a good, service, or relationship

animatism

the belief that the world is animated by an impersonal supernatural power; the power is abstract to the extreme and beyond the reach of the senses

Stratigraphy

the branch of geology concerned with the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale · the analysis of the order and position of layers of archaeological remains. · the structure of a particular set of strata

primary innovation

the chance discovery of something new - can be a new technique, new technology, new behavior, etc.

Redistribution is

the collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society.

Suffering

the forms of physical, mental or emotional distress experienced by individuals who may not subscribe to a bio medical understanding of disease

Uniformitarian Geology

the idea that rocks "grow" at the same speed making it so you can measure time

Culture Imperialism

the idea that some cultures dominate others and that domination by one culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture those in power

Complex societies ensure that

the labor of non-elites benefits the elites

ethnology

the study of sociocultural differences and similarities

Taphonomy

the study of the deposition of plant or animal remains and the environmental conditions affecting their preservation

historical linguistics

the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations

anthropology

the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors

Extended Family

three or more generations in one house

culture

traditions and customs transmitted through learning

Avens

trap hole

minimal pair

two words that differ only by a single sound in the same position and that have different meanings

bipedal

two-footed; upright locomotion (of hominins)

Noam Chomsky

universal grammar - all human languages share a syntactic deep structure; it is inborn

Origin Myths

used to explain how the world came to be

Modern homo sapiens differ from earlier hominid species in brain structure and size, especially with regards to

vertical foreheads where the neofrontal cortex is responsible for higher thought

The Neolithic revolution

was a process that happened differently in different ways worldwide..

Visual Acuity

​Primates​ ​have​ ​excellent​ ​vision,​ ​do​ ​not​ ​rely​ ​on​ ​smell​ ​as​ ​other animals

Upper Palaeolithic Tools

•Upper Paleolithic stone tool-making involves a blade tool tradition. ••Blades are classic tools •Artifacts of bone, ivory, and antler •Burins (to engrave bone ,ivory, antler) •Composite tools -most distinctive artifacts •Spears and arrows of different materials •Bows-and-arrows •Tailored clothing •Fur-bearing animal skins

Cro-Magnon:

● Ancient people discovered in the vezere river in France ● Associated with tools of the upper Paleolithic which is the last part of the Old Stone Age these people need to send it to 13 other specimens discovered 1872 and 1982 Southwestern France responsible for production of impressive works of art ● Cro-Magnon, France (1868) ○ 8 individuals, burials, grave goods ○ 27,000 YA ○ C-M 1, male, more modern features: ■ Smaller brow ridges and higher forehead ■ Thinner cranial bones ■ Smaller, flat face ○ Classified: Homo Sapiens sapiens

Mousterian Tools

● Characterized by flakes removed from carefully prepared cores ● Flakes peeled off around side of core ● A large waste flake struck off top of core ● Remaining top surface flaked repeatedly, producing "Levallois"flakes ● Levallois flakes modified for a variety of uses

Austrolopithecus africanus (3-2 mya)

gracile form from south Africa cranium - less ape-like than A. afarensis, incisors less broad, canines non-projecting, dental arcade more parabolic, less projecting face, 420 cc brain size

hominins

hominids excluding the African apes; all the human species that ever have existed

Chimpanzees

hunt monkeys and small mammals for food

Chimpanzees live in groups composed of:

numerous adult males and females, plus young of all ages

Transhumance is

regular seasonal movement in relation to an ecological need..

Orthodoxy*

"Correct doctrine"; the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts

Orthopraxy

"Correct practice"; the prohibition of deviation from approved forms of ritual behavior

Sedimentary

"Rock formed when the deposition of sediments create distinct layers, or strata"

sympathetic magic

"like causes like"; using an image or likeness to cause an effect on someone (ex. voodoo doll)

Sahlins definition of kinship

"mutuality of being"

Language (linguistic) ideology

"shared bodies of common sense notions about the nature of language in the world"

superorganic

(Kroeber) the special domain of culture, beyond the organic and inorganic realms

Charles Lyell

- 1779 - 1875 - Believed in the Great Chain of Being & Essentialism - Pushed boundaries at the time with Uniformitarian Geology -- Stated that the world was MILLIONS of years old and not thousands - Father of Modern Geology

Charles Darwin

- 1809-1882 - Created theory of common ancestry and this explanation was the "first darwinian evolution" - his explanation of natural selection was the "second darwinian evolution" - questioned how variation exists and how it is used by generation

Ardipithecus Ramidus

- 4 MYA - Partly upright walker - Increasing brain size - Had big toe like modern humans but not in the right spot

The Neolithic Revolution

- 400-2,000 years ago - Beginning of agriculture - Domestication of Farming and Crops (most modern domestication)

Archaic Homo Sapiens

- 500,000 -200,000 ya - possessed features found in homo Erectus and Homo sapiens - humans spread across the globe

Hominoids

- A biological superfamily that includes humans, great apes, and gibbons

Natural Selection

- A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment. - "Survival of the fittest" - The driving force behind evolution, by which the environment "selects" the fittest organisms.

Feminist Archaeologist

- A research approach that explores why women's contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions

Angiosperm Hypothesis

- Adaptive niche of exploiting flowering plants - Color Vision - Fine visual & tactile discrimination

Archaeological Record

- All material objects constructed by human or near-human revealed by archaeology

Site

- An archeological space where artifacts are found

Visual Predation Hypothesis

- Analogy with insectivores - Stalk & Capture insects - Depth perception - Grasping hands = Adaptive niche of catching fast moving prey

old world monkeys and apes

- Catarrhines - Forward noses - Full color vision - Both terrestrial and arboreal - 2.1.2.3 dental formula - All diurnal - Africa andAsia - Ischial Callosities - Sexual Skin

Living in groups also costs:

- Competition - contagion - raising non-biological offspring - inbreeding - cannibalism - infanticide

Chain of Being

- Concept of higher and lower beings - A hierarchy of beings with God at the top, followed by the angels, then humans, then animals.

The Four Fields of Anthropology

- Cultural/Social Anthropology: Fieldwork; talks to people in the cultures (Present) - Biological Anthropology: Study of Creatures (Past and Present) - Linguistic Anthropology: Study of Talking and Communication - Archeology: Study of Fossils and Bones (Past)

Laetoli Footprints

- Evidence for upright walking (2 sets of footprints) - 2.4 - 2.6 MYA

Hominins

- Humans and immediate ancestors had: - Ability to walk upright - ability to control emotions Bones: - straight bone legs - spinal column enters in the bottom of the skull - wider hips (stable base)

Primate Evolutionary Trends

- Increase in brain size - Reduction in projection of face/ sense of smell - Increasing dependence in sight - Reduced number of teeth - Increasing period of infant dependence - Greater dependence on learned behavior

Solitary (but differentiated social relationships)

- Most of time alone - Know their neighbors - Settle near relatives: -organgutan -Loris

NAGPRA

- Native American Grave Protection and Repaitration Act - Kennewick man in 1966 - NAGPRA protects people whos ancestors might have been dug up

Band

- No more than 50 people - labor divided by sex/age - good equality

Artifact

- Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near human activity

Major benefits of group life

- Protection vs Predators - Better access to resources - Access to potential mates

Australopithecus Afarensis (Lucy)

- Roamed 3 MYA - Changes in dentation to look more like a U (Human Shape) - 375 cm3 (35% of the modern human brain capacity) - Lucy is a very intact fossil

Exaptation

- Shaped by nature for one thing then evolve again for another - Wings originally used cool off birds then adapted to fly

Aboreal Hypothesis

- Stereoscopic vision - Grasping hands - Nails = Adaptive niche of life in the trees

Essentialism

- The belief, derived from Plato, in fixed ideas or forms, that exist in perfect unchanging in eternity. Actual objects in the temporal world such as cows or horses are seen as imperfect material realizations of the ideal form that defines their kind - there are hard lines between species; they are separate and unchanging (humans are not related to anything - The idea of "Cowness" --- the view that living things have an essence inside them that makes them what they are

Context

- The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding an artifact Two types of Contexts: -Primary: undisturbed context, ideal for anthropologists -Secondary: more common than primary, disturbed original layer of deposition

Ethnology

- The comparative study of two or more cultures - Branch of anthropology dealing with human races, their origin, distribution, culture, etc.

Holism

- The idea that we need to study everything (past and now) but we can't just focus on one aspect - We need to study: language, technology, culture etc.

Catastrophism

- The notion that natural disasters, such as floods, are responsible for the extinction of species, which are then replaced by new species - discovered by the French scientist Georges Cuvier

Anthropology

- The study of human nature, human societies and human past - Study of the origins and development of people and their societies

Social Science

- The study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change - the study of various aspects of human society and is less predicable because there are no "hard laws"

Prehensile Tail

- The use of hands, feet and tail that can grab things - The ability to grasp, with fingers, toes, or tail

Elaborating Symbols

- Those symbols that are used in society to create meaning (cultures worship bulls)

nation

- a community that sees itself as one people with a shared language, culture, territorial base, political organization and history - the U.S. is a state but we have many nations within it, such as the Navajo Nation or the Choctaw Nation - these nations have some power and authority, but are still part of the U.S., with the U.S. having superseding authority

ancestral spirits

- the belief that humans are made of a physical body and some kind of living spirit - the spirit is freed from the body by death - the spirit takes an active interest and membership in society - provide a sense of continuity and help explain unpredictable behavior or happenings - this belief is the strongest in descent-based cultures

State

- stratified society - people posses land - has government organizations (police) - elete w/ monoploy

Homo Habilis

- the species of large brained, gracile hominins - 2 million years old and younger - used and made stone tools - FIRST OF THE GENUS HOMO

Stratigraphy

- the study of rock layers and the sequence of events they reflect

state

- the system found in cultures with increased food production, increased populations, specialization in jobs and activities, and stratification - greater real or potential social conflict - the most formal and complex system with power and authority concentrated in a government - has the authority to collect taxes, draft men for work or war and to decree and enforce laws - individuals, even heads of state, do not have sole authority to do things - the government has a bureaucracy, a military, and maybe a religion

decentralized political system

- there is no central or one place/person of authority - leaders do not have real power to force compliance (kin-ordered leaders) - important decisions are usually made in a collective manner by agreement among adults - dissenting members may decide to act with the majority, or they may choose to adopt some other course of action, including leaving the group - this form provides great flexibility - types: band, tribe

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

- tries to protect world heritage sites that may have been or are in danger of being destroyed because of political tension - Taliban leaders destroyed much of afgan culture

Neolithic Emergence of Complexity

- usage of complex tools - burial rituals (possibility of religion) - creation of instruments - cave paintings

Archaic Humans

-500,000-300,000 years ago, changes in morphology and material culture suggest emergence of one or more new variety of Homo -Class homo erectus traits of robustness decreased and cranial capacity increased -Brow ridges became smaller and more separated with reduced postorbital constriction -Anthropologist classify archaic humans in one of two ways: -They may all be put into one category of archaic homo sapiens, a broad category that assumes that we ourselves evolved directly out of this group -Or separated into two different species Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis

Genus Paranthropus

-A cluster of hominin fossils dating to 2.7 and 1 mya differ in morphology from australopithecines -Paranthropines had larger brains, broady

Genus Astralopithecus

-A span of over 2 million years in the fossil record -Most researchers hypothesize the human lineage emerged from the australopithecus

Hominoidea

-African Apes (gorillas and chimpansees) -Asian Apes (orangutans and gibbons) -Humans -All have large bodies and brains except gibbons -Apes​ ​and​ ​humans: No​ ​tails,​ ​adaptations​ ​in​ ​the​ ​upper​ ​body​ ​allows​ ​full​ ​rotation​ ​of the​ ​arm​ ​and​ ​greater​ ​hand​ ​movement,​ ​allowing​ ​them​ ​to​ ​hang​ ​and​ ​swing​ ​among branches.​ ​The​ ​initial​ ​adaption​ ​lead​ ​to​ ​bipedal​ ​walking

Who were the first humans and where did they live?

-During the pleistocene epoch our lineage began to spread out of Africa and populate other corners of the Earth -Homo erectus appeared about 1.8 mya: -Human-like body proportions and height -Lived on the ground -Appear to care for their young and the weak -Made and used stone tools, controlled fire -May have some simple proto-language

Genus Homo

-Emerged from one australopithecine lineage about 3 to 2 mya -Most hominin fossils younger than about 1.8 mya are considered members of this genus -Disagreement persists about how many species they actually represent, or even if some early cases are members of Homo or Australopithecus -Large cranial capacity, competent bipeds -They made and used stone tools

Eocene Primates

-Eocene epoch lasted from about 55 to 38 mya -best known Eocene primates fall into two basic groups, adapids and omomyids Adapids: look a lot like lemurs, however morphological features like dentition distinguishes them from their modern counter-parts. They had four premolars, whereas modern lemurs have only three Omomyids: they resemble living tarsiers. Most omomyids are much smaller than apapids. Adapted for climbing, clinging, and leaping, they have appeared to have been nocturnal, feeding on insects. (pg 77)

Flawed Logic

-Eugenicists believed that inheritance was a simple function of dominant and recessive genes -This allowed them to claim that certain groups had low intelligence based on the beliefs of what they inherited

Tarsiers

-Found​ ​in​ ​southeast​ ​asia,​ ​small​ ​bodies,​ ​nocturnal,​ ​possess​ ​extreme leaping​ ​abilities​ ​and​ ​live​ ​in​ ​small​ ​groups

What makes an animal a good target for domestication?

-Herbivores: Easier to feed, greater calorie return -Fast growth rate: Reach maturity faster -Breeding and social structure: Passive enough to breed in captivity -Disposition and panic mechanism: Easily controllable

Structuralism

-Higher level structures are more than the sum of the properties of the lower level parts. -Metaphor: Na+ and CI- on their own are deadly. Together, they are necessary for life - we would call this life-giving property an -"EMERGENT" property of NaCI. (cs. "Meaning" as an emergent property). -Example: Starlings murmuration video **Ruth Benedict patterns of structure - famous anthro book

Domestication*

-Human interface with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them -occurred independently in seven different areas of the world between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago

Developmental Systems Theory

-Rejects the idea that there is a gene "for" anything, it argues that bodily development comes from the growth and interaction of several distinct systems; gene and cells, muscles and bone, and the brain and nervous system

Aspects of Complex Society*

-Societies with large populations, an extensive division of labor, and occupational specialization

Sodalities*

-Special-purpose groupings that may be organized on the basis of age, sex, economic role, and personal interest -They serve very different functions-among them police, military, medical, initiation, religious and recreation -Some sodalities conduct their business in secret, others in public -membership may be ascribed or achieved

Which is the strongest of the three origin explanatory models?

-The Multiple Dispersals Model (MD) -Homo spread around western, central, and southern Eurasia, with back and forth gene flow across Africa and Eurasia,

What are the three explanatory models on how we originated?

-The Recent African Origin Model -The Multiregional Evolution Model -The Multiple Dispersals Model (MD)

Determinism

-The doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes external to the will -Some philosophers have taken determinism to imply that individual human beings have no free will and cannot be held morally responsible for their actions.

Common sense in different cultures

-norms of behavior that differ (consider the example of deciding where to eat or the question "Are you hungry?" - what does it mean) -Example: Person 1; Where should we eat lunch today? Person 2: I would really like to go to Aloha Plate. I've been craving their pork and rice plate. -This is okay in certain cultures, however it is considered rude in different cultures. Food is a necessity for life and part of autonomy here, however around the world it is something that brings people together.

What characteristics define the Genus Homo?

-relatively large brain - small face and jaws - dependence on material culture for survival

A group whose babies are automatically born into their mother's descent group has a

...

A political system that has a centralized government, the power to collect taxes, draft men for work or war, and can enforce laws, is called a..

...

Agro-pastoralism

...

All of the following are a part of the typology of polotical organizations developed by Elman Service in 1962, except:

...

Among the Iroquois

...

As the Public-Domestic spheres begin to overlap

...

Bands tend to have a foraging political system

...

Bridewealth

...

Economy

...

Egalitarian

...

Endogamous marriages are always considered incest

...

Extended families consist of three or more generations

...

Gender refers to biology- male or female

...

Gender stratification increased among the sedentary Hoansi San groups

...

Gender..

...

Gernerally speaking, women are the main producers in agricultural societies.

...

Ifugao

...

Kuikuro

...

Members of foraging bands:

...

Pastorlists tend to have a tribe or chiefdom level of political organization

...

Plural marriage

...

Sex refers to the cultural construction of male and female characteristics

...

Slash-and-Burn

...

Social status in Chiefdoms are based on

...

Status in Chiefdoms societies are achieved rather than kinship based.

...

The Village Head of Tribal Cultivator societies, such as the Yanomiami have the authority to do all of the following EXCEPT:

...

The first American farmers:

...

The most common type of marriage seen cross-culturally is polyandry

...

The practice of seeking ka spouse outside one's own group is

...

The term polygamy refers to:

...

The unequal distribution of rewards based on gender is referred to as

...

Tribal societies are largely organized on the basis of descent groups

...

Village head

...

When there are differential contributions to subsistence

...

When there are equal contributions to subsistence

...

Gini Coefficient

0 = more equality 1 = less equality

Jean-Baptist Lamark's Two laws

1) An organism is strengthened by use of and weakened by disuse 2) Said characterisics that are developed were passed on - EX: Giraffe grows its neck and then passes its longer neck onto the child

The Four Evolutionary Processes

1) Mutation: the creation of a new allele for a gene when the portion of the DNA molecule to which it corresponds is suddenly altered 2) Natural Selection: A two-step, mechanistic explanation of how descent with modification takes place; (1) every generation, variant individuals are generated within a species as a result of genetic mutation, and (2) those variant individuals best suited to the current environment survive and produce more offspring than other variants 3) Gene Flow: The exchange of genes that occurs when a given population experiences a sudden expansion caused by in-migration of outsiders from another population of the species 4) Genetic Drift: Random changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next caused by a sudden reduction in population size as a result of disaster, disease, or the out-migration of a small subgroup from a larger population (pg 152)

Four stages of primate complexity

1. Pre-Monkeys 2. Monkeys/Apes/Humans 3. Apes/Humans 4. Humans

Evidence suggests that genes giving rise to modern humans evolved in Africa between

100-200 kya

Turkana Boy

12yr boy, about 5'4 feet tall, same proportions as peoplewho live in the tropical savannas today, long legs, short arms, narrow hips and shoulders.

Sagittal Crest

A Ridge of bone that runs down the middle of the cranium like a short Mohawk. This serves as the attachment for the large temporal muscles indicating strong chewing.

Cisgender

A biological male assumes the male gender role and visa versa

Polyamory

A committed sexual relationship with more than one person at a time, multiple couples

Zinj

A complete cranium of an Au. boise, found in Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania

Niche Construction

A critical aspect involves changing and constructing the world around us

Problems with the concept of culture

A definition of what culture implies a hierarchy

Lineage

A descent group who can demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor

A species with a sagittal crest on the skull and very large molars has likely adapted to

A diet dominated by hard seed sand and grasses as seen in Paranthropus

*Levallois

A distinctive method of stone tool production used during the Middle Paleolithic, in which the core was prepared and flakes removed from the surface before the final tool was detached from the core.

Blended Family

A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families

Joint Family

A family pattern made up of brothers and their wives or sisters and their husbands (along with their children) living together.

phylogenetic tree

A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms

Fatwa councils vs. personal status courts

A fatwā is a non-binding legal opinion on a point of Islamic law - ethical questions, religious doctrines and sometimes even philosophical issues court decision is binding and enforceable - specific legal matter

education

A formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role of learner.

Mosaic Evolution

A pattern of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one functional system varies from that in other systems. For example, in hominin evolution, the dental system, locomotor system, and neurological system all evolved at markedly different rates.

Orrorin tugenensis (6 mya)

A pre-australopithecine species found in East Africa that displayed some of the earliest evidence of bipedalism.

Patrilineage

A social group formed by people connected by father-child links

Matrilineage

A social group formed by people connected by mother-child links

Health

A state of physical, mental and emotional well being with an absence of disease or disability that would interfere with such well being

Colorism

A system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum of skin colors between white and black

Contextualism

A thing must be understood in its context - The Blobfish/cricket

Taxonomy and Systematics

A way of classifying living organisms and identifying their biological relationships.

Dialects

Any form of language that differs from the "norm" i.e. job interview English

Aptation

Any useful feature of an organism

H. heidelbergensis

Archaic Homo Sapiens. 900 to 300 kya. Larger brains and more modern skulls. Long, low skull, no chin, large browridges, acheulean tools. Evidence to hunting game.

Homologies

Are physical traits inherited from a common ancestor, although they are not necessarily used for the same purpose

Art by Intention Vs. Art by Appropriation*

Art by intention includes objects that were made to be art, such as impressionist paintings. Art by appropriation consists of all other objects that "became art" because at a certain moment certain people decided that they belonged to the category of art

What are ways that Engelke suggests the word "civilization" can be a productive concept in Anthropology?

As dense networks

Marketing

Choosing to engage in market trade

Chronometric

Chronos, meaning time and metric, meaning measure. Referring to a dating technique that gives an estimate in actual numbers of years.

Naturalizing Discourse

Claims that consider social categories as eternal and unchanging, rather than the result of history or culture

A gradual change across groups, in which traits shade and blend into each other is

Clines

Lunar Effect

Basically, the phase of the moon could influence people's moods and make people go crazy. Basically, what happened is back in the day when the full moon was out people would go about their business into the night because they could see, if there is more people there is a higher likeliness of a death happening and so a higher death rate on the full moon.

Uniformitarianism

Because we can calculate at what rate the River Thames is eroding we can thus figure out how old the river actual is.

Female Gender Roles

Beer making, cooking

Cosmopolitanism

Being at ease in more than one cultural setting

Polytheism is

Belief in many Gods.

Bilineal vs. Unilineal Descent

Bilineal Decent: - The principle that a decent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and fathers equally Unilineal Decent: - The principle that a decent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by links made through a father or mother only.

Epigenetic Systems of Inheritance

Biological aspects of bodies that work in combination with the genes and their protein products, including the machinery of cells, the chemical interactions between cells, and reactions between types of tissue and organs in the body

Habitual Bipedalism

Bipedal locomotion as the form of locomotion shown by hominins most of the time.

Bipedalism (Benefits)

Bipedalism (The ability to walk upright) - More energy efficient (slower) - Easier to see predators - Movement is easier - Less exposure to sun/wind/rain

Obligate Bipedalism

Bipedalism as the ONLY form of hominin terrestrial locomotion. Major anatomical changes in the spine, pelvis, and lower limbs are required . Once hominins adapted to this mode of locomotion, other forms became impossible .

Blades and Composite Tools

Blades: Stone tools that are at least twice as long as they are wide Composite Tools: Tools such as bows and arrows in which several different materials are combined (stone, wood, bone, ivory, antler) to produce the final working implement (pgs 127-128)

Forensic analysis involves the use of

Dead People

One of Engelke's main points about the practice of bridewealth (lobola) among the Zimbabweans is that "______ maintains a relationship"

Debt

Patrilineal

Descent is traced through men only

Matrilineal

Descent is traced through women only

George Herbert Mead

Developed Symbolic Interactionism. Believed development of individual was a social process as were the meanings individuals assigned to things

"We are parrots" - what does this mean?

Bororo men are important in society (like the feathers of parrots in rituals) Bororo society is matrilineal which puts women in charge (parrot feathers are used in rituals, and parrots are kept around for this purpose only) men use this saying to comment on their condition.

Foragers..

Both A & B: politically, have a band organization. are highly stratified

The Neolithic began first..

Both B & C: Among the Natufians and In the Middle-East

Aucheulean tools

Both C & D: Were associated with H. erectus. Had regular proportions; height to width ratio

Sociality

Bring soical makes us primates.

Class Vs Caste

Caste - Rank group in a stratified society - closed system - born and die in your caste - no room for movement Class - lower, middle and upper class - divided by economics/job - open system

Basotho cattle herding-why didn't they sell their cows?

Cattle created social bonds/social worth. Want to maintain this so they don't sell their cows even if it is more logical to do so (famine)

Temperature flutuations during the Pleistocene glacier and inter-glacial periods

Caused increasing desert environments during inter-glacial periods

Who is the man called Bee?

Chagnon

What did Sahlins point out about Chagnon's research?

Chagnon's methods were destructive

Cryptozoology

People who belive or preach pseudo science use cryptozology to prove the existence of fictional animals like big foot or a jersey devil. Actual cryptozologists study things like dead sea animals or fossils

Ritualized Relationships

People you're tied to by ritual or other socially recognized relationship, i.e. a Godparent

Saussure's big insight. What does this have to do with anthropology?

Perhaps his most influential contribution to linguistic and social theory was his distinction between language (langue) and speech (parole). Language, for Saussure, is the signifying system through which we communicate. Speech refers to actual utterances. Because we can communicate an infinite number of utterances, it is the system behind them that is important.. -- deals with structuralism

A key aspect of sedentism is

Permanent social inequality..

ROBERT HOOK

Robert Hooke tested the idea that fossils wee the remains of ancient life by studying the microscopic structure of wood. Since fossil wood had a structure identical of that of living trees, Hooke concluded fossil wood came from once living trees

Teosinte

Early Farming in the Mexican Highlands:10,000 and 4000 B.P - foragers in the Valley of Oaxaca gathered a wild grass known as teocentli (or teosinte)-- the wild ancestor of maize.

Olduwan Tools

Early Homo exhibit the earliest defined stone-tool making style called the Oldowan tradition •Bones and stones studied by specialist The stone tool industry that was used by Hominins during the Lower Palaeolithic period. The term "Oldowan" is taken from the site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where the first Oldowan tools were discovered by the archaeologist Louis Leakey. Associated with Homo habilis. Tool types: manuport (transported rock), hammer stones, core forms (used to create flakes), and flakes (cutting). Unifacial working was characteristic.

What is the primary method of sociocultural anthropology?

Ethnography

Taking the perspective of the other

Ethnography.

Ethnographic Fieldwork*

Ethnography: An anthropologist's written or filmed description of a particular culture Fieldwork: An extended period of close involvement with the people in whose language or way of life anthropologists are interested, during which anthropologists ordinarily collect most of their data

Where have the majority of Neanderthal fossils been found?

Europe

According to the Engelke in the chapter on Civilization, it is good anthropological thinking to recognize that certain "primitive" cultures give us a window into our own past.

False

Animal domestication was much more important in the New World than in the Old World.

False

Anthropologists only study cultures that we would consider to be "exotic" or "primitive"

False

Because the Fatwah Council (FC) is not a legal authority, if a person disagrees with the decision, they will usually go to another sheik for a better opinion.

False

Filotimo (or "social worth") is a useful concept for studying honor and shame in Greece because it is consistent across the different areas where it is in use.

False

New World and Old World Monkeys have the same number of teeth.

False

Nootka language breaks up sentences into Subject and Predicate just like English does.

False

Oldowan tools are considered to be more sophisticated and standardized relative to Aucheulean tools

False

Paranthropus species exclusively ate hard foods

False

Redistribution is typical of foraging groups

False

Species of the genus Homo were the only bipedal hominins

False

The point of Anthropology 101 is to tell you the correct position that you should take on emotionally and politically charged topics.

False

CHARLES LYAL (after Hutton)

Father of superposition made Hutton's idea of uniformitarianism famous

Adaptation

Feature shaped by nature

The pastoral Nuer of Sudan have many different terms to describe their prized cattle. This is an example of:

Focal Vocabulary

Pastoralist Mobility

Follow grasses and water for livestock

Tribe Features

Food abundance, trading, party, arrange marriages and broker power, egalitarian

Margaret Mead (1901-1978)

For her best-known work, Coming of Age in Samoa, Mead interviewed young girls on the island of Ta'u, which led her to conclude that adolescence in Samoan society was much less stressful than in the United States; in The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead, Derek Freeman claimed that she was lied to in those interviews. She also studied three tribes in New Guinea — the Arapesh, Mundugumor, and Tchambuli — for her book on Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies.

Kenyanthropus

Form of early huma from about 3.5 to 2.5 mya. Badly distorted fossil record suggests it may just be a form of Australiopithecus afarensis or Homo habilis/roudolfensis.

Homo habilis/rudolfensis

Form of early human that used stone tools and had more human like teeth! 1.9 to 1.6 mya (habilis). 1.8 to 2.4 mya (rudolfensis)

Vertical clinging and leaping

Form of locomotion between two vertical surfaces. Ex: tree trunk to another tree trunk

Brachiation

Form of locomotion used in tree branches . Swinging between branches using arms

Australopithecus boisei

Formerly known as Zinjanthropus boise; a later robust australopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. robustus and Au. africanus and had robust cranial traits, including large teeth, large face, and heavy muscle attachments

Framing and Play*

Framing: A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as "play" or as "ordinary life" Play: A framing that is consciously adopted by the players, somehow pleasurable, and systemically related to what in non-play by alluding to the non-play world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristic of the non-play world

Early founders of US anthropology

Franz Boaz - Father of American anthro. Critic of the race concept and a critique of evolutionary anthro (cultural evolutionism) Margaret Mead - Culture and personality Zora Neale Hurston - portrayed racial struggles in the early 20th century American South, and published research on Haitian voodoo.

Definition of a State

Full-time specialists usually with a central government and at least one city. Only possible after the invention of agriculture

Personal Identity Traits

Gender, job, family, ethnicity, race, culture religion, sexual orientation, dialect

Horticulturalists Marriages

Generally bride service

Pastoralists Marriages

Generally bride wealth

Building a State Society

Generally forms due to conquest, colonization, or "unification"

Genetic Drift +RANDOM

Genetic Change Due to Change

Genotype Vs. Phenotype

Genotype - The genetic information about particular biological traits encoded in an organisms DNA - inside Phenotype - The observable measurable, measurable overt characteristics of an organism - Outside

The division of humans into African, Asian, American, and European races is categorization based on

Geographic Region

Darwin's FIVE DISCIPLINES

Geology, paleontology, taxonomy, and systematics, demography and biology.

Bridewealth (why not "brideprice"?). What does it look like in gift or market economy?

Gift society- groom's family are in "debt" to the bride's family which establishes a lasting bond and relationship Market economy- gifts have a price and therefore once paid back distinguishes any past/ future times when people can connect. "Brideprice" would make a gift economy into a market economy putting a payable price on the bride and then exclusion from further connection with others.

Malinowski described the Trobriand Islanders idea of possession as: "To possess is to

Give

LAMARCK

He studied Giraffes and noted the longer the neck the less competition you have to get to food. But at his time, they were finding short-necked giraffe fossils in Africa. He said okay so Giraffes stretch their neck through their life and they get longer (acquired change) you could acquire characteristics through your life. You can gain muscle or a tan but you can't get taller.

JAMES HUTTON

He was what you would call a geologist but his biggest contribution was that he looked at the Thames River in England, he came up with the idea that the river banks were eroding as the years went by. But how did he measure erosion? He measured it every year and took into consideration the time of year/weather etc and calculated an estimate figuring out how different environmental factors influence the rate of erosion. This became Hutton's idea of Uniformitarianism The church of course disregarded Hutton's ideas because his estimate of the earths age was far longer then that said in the bible

Equal Sexual Division of Labor

High divorce rate and affairs for women, more women in leadership roles, lower rates of domestic violence. Does not mean equal social status

Agricultural consequences

High population densities, more cooperation required, increased disease transmission, poor health outcomes, increased vulnerability to local and global climate change, conflict with other cultures

Males who are sexually impotent either because they were born intersex with ambiguous genitalia or because they underwent castration are known in India as

Hijra

THOMAS MALTHUS

His theory was based on Demography (the classification of people) it's a hierarchical way of classifying people for ex: male, female, upper middle class, lower middle class, have you gone to college. In format, It is virtually the same as Taxonomy, as you go on you get a more narrow focus. He also looked at Demography

When anthropologists look at an object according to how, where, why, and for whom it was produced, which dimension are they looking at?

History

What are the four epistemes of anthropology introduced in the lecture?

Holism, Contextualism, Structuralism (emergence), Processualism

What kind of magic is the Korean belief "Don't eat chicken when you're pregnant or your child will be born with chicken skin" an example of?

Imitative / Homeopathic

Neo-Darwinism

It is assumed organisms strive for optimal adaptive resources to environmental problems

All of the following are true regarding the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis except:

It views language as a product of unilinear evolution

Kung San

Kalahari Desert

Sedentism

Lack of mobility, staying in one place: sometimes a choice, but more often is forced

Language and Power

Language determines power and who is considered civilized in a particular state

Patrilineal Descent

Last name stays on the paternal or father's side of the family

Matrilineal Descent

Last. name stays on the maternal or mother's side of the family

Baseball is well known for superstition and

Magic

Every time Frank has a big exam, he eats the same breakfast, wears the same socks, and takes the same path to school. Frank is performing

Magic

Incantations and the manipulation of special objects are features of

Magic

Indexicality

Making culture, heritage and land part of the conversation

Family Tree: Triangle

Male

Post-Marriage Patterns of Residence

Monogamy: 1 spouse Polygyny: 1 husband, Many wives Polyandry: 1 wife, many husbands

Monogamy vs. Polygamy

Monogamy: A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one spouse at a time Polygamy: A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to more than one spouse at a time

Haplorhines: Monkeys, Apes, Tarsiers

Most of the primate adaptations - vision > olfaction - eyes surrounded by bones - fused midline of lower jaw - diurnal - except Tarsiers - except Owl Monkey - Soical - except orangutan - Larger brain

Mousterian

Mousterian Tradition: A Middle Paleolithic stone-tool tradition associated with Neanderthals in Europe and southwestern Asia and with anatomically modern human beings in Africa (pg 121)

Horticulturalist Mobility

Move to marry and to avoid conflict

What is the difference between to Out-of-Africa and Multiregional theories of modern human origin and migration?

Multiregional theories that modern human evolved through interbreeding and gene flow. Out-of-Africa theory argues that there was no gene flow but rather that each modern form simply replacing other species.

The first place where anthropologists studied objects and art were

Museums

Oldowan Tool Kit

Oldowan Tradition: A stone-tool tradition named after the Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) where the first examples of these tools were found. The earliest Oldowan tools are 2.6 million years old and were found in Gona, Ethiopia. Until recently, Oldowan tools were considered the oldest stone tools made by hominins (pg 110)

Primates appear in the new world (newworld monkeys) during the

Oligocene

An economy based upon domesticated herd animals is called

Pastoralism

Pastoralist Lineage

Patrilineal

Pastoralist Residence

Patrilocal residence

Informants and Dialectics*

People in a particular culture who work with anthropologists and provide them with insights about their way of life. Also called respondents, teachers, or friends

Fictive Kin

People not related to you by blood or marriage but are considered family

Objects embody physical traits as well as a

Temporal dimension

Foragers: Bilateral Descent

Tend to keep both last names and keep ties to both parental families. Clans are the exception

"Race" - what does it mean? What has it meant historically?

Term used to denote a particular subspecies - historically involved with segregation and subjugation.

canine-premolar honing complex

The dental form in which the upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars when the jaws are opened and closed

Homo Habilis

The earliest Homo species, a possible descendant of Au. garhi and an ancestor to H.erectus; showed the first substantial increase in brain size and was the first species definitively associated with the production and use of stone tools

Sahelansthropus tchadensis

The earliest pre-australopithecine species found in central Africa with possible evidence of bipedalism

Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7-6 mya)

The earliest pre-australopithecine species found in central Africa with possible evidence of bipedalism.

Oldowan Industry

The earliest recognized stone tool culture, including very simple tools, mostly small flakes.

Handaxe

The most dominant tool in the Acheulian Complex, characterized by a sharp edge for both cutting and scraping

Paleoanthropology

The search for fossilized remains of humanity's earliest ancestors (pg 10)

What is evidence that the Australopithecus species had a form of bipedality?

The shape of arm and leg bones (morphology). A. afarensis foot prints (laetoli tracks, tanzania)

What is the significance of H. fluoresiensis?

The short stature, small brain, and its appearance is S.E. Asia. Particularly flores Indonesia. Longest lasting non-modern human surviving into the early 19th century.

Authority

The socially approved use of power.

Adam Smith - what is the source of the wealth of nations? Where does Smith locate value?

The source of wealth comes from individual production - with the individual

Mousterian

The stone tool culture in which Neanderthals produced tools using the Levallois technique

In Levi-Strauss' essay The Sorcerer and His Magic, Quesalid, the main character of the last of the three stories did what?

The story of how he healed the person by biting his cheek, and putting a feather in his mouth. Sucking out the disease

Linguistic Determinism*

The strong version of the linguistic relativity principle, it is a totalizing view of language that reduces patterns of thought and culture to the grammatical patterns of the language spoken

Behavioral Ecology

The study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives

Eugenics

The study of genetics with the notion of improving human biology and biological potential (ex. Nazis)

Archaeology

The study of historic or pre-historic human populations through the analysis of material remains

Ethnoprimatology

The study of interface between human and ape communities

Pragmatics*

The study of language in the context of its use

Ethnopragmatics*

The study of language use that relies on ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech is both constituted by and constitutive of social interaction

Primatology

The study of non human primates, the closest living relatives to human beings.

Archeology Anthro

The study of past societies and their cultures, especially the material remains of the past such as tools, food remains, and places where people lived.

Socio-linguistics

The study of the ways in which culture shapes language, language shapes culture, and particularly the intersection of language with cultural categories/systems of power like race, gender, class and age

Language*

The system of arbitrary symbols used to encode one's experience of the world and of others

Sociobiology

The systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior (pg 164)

Excavation

The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them (pg 175)

ROBERT HOOKE

Robert Hooke tested the idea that fossils were the remains of ancient life by studying the microscopic structure of wood. 1) Since fossil wood had a structure identical of that of living trees, Hooke concluded fossil wood came from once living trees.

What ways of thinking does SAE tend to orient speakers away from?

SAE orients speakers away from non-utilitarian non-functional thinking

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Agriculture Traits

Seasonal rituals, religion, sedentary, cities were possible, ritualized relationships, fictive kin, career specialization, trade, hierarchical leadership

Stereoscopic vision

Seen an object with both eyes at the same time. Lends to depth perception

Rites of passage - Stages of rites of passage

Separation: Symbolic detachment of the subject from a position in social structure or from a set of cultural conditions. Margin/Liminal: Inbetween stage Reincorporation: Returned to new stable position in social structure

Culture

Sets of learned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as a member of society. human beings use culture to adapt to and transform the world in which they live.

The reproductive forms and functions of the body are referred to as

Sex

Bisexual

Sexual attraction to both males and females

How men and women have differing sexual forms is part of

Sexual dimorphism

Which of the following is a trend in hominin evolution since australopithecines?

Sexual dimorphism has decreased

Shaman vs. Priest

Shaman: A part time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly on behalf go individuals or groups Preist: A religious practitioner skilled in the practice on religious rituals which he or she carries out for the benefit of the group

Mary Douglas - what does she mean by "there is no such thing as a free gift"?

She means that there is always a bond created by the gift

Homo erectus Traits

Shorter arms, narrower pelvis, no curved finger bones, longer legs and bigger arches

McKinnon's work on evolutionary psychology and genes

Studied work that pointed to genetics as the key-to-everything and showed that these works tell us more about cultural and ideological positions of the authors than the human genome. Debunks the idea of a "madonna-***** switch"

Semiotics

Studies of multidimensional communication

Stratigraphy

Study of the sequential layering of geological deposits.

Domestication

Taming animals to live and reproduce under human control

Anthropology Matters p.358

simplest level of evolution half chromosomes from father half from mother and that forms a unique mix of genes (variation) , evidence of biological change, gap in the past and the early hominins show signs of apelike and humanlike attributes

gene drift is significant in

small populations because of their size

microlith

small stone tool usually made of flint or chert and typically a centimetre or so in length and half a centimetre wide

gibbons

small, arboreal, Asiatic apes

Racialization is the

social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings.

Unlike the popular scholar Jared Diamond who argues that the cause of societal collapse is due to overshooting a natural resource base, most anthropologists believe that

societal transformation and resilience are the norm.

Richard Leaky

son of Mary and Louis. In the late 1980's he was working at the site of West Turkana, Kenya and finds the 'Black skull' which is named Australopithecus aethiopicus

The differing density of stones used to build the Great Pyramids suggests that

specialized engineering and technical knowledge was held by some in Egypt

Anterior foramen magnum

spine enters neck

rite of intensification

this involves the group; these are actions that bring people together for a common purpose, such as to give thanks, worship, celebrate, or provide comfort to one another, etc; ex: church service, Mass, celebrating Christmas, going to a wedding or funeral, etc

multiculturalism

the public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multi-ethnic society, officially stressing mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a country's borders

One result of larger, denser population centers is

the rapid spread of disease

Racism is

the repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality..

Museology*

the science or practice of organizing, arranging, and managing museums.

In anthropology, a population or group of populations within a species that has measurable, defining biological characteristics is known as

the scientific concept of race..

Foraging is

the search for edible things..

authority

the socially approved use of power

diffusion

the spread of customs or practices from one culture to another; ex. American cuisine is a combination of foods from many different parts of the world

Cultural Anthro

the study of cultures and solidities of human beings and their very recent past.

Paleontology

the study of extinct life-forms through the analysis of fossils

Graphology

the study of handwriting

anthropological archaeology

the study of human behavior through material remains

Linguistic Anthro

the study of language especially how language is structured, evolution of language, and the social and cultural contexts for language. (How language changes and transforms, languages live and die)

Osteology

the study of skeletal anatomy and function

Phonology

the study of speech sounds in language

descriptive linguistics

the study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language, and their combination into forms that communicate meaning

The cambrian explosion

the sudden appearance of ancestral forms of all animal life some 545 million years ago

What can we know of Otzi? We know

the timeframe he lived in, and the age at which he died

Bridewealth

the transfer fo certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. it represents compensation to the wives lineage for the loss of her labor and childbearing capacities

oral traditions

the transmission of information or literature by word of mouth rather than in writing; three main types are myths, legends, and tales

Transformation Processes

the way in which sites change over time, idea that things change at a site, can be man-driven or natural. Two types are cultural and natural Cultural: how humans/human behavior change landscapes, an example is mining Natural: how natural disasters change landscapes, examples include flooding, earthquakes, hurricanes, etc

political organization

the way power, as the capacity to do something, is accumulated, arranged, executed, and structurally embedded in society; the means through which a society creates and maintains social order and reduces social disorder; there are two types: decentralized and centralized

What is the most likely explanation as to why Homo erectus moved out of Africa?

their reproductive success and higher population densities lead to the need to move out and find new sources of water, shelter and food

The methods used to study primate behaviors

theology, the study of animals under natural conditions is seen as the most informative

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

theory that different languages produce different patterns of thought

gene flow is when

there is an exchange of alleles between populations

Watson and Crick

they "discovered" the double helix DNA strand.

Earwax is a monogenic trait...

they are heterozygous for this trait

all of the following are true as regards polygenic traits EXCEPT

they are simple, monogenic traits

baboons have been of particular interest to anthropologists because

they are terrestrial, live in large groups and live in a savanna environment

Typical males have and X and Y sex chromosome and typical females have two XX's

this leads to males agin more genetic disorders because males do not have a matching pari of sex chromosomes

Au. garhi

toolmaking Australopithecus species (2.6-2.5 m.y.a.), Ethiopia

One of the things that the analysis of skirt length conducted by Richardson and Kroeber reveals is the

way objects change meaning over time.

Genetic variation is human populations around the world

we are a remarkably homogenous species

All of the following are the three themes that are important to remember regarding the history of life on earth, EXCEPT

we are the dominant species and we have a very long evolutionary history

Phonemic variation (Pronunciation of "th" sound)- which tenet of structuralism does this help us understand?

This helps us understand that "grammar" has a sort of deep underlying structure that connects word structure with similar ideas - helps us understand structures form meaning

Plesiadapiforms

Thought to be the first primates. Possess some but not all primate charachteristics. Fossil finds from the Paleocene period.

convergent evolution

To analogous traits adaptation to solve similar ecological problems. (smilodon) placental mammal (thylacosmilus) marsupial mammal Both animals adaped to catch large prey with teeth and claws.

Volcanic tuff (layer of ash)

Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption

Homoplasy

Two similar traits are seen in two non-related wings ( birds and bat wings)

Behavioral Systems of Inheritance

Types of patterned behaviors that parents and adults pass onto young members of their group by way of learning and imitation

Contemporary Human Biodiversity

Understanding our differences and similarities

meaning

a person's interpretation of a symbol

The first key trait that separates hominid's from apes is

a physical make up dedicated to bipedalism

Nation

a political unit with shared history, culture, language with arbitrary borders

fission, an aspect of gene drift is when

a population splits and two new different populations are formed

myth

a sacred narrative or story that explains the fundamentals of human existence - where we and everything in our world came from, why we are here, and where we are going

A trance is

a semiconscious state typically brought on by hypnosis, ritual drumming, and singing, or hallucinogenic drugs such as mescaline or peyote.

Social complexity is

a society that has many different parts organized into a single social system

legend

a story that is told as if it were true (plausible), has no author, and may have multiple versions; these usually tell something about the society or have a lesson

functionalism

approach focusing on the role (function) of sociocultural practices in social systems

Neandertals

archaic H. sapiens group inhabiting Europe and the Middle East from 130,000 to 28,000 B.P.

Agta

are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of Luzon, Philippines. They are considered to be Negritos, who are dark to very dark brown-skinned and tend to have features such as a small stature, small frame, curly to kinky afro-like textured hair with a higher frequency of naturally lighter hair color (blondism) relative to the general population, small nose, and dark brown eyes. They are thought to be among the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines, preceding the Austronesian migrations. No status distinction, women hunt too.

Taxonomic categories and classifications

are generally based on a comparison of traits and the adaptations of the organism

Ebu gogo

are said to have been small, hairy, language-poor cave dwellers on the scale of this species. Believed to be present at the time of the arrival of the first Portuguese ships during the 16th century. Claimed to have existed as recently as the late 19th century

Fossils

are very rare, only select environments can lead to fossilization

Anthropologists look at objects

as capable of conveying meaning.

Hogopan

between 8 and 6 mya, three genera were merged in the hypothetical Hogopan -- split because their niches and diets became specialized, and this led to their reproductive isolation: gorillas, pan, hominins

The Human Genome Project established that

between 83% and 97% of genetic variation is found within human populations..

negative sanctions

consist of threats such as ridiculing, humiliating, flogging, banishing, jailing, and even killing for violating the cultural standards

internalized controls

controls on behavior that are ingrained such that each individual is personally responsible; individuals raised in a particular culture undergo a process of enculturation during which ideas, values, and associated structures of emotion are internalized, impacting their thoughts, feelings, and behavior

externalized controls

controls on behavior that encourage conformity to social norms (sanctions and laws)

Anthropologists believe that race is "real"—in other words, that it is not just a social construction—because

different socially-determined racial groups can have distinct biological outcomes due to prejudice and discrimination..

particularity

distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration

science

does not give an equal voice to everyone, scientists and testing are given voice over beliefs

In primate societies, the social group includes some individuals who hold more social power and influence than others

dominance heirarchy

Public Archaeology*

engaging the public in order to share archaeological findings and/or promote stewardship of cultural resources or to otherwise make archaeology relevant to society by providing the public with the means for constructing their own past

Mediation

entails a third party who intervenes in a dispute to aid the parties in reaching an agreement.

Franz Boas

father of modern American anthropology; argued for cultural relativism and historical particularism

Robert Braidwood's "hilly flanks" hypothesis suggests that

few early cultigens were native to the Fertile Crescent lowlands..

Relative to the other primates, the prosimians

have a better sense of smell and are more specialized

As an order, primates..

have generalized traits

The different types of evidence to study whale evolution includes all of the following EXCEPT

intelligent design

Trephination

involves cutting a hole in the skull

Occipital bun

is a prominent bulge, or projection, of the occipital bone at the back of the skull. Occipital buns are important in scientific descriptions of classic Neanderthal crania. While common among many of humankind's ancestors, primarily robust relatives rather than gracile, the protrusion is relatively rare in modern Homo sapiens.

Generalized reciprocity

is giving something without the expectation of return, at least not in the near term

A knowledge of evolution

is important in health decisions, understanding diseases and disease transmission tells us whether or not to be concerned with the Ebola virus and or the Zika virus

Junk DNA

is non- coding DNA and we are just starting to learn how this DNA affects the expression of traits

Negative reciprocity

is the attempt to get something for nothing-to haggle one's way into a favorable personal outcome.

American values of freedom and equality

played a key role in the development of the race concept in the USA there needed to be justification for inequality

Polygyny Vs. Polyandry

polygyny: man married to more than one wife polyandry: woman with more than one husband

Esther Boserup observed that farming was hard work and instead suggested that the motivation for agricultural practices came from

population growth..

Primates ability to grasp with their limbs is called

prehensile

Political power, as understood by anthropologists, is

processes by which people create, compete, and use power to attain goals that are presumed to be for the good of a community.

Using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion is called:

quadrupedalism

Race is an illusion. Race is a powerful reality

race is an illusion biologically, but a powerful reality socially

Racism

racism is the repression of race by another race by biological attributes (not only skin color)

Growth velocity

rate of growth The fetal growth rate is very fast, after 2 years old it drops off and gets much, much slower.

Sectorial premolar

refers to a premolar adapted for cutting

ritual

religion in action; it is what people do, such as praying, meditating, saying the rosary, going to the temple, making an offering of flowers, etc.

Primates have a long period of dependency after birth because they

rely more on learned behaviors for survival

Aging a skeleton (the age an individual was when they died)

requires looking at multiple aspects of fossil remains from the teeth to the pelvis to the skull

Globalization

reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever-intensifying scale

Which one of the traits listed below is not used to define the order Primates?

retention of five digits on the hands and feet

homozygous

same allele

What are the barriers to people's acceptance of science?

scientific knowledge is often contradicted by individuals and groups due to economic issues

Sedentism

sedentary life in villages. Deliberate cultivation most likely came in response to documented climatic changes

Rift Valley

separation of chimp and gorilla ancestors from homo ancestors

Sexual preferences, desires, and practices are encompassed in the study of

sexuality.

Homologous Traits

shared phylogenetic history similar underlying structures can be modified for very different functions.

Culture-Bound Syndrome

sickeness and therapies to them that is bound to a certain cultural group

Socioecological Pressures

-Differences in behavior emerge out of the ways organisms respond to those particularities -Four primary forms: Nutrition, Locomotion (necessity to move around in an environment), Predation (necessity to avoid predators), Competition (between species)

Domestication in the Americas

-Domestication of plants and animals occurred independently in three areas of the Americas: -Mesoamerica: Maize (corn) and squash -South America: Manioc (cassava), potatoes, beans, quinoa, llamas -Eastern U.S.: Goosefoot, marsh elder, sunflowers, and squash

Language Design Features*

1. mode of communication 2. semanticity 3. pragmatic function 4. interchangeability 5. cultural transmission 6. arbitrariness 7. discreteness 8. displacement 9. productivity

Pleistocene

1.8 mya

Holocene

10 kya

Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya)

A later pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of both bipedalism and arboreal activity but no indication of the primitive perihoning complex.

Call systems are..

A limited number of sounds that are made in response to stimuli, such as the vocalizations in monkeys

The Law of Similarity, according to Sir James Frazer, is

A magical rite that relies on the supernatural to produce its outcome.

Transgender

A person who does not identify with their biological gender. Being trans is not a choice

Forager Definition

A person who obtains all food from hunting and gathering

Evolutionary Psychology

A perspective focused on understanding the evolution of physiological mechanisms resulting in human behavior

Human Behavioral Ecology

A perspective that focuses on how ecological and social factors affect behavior through natural selection

The Scientific Concept of Race

A population or group of populations within a species that has measurable, defining biological characteristics and low statistical measures of similarity

Kenyanthropus platyops (3.5-3.2 mya)

A proposed genus and species of biped contemporary with early australopithecines; may not be a separate genus.

Individuality - what is it?

A quality or character of a thing that distinguishes them from others of the same kind.

Affiliation

A relationship between individuals who are frequently in close association based on tolerance, even friendliness

Australopithecus robustus

A robust australopithecine from South Africa that may have descended from Au. afarensis, was contemporaneous with Au. boisei, and had the robust cranial traits of large teeth, large face, and heavy muscle attachments.

Nationalism

A sense of identification with and loyalty to one nation state

experimental archaeology:

A) reinterpretation of Olduwan "tools" B) reinterpretation of "base camps" ▪ 1) Today seen as "occupation levels": ▪ 2) Evidence for scavenging, not hunting (cutmarks and tooth marks; parts of animal found)

Following species (oldest to youngest)

A. ramidus, A. anamenis, A. afarensis, A. africanus

Manual Dexterity

Able​ ​to​ ​live​ ​in​ ​a​ ​wide​ ​variety​ ​of​ ​environments​ ​and​ ​use​ ​many resources

Homo habilis (2.5-1.8 mya)

(man of skill) first to make stone tools, extinct species of upright east African hominid having some advanced humanlike characteristics

diachronic

(studying societies) across time

synchronic

(studying societies) at one time

Homo naledi

(~250,000 years ago). Recently found Hominid species found in the Rising Star cave system in South Africa.. Has traits of both Homo and Australopithecus. Had tools and buried dead.

Carl Linnaeus

- 1707 - 1778 - Father of modern biology - Created Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species - The father of taxonomy who classified organisms in groups within groups

New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines)

- 2.1.3.3 dental formula - Nose form - Latin America - Diurnal - Arboreal - Tropical Forests

Applied Anthropology

- Applying anthropological knowledge to solving practical, real-world problems

Time Line!!

- Australopithecus afarensis: 3.9 - 3.0 million years old - Homo Habilis: 2.4- 1.5 million years ago - Homo erectus: 1.8 million years ago - Neanderthals: 500,000 years ago - archaic Homo sapiens: 500,000 - 200,000 Years ago - homo sapiens sapiens: 195,000 - present

Name the 6 apes

- Bonobo - Gorilla - Chimpanzee - Orangutan - Gibbon - Humans

centralized political system

- power and authority is concentrated in a single individual (chief) or a body of individuals (state) - relies more heavily on institutionalized power, authority, and even coercion

Australopiths

A colloquial name referring to a diverse group of hominins. These are the most abundant and widely distributed of all early hominins and also the most completely studied.

Population Genetics

A field that uses statistical analysis to study short term evolutionary change in large populations

Transborder State

A form of state in which it is claimed that those people who left the country and their descendants remain part of their ancestral state even if they are citizens of another state

Bridewealth/price

A gift from the husband's kin to the wife's family. (women's important)

Race

A human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspond to distinct sets of biological attributes

Terracing is a type of..

Argiculture technique

Artifacts/Feature

Artifacts: Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human activity Features: Non portable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches (page 170)

Ascribed Vs. Achieved Status

Ascribed: - Born status Achieved: - earned titles

Pongidae

Asian: Orangutan

An example of negative reciprocity is

Bartering at the market

Sahlins descriptions of ways of forming kinship

Blood / share food / shared memory / shared struggle / shared residency

"Old kinship studies" - consanguine vs. affine.

Blood relations v.s. adopted/marital

Cultural Hybridity

Culture mixing

Analogous Traits

Different phylogenetic history different structures used for similar functions examples: bats wing is modified from bones of hand bird wing are modified from bones of forelimb

Gene Markers

Document Gene Flow

Taxonomic order (largest to smallest grouping)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Broad Spectrum Farming

During this time, there was a transition from focusing on a few main food sources to gathering/hunting a "broad spectrum" of plants and animals.

Disease and Evolution

Each disease outbreak that kills populations means the loss of a set of genetic complexes

Au. anamensis

Earliest known Australopithecus species (4.2-3.9 m.y.a.), Kenya

Figure 8.7

Facial reconstruction of a homo erectus found in the Republic of Georgia. Skull dated to 1.7 MYA. Did facial reconstruction to show the humanness of some hominins.

According to Shweder, all anthropologists are romantic relativists.

False

According to Whorf, the way our minds work is determined by the language that we speak.

False

Market economies vs. gift economies.What are the characteristics of each? What does debt mean in each? What is hau?

Hau = spirit of the gift Market economies: items exchanged for immediate or future rewards Gift economy: items given without an explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards.

According to the Engelke in the chapter on Civilization, anthropologists rightfully believe that people from rural Idaho are "backwards" compared to people from large metropolitan areas (like Chicago and New York)

False

Engelke argues that values remain constant and unchanging in cultures across time and this is why they are useful for studying cultures.

False

For Levi-Strauss, the story of the boy accused of sorcery demonstrates that the satisfaction of justice is infinitely greater and richer than the satisfaction of truth.

False

In Chiefdoms societies status is earned and based on age, gender and achieved talents.

False

In his book review of Patrick Tierney's book Darkness in El Dorado, Marshall Sahlins praised the work of both Patrick Tierney and Napoleon Chagnon (aka "a man called bee")

False

In the chapter on blood, Engelke argues that race is a biological reality based in genetics.

False

Marx argues that the workers' condition and wages improve dramatically as productive capital grows larger.

False

Most anthropologists believe that the epistemology of anthropology is better and more useful than the epistemology of the people that anthropologists study.

False

The upper Paleolithic tools shifted from bladed tool technology to more rounded flakes

False

according to Engelke, cultural relativism requires you to accept everything that other people do that you might otherwise find unjust or wrong.

False

Agriculturalists

Farming with a plow and/or irrigation

Female Labor Division

Humans give birth early and require more parental support. This generally comes from the mother due to breastfeeding. It is hard to do heavy labor while pregnant or caring for an infant

Male Gender Roles

Hunting, working outside of the house

Early civilizations that depended on water resources gave rise to

Hydraulic despotism

Polygyny

Men having more than one wife (2+ wives)

Nádleehé are individuals with combined male and female roles and characteristics and mediate conflicts in which society?

Navajo

Family Tree: Circle

Female

Index Fossils

Fossils that are from specified time ranges, are found in multiple locations , and can be used to determine the age of associated strata

Complex Societies leave traces in the archaeological record of:

Monumental architecture such as temples or pyramids, elaborate burials, artifact concentrations that indicate occupational specialization, regional settlement hierarchies with at least three levels

When the components of a word denote different meanings, such as the difference between mom, moms, mom's and moms', we are speaking of word

Morphology

Ethnomedicine

Traditional medicines used by natives

Oblique transmission

Transmission between two non related individuals

Cultural Relativism

Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be coherent and meaningful design for living

Natives and Country

Often have local ecological knowledge and long-term relationships with country. Usually more sustainable practices than state societies

Paleolithic

Old Stone Age, including Lower (early), Middle, and Upper (late)

Anthropoids first appeared during the

Oligocene

Structural power is

Power that not only operates within settings but also organizes and orchestrates the settings in which social and individual action take place.

Which of the following statements is false regarding primates?

Primates are primarily nocturnal

parapithecid

Primates from the Oligocence period. Seems ancestral to New World monkeys.

propliopithecid

Primatesfrom the Oligocene period.. Seems ancestral to Old World Monkeys

What are the most primitive primates?

Prosimians

Basic Primate Phylogeny Tree Strepsirrhines

Prosimii lemurs and lorises

Dental Formula

Quantity of teeth in a mouth quadrant, incisors, canines, premolars, molars.

What are some difficulties with the concept of "race"?

Race does not exist genetically, but has a cultural reality - inequality and slavery.

Geology

Reconstructing Earth's Dynamic History

Paleontology

Reconstructing the History of Life on Earth

In-Law Benefits

Resources, minimize/support conflict, political power

The anthropologist who studied labor practices among !Kung bushmen was

Richard Lee

Ritual deference

Rituals are often written down / involve some sort of music / and are generational to invoke authority from past experience.

Cold Illness

Something abnormal or unexplainable, treated with hot medicines: ex. fright

Syncretism Vs. Nativism

Syncretism: The syntheses of old religious practices with new religious practices introduced from outside often by force Nativism: A return to the old ways; a movement whose members expect a messiah or prophet who will bring. back a lost golden age of peace, prosperity and harmony

Gender Identity

The gender role a person identifies as

Surplus Production*

The production of amounts of food that exceed the basic subsistence needs of a population

Medical Anthropology

The specialty of anthropology that concerns itself with human health - the factors that contribute to disease or illness and the ways that human disease or illness and the ways the human population deals with such disease and illness

Biological Anthropology

The specialty of anthropology that looks at human beings as biological organisms and tries to discover what characteristics make them different from other organisms and characteristics they share (pg 10)

Oldowan Complex

The stone tool culture associated with H.habilis and, possibly, Au. garhi, including primitive chopper tools

Threshold of Vulnerability

The threshold between society stability and collapse

Hominini or Hominins

The tribe to which humans and our other direct human ancestors belong

How language is employed to create a "nerd girl" identity "blood will out"

They use particular language to signal their identity

holistic

encompassing past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture

interglacials

extended warm periods between glacials

An example of balanced reciprocity is

giving a birthday present

Which is a society's separate legal and constitutional domain, the source of law, order, and legitimate force?

government

Au. (Australopithecus) africanus

gracile Australopithecus species (3.0?-2.0? m.y.a.), South Africa

gods and goddesses

a supernatural being who is great (omnipotent), remote (not present in the way that humans can empirically detect), and controls all or part of the universe; a male god is typically associated with patrilineal cultures while female goddesses are more likely to be the supernatural being in matrilineal culture

Reflexivity

a team characteristic of reflecting on and adjusting the master plan when necessary

looking-glass self

a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us

The approach that uses head shape and skin color to categorize humans into races is called

a trait-based approach..

All of the following is accurate regarding dating techniques EXCEPT

all absolute dating techniques can be used on all types of fossils and for all the time frames

Evolution

all of the above

How does evolution explain the diversity of life on earth?

all of the above

acculturation

an exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact

Upper Paleolithic

blade-toolmaking traditions of early humans, humans first enter the new world

diffusion

borrowing of cultural traits between societies

Arms that are longer than the legs, and a short stable spine are traits associated with:

brachiation

Gibbons and siamangs are adapted for:

brachiation

Pastoralism is

breeding, care, and use of domesticated herding animals..

All of the following are seen as the factors involved in the natural selection of skin color EXCEPT

bubonic plague

Cultural resource management is

c. research and planning aimed at identifying, interpreting, and protecting sites and artifacts of historic or prehistoric significance.

In the neo-evolutionary typology of political organization, a state is a

centralized group of people who have a high population density and participate in intensive agriculture.

Evolution

change over time. The idea of Evolution was denied by the church because they believed that G-d created the world as it was and it and the people in it never changed (everything is ordained by G-d). Thus Evolution was anti-religion/wasn't true.

Biological variations occuring in a continuous fashion are known as

clinal variation..

culture-bound syndromes

clusters of symptoms that define or describe an illness in a particular culture

An assemblage is a(n)

collection of objects found together.

australopithecines

common term for all members of the genus Australopithecus

The picture of the man touching the Vietnam memorial shown in class was an example of a

contagious magic

Adaptive radiation

b and c only

Humans

b and c only

IQ tests

b and c only

Skin "color" is

the result of melanin as a protective tint from the sun..

archaic H. sapiens

early H. sapiens (300,000 to 28,000 B.P.); includes Neandertals

Affinity

- marriage relationships - achieved status

Band/Camp

30-50 people

The state is a form of

Complex Society

First known recorded language

Hittitc 8700 years ago

Scientific Method

Systematic observation of the world.

Diseases

a and c only

heterozygous

different allele

Pleistocene

main epoch (2 m.y.a.-10,000 B.P.) of evolution of Homo

Breccia

rock consisting of angular fragments cemented together

The best way to sex a skeleton is to look at the

the pelvis

Phenotype

the way it looks outward appearance (blonde hair brown eyes)

Which kinship system is better or more accurate?

Iroquois relays more information.

Negative reciprocity

Is Characterized by each partner attempting to maximize profit

Prestige

Is earned through respect and socially sanctioned approvals

The nuclear family is the family that

Is formed by a married couple and their children

Flint knapping

Is the process of making stone tools

Matriarchy

a matriarchy is a society ruled by women

unbound morpheme

a morpheme that can stand alone as a separate word

priest or priestess

- a full-time religious specialist - authorized to perform sacred rituals and mediate between fellow humans and supernatural powers, divine spirits, or deities - specially trained, typically in seminary or similar publicly recognized institution of learning, socially initiated into priesthood, and is an inducted member of a recognized religion - a specialist in the theology, dogma, rituals, and organization of the religion - often wear a uniform or garb - they are not paid for their services but most make a salary that is paid by the church or temple or the denomination

band

- a group of related households (usually kin groups) who *occupy a common region* that does not yield their sovereignty (overall, supreme power) to another group or collective - the oldest and least complicated form of political organization used by cultures that were *traditionally hunter-gatherers/foragers*, nomadic, egalitarian, and in small numbers - population densities are usually less than one person per square mile - have *no leader*, chief, president, etc and no representatives or legislators - *make and enforce their own rules* (typically based on oral tradition) - order is maintained by mediation (elder), gossip, ridicule, and face-saving; these activities maintain order because a member wants to avoid being talked about or ridiculed - song duels

tribe

- a kin-ordered group of independent communities occupying a specific region, sharing a common language and culture - sacrifices household autonomy to the larger order group - associated with farming (horticulture) and pastoralism where there are larger groups and a greater population density - communities come together to form alliances for various purposes, often to gain protection in the event of an attack or to carry out a raid, or to pool resources in times of scarcity - population densities can be as high as 250 per square mile - often associated with social and political problems and unrest - order is maintained by gossip, criticism, and the threat of withdraw of cooperation of the tribe - order is also maintained by the belief that disease is caused by antisocial actions - witches are common; one wants to avoid being labeled a witch so you behave in a socially acceptable behavior

chiefdom

- a regional polity in which two or more groups are organized under a single chief - based on a hierarchy, with the chief being at the top - the position of chief is usually inherited - the chief controls the economic activity and usually has control over the surplus and its redistribution; he may demand a quota of a crop and may also recruit laborers or military

sanction

- an external cultural control or social directive designed to encourage or coerce conformity to cultural standards of acceptable social behavior - may be positive or negative

Neolithic Evolution

- began learning about agriculture - domestication of farming animals and crops - do not rely on hunting and gathering - settled in one area - surplus of foods - emergence of complexity because not everyone needs to farm - communities were made (towns, villages and government) - Classes were made - religion and new technology - pro create with better results and faster Negatives?? - cavities from eating the same things - gets shorter - disease spreads quicker

functions of religion

- confronts and explains death - gives meaning to life - offers continuity after death - provides justification for difficulty now, promises for something, or a reward later - reinforces group norms - provides moral sanctions for individual conduct - provides a common purpose by which a community's function depends - provides psychological support - establishes a community for those in society who are isolated from kin

Ethnicity

- creates social structures under politics - does not have to be biologically based can be religiously

What makes a primate a primate?

- grasping big toes - grasping hands - some opposable thumbs - sensitivie fingers tips - finger prints - flat nails - generalized limb structure - Forward facing eyes - binocular vision - Stereoscopic vision - depth pereception - color vision - limited old factory senses (except prosimians) - k-selected - large maternal investment in care - small litters - long pregnanct - long infancy - long mother-infant bond - long life span Large brain relative to body sixe and emphasis on learning

Tribe

- larger than band - farmers, horticulture, herding - equal social class may have a leader

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis

- lived 130,000-35,000 YA - sub species of homo Erectus - complex and similar to humans - skilled hunters/used tools - settled in Europe Playing Neanderthals - had instruments What happened to them? 1. all died out 2. interbred and developed into modern humans

Late Miocene Transition and Hominins

- mass extinction left mostly up right walkers because natural selection favored them - diet was omnivores and they could carry infants and food in their newly freed hands - moved from the trees to land and planes ---> started the monkey to human evolution

Divorce

- not always legal practice - separation

Homo Sapiens Sapiens

- off shoot of homo Erectus - advanced - had culture and created tools - settles in communities with governments and religions - atomically Modern Humans

shaman

- part-time religious specialist - a person who enters an altered state of consciousness, at will, to contact and utilize an ordinarily hidden reality to acquire knowledge, power, and to help others - have unique powers with which they can tell the supernatural power or being what to do - many are involved with healing; healing rituals often involve removing the object that is making the person sick - they are paid for their services - not usually associated with a major denomination

Subsistence Looting

- people digging or stealing artifacts and other treasures to pay for food and water - sold on black market or to private collectors - people are taken ad advantage of

Chiefdom

- social classes - complex market

Processualism

-All things are processes unfolding in time and, as such, they must be understood across time (snapshots will not do). -Metaphor: Think about watching a table throughout time, you would see it as a tree, then chopped wood in the workshop, then a store, then a home.

The fetish

-An object or item that is more than just the object. Often the object is thought of as sacred and has special powers. -Example: The brain is a fetish within our culture. Showing scientific information about the brain convinces instantly. -Example: Wooden cross, book of mormon, the brain, rally cap

The Multiple Dispersals Model (MD)

-Argues that modern humans left Africa in multiple waves, and edges out the others given the current fossil and DNA evidence -In This model the initial; movement out of Africa occurs approximately 1.8 mya

Social Complexitiy

-Arose as social organization became stratified. Increasing differences were seen in access to wealth, prestige, or power -Complexity specifically refers to the increased number of parts making up the social system

What led to domestication?

-Changing Climate: The end of the ice age enabled more secure hunting, fishing, and gathering. Populations grew and became sedentary. Stress on resources led some to domesticate wild plants and animals -Competition: Between local groups for dominance could have spurred domestication. Feasting and competitive exchange might have increased demands for food. Land use would have increased. Development of food production followed -Multiple Strand Theory: Consider the combined local effect of climate, environment, population, technology, social organization and diet on the emergence of domestication

What are complex societies?

-Complex societies have: Large populations, extensive division of labor, occupational specialization, social stratification -Classes are: Ranked groups within hierarchically stratified complex societies -Defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria

Occupational Specialization

-Contributed to social stratification -Individuals specialized in various occupations or social roles

Cultural relativism - (what is it? how might it be an intelligent approach? how is it different from moral relativism?)

-Cultural relativism does not require you to accept everything that other people do that you might otherwise find unjust or wrong -C.R. is what helps anthropologist guard against the dangers of assuming that their common sense or even informed understanding... is self-evident or universally applicable. For an anthropologist

Bipedalism

-Currently, bipedalism is seen as a consequence of multiple independent selections: -It aids carrying objects -It benefits hunting -It allows upright reaching -It aids vigilance and visual surveillance -It aids long-distance walking and running -It aids heat regulation

Theory of Common Ancestry

-Darwin's claim that similar living species must all have had a common ancestor -"The first Darwinian revolution"

Niche Construction

-Is the process whereby organisms, through their activities and choices, modify their own and each other's niches -Niche construction happens when an organism actively changes its environment or creates a new environment

Ecological Niche

-Is the role and position a species has in its environment; how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces -A species' niche includes all of its interactions with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment.

Latour's intervention into the nature/culture binary. What problems does it pose for science and for humanity? What is he saying about science and reality?

-Latour wrote "we have never been modern" and in it he shows the science and reality are much more "cultural" than we perceive them to be, and are heavily influenced by our societies. -"Modernity" is created out of a story that we tell ourselves of a break with the past (story--God dies, science rises, Democratic politics take hold, "subjects" emerge as separate from "objects") <= This is the founding "myth" of modernity -Problems with the nature/culture binary Originates in the 18th century "Culture" side draws a ring around humanity "Nature" (and culture) is both a modern term and a term of modernity

Homo Erectus

-Looks a bit like us, but thicker bones, a more robust skeleton, and a differently shaped cranium -Some of the fossils also have a sagittal keel (a raised area in the mid-cranium) -Found throughout Africa, Europe, India, Indonesia, and China -The taxonomic ordering of Homo Erectus is unresolved and the debate continues today -Long assumed to ahve evolved out of homor habilis, recent finds incerasing homo habilis' temporal range suggest coexistence

Common patterns between primates and humans

-Mother infant bond -Grooming -Dominance -Dispersal -Cooperation -Conflict

Neanderthals and Denisovans

-Much attention has been directed to fossils of Homo neanderthalensis, dating from about 300,000 to 30,000 years ago -Neanderthals were stockier than modern humans, but in our range of height and weight -Discovery of a coeval archaic human dating to 41,000 years in Denisova cave adds new evidence and interest

Discrimination

-Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or background -Racism works through the prejudice that people express against those who are different from them -These processes powerfully shape a community's exposure to factors including sickness, long-term chronic disease, stress, and suffering

Ceboidea

-New world monkeys -Most are arboreal (lives in trees) and have a prehensile (capable of grasping) tail

Cercopithecoidea

-Old world monkeys -Baboons and Macaques -Active in daytime -Arboreal (lives in trees) and terrestrial

What bicultural consequences do discrimination and stress have on human bodies?

-One of the criticisms of the idea that race is a myth or is culturally-constructed is that it might give the impression that race is not "real" -Race is very real because racial groupings are accompanied with and supported by marginalization, exploitation, and stigma for some, and privilege for others -Race becomes a potent force and an objective reality when manifested through racism

Five Central assumptions of the Dual-Inheritance Theory

-People acquire info from others, change on the level of culture should be modeled like darwin -Human biology encompasses culture -Human evolution is distinguished from the evolution of other organisms by culture -Co-evolution takes place between genes and culture

The Multiregionl Evolution Model

-Poses that modern humans are only the most recent version of a single species, Homo sapiens, that had been in Africa, Asia, and Europe for nearly 2 million years

George Mendel's Two Principles

-Principle of Segregation: A principle of Mendelian inheritance in which an individual gets one particle (gene) for each each trait from each parent - an individual gets one particle for each trait (half a pair from each parent) -Principle of Independent Assortment: A principle of Mendelian inheritance in which each pair of particles (genes) separates independently of every other pair when germ cells (egg and sperm) are formed - each pair of particles separate independently of every other pair (blonde hair gene from mom separates from black hair gene of dad) pg 42

The Recent African Origin Model

-Proposes that modern humans arose as a new species in africa between 200,000 and 180,00 y.a. -During the late pleistocene

Assumptions

-The evolution of human behavior is not a matter of single, independent behaviors evolving but a system -Second: niche construction is a core factor in the evolution of human behavior -Third: social and ecological inheritances are central elements of human behavior and its change -Fourth: our sophisticated capacity for communication and information transfer are central to understanding human behavior -Fifth: human behavioral evolution involves a lot of feedback -Sixth: a diverse set of biological and socio-cultural processes shuffles genetic variation in evolutionary change -Seventh: human behavior is plastic, flexible, and emergent

Artifical Selection

-The intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits; humans are driving evolution rather than nature. (Ex. Corn) -Wild plants, like wheat, were selected for traits like: Tougher connections via their "rachis" to their cereal shafter -These changes make domesticated plants reliant on humans for their reproduction

Symbolic System of Inheritance

-The linguistic system through which humans store and communicate their knowledge and conventional understandings using symbols -This is intimately tied to the behavioral system of inheritance -Symbols are rooted in our linguistic abilities

What is the problem with all four of the general approaches scientists came up with to categorize human races?

-The problem with all of the approaches 1.) None of them describe an actual individual, and none characterise whole groups of people 2.) What seems like obvious "racial" differences come from a special way of sampling people, a process that isolates one or more arbitrarily-chosen visible traits and marks that trait as representative of a whole group of people 3.) More troubling, that one trait can come to be representative of other characteristics

Domestication

-The process of hereditary reorganization of wild animals and plants into domestic and cultivated forms according to the interests of people -Domestication of plants and animals is a form of niche construction

Dominance hierarchy

-The ranking of access to desired resources by different individuals relative to one another -Often the hierachy is obvious, and an "alpha male" has priority over other members

What are the 4 general approaches to categorize human races scientists came up with?

-The trait-based approach -The geographic origins approach -The adaptational approach -The population-based approach

Holism

-The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The part contains the whole. -Metaphor: Video of a hologram being cut (The secret and mystery of a Hologram). What will happen to the image when the hologram is cut in half? -Example: Cushing's study of "Zuni Breadstuffs". Reveals much more than just breadstuffs. Also: -The importance of hospitality -How grandparents instill the values of patience, respect, and hard work in young children, -How the rich symbolism of the ka-ka festivals underscores the importance of the practice of uxorilocal marriage

What are the other types of biological variability among humans?

-There are also physiological variations which shape us -Any of these traits would provide a more valid basis for classification than a morphological feature such as skin color, if there were any good reason to divide humans into biologically defined groups -Blood types, for example, vary due to mutation, natural selection, and gene flow

Strepsirrhini

-Two​ ​groups: Lemurs​, ​lorises​, and​ ​galagos -Smaller​ ​body​ ​sizes​ ​than​ ​others​ ​and​ ​a​ ​smaller​ ​brain​ ​to​ ​body​ ​size​ ​ratio -Keener​ ​sense​ ​of​ ​smell​ ​than​ ​other​ ​primates -Most​ ​strepsirrhines​ ​are​ ​arboreal​ ​(lives​ ​in​ ​trees)​ ​and​ ​nocturnal

Haplorrhini

-Two​ ​infraorders:​ ​Tarsiiformes​ ​(tarsiers)​ ​and​ ​simiiformes​ ​(includes three​ ​superfamilies)​ ​ -Ceboidea: Monkeys​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Americas -Cercopithecoidea: Asian​ ​and​ ​African​ ​monkeys -Hominoidea: Apes​ ​and​ ​humans -Larger​ ​bodies​ ​and ​larger​ ​brain​ ​to​ ​body​ ​size​ ​ratios -Lack​ ​a​ ​wet nose -Have more​ ​brain​ ​devoted​ ​to​ ​vision​ ​than​ ​olfaction -They​ ​show​ ​greater diversity​ ​in​ ​lifeways,​ ​so​ ​their​ ​skeletons​ ​are​ ​more​ ​varied

Understanding Human Biodiversity

-Understanding human biological variation means taking into account the role that social relationships and cultural attitudes place in shaping biological processes and health outcomes -The importance of biocultural research lies in challenging long-disproved reductionistic biological and genetic perspectives that reproduce the same myths of separate human races -In spite of the fact that race has no biological or genetic origins, race can become biology through the embodiment of inequalities dangerously reinforcing racialized understandings of human biology

Why did humans settle down?

-Until 10,000 years ago, humans and their hominin ancestors were all hunter-gatherers Then glaciers retreated and Earth's changing climate created new ecological settings -Why did humans begin to create their own ecological niches? Domesticate plants and animals by interfering with their reproduction? Settle into permanent communities?

The Significance of Culture

-We cannot say with certainty when it appeared -Human activity is based on social interdependence and intensive cooperation, which depends on communication -Cultural meanings allow for group memory, establishing patterned ways of doing things, and metaphysical thought -By 50,000 years ago, anatomically modern humans created images on cave shelter walls and rocky outcrops that some scholars interpret as art

Hominin Traits

-bipedal locomotion -small generalized teeth -large brains -hairlessness

Miocene

23 mya

John Austin's Speech act theory - for what does Austin's theory provide us with an explanation?

3 types of speech - says speech not only carries information, but also carries out action -Illocutionary When somebody says "Is there any salt?" at the dinner table, the illocutionary act is a request: "please give me some salt" -Locutionary act For example, the phrase "Don't go into the water" counts as warning to the listener -Performative utterances "I now pronounce you man and wife" - used in the course of a marriage ceremony

Tribe

300-3,000+ people coming together during a time of food abundance

Oligocene

34 mya

Pliocene

5 mya

The best evidence so far indicates that hominids and chimps shared a common ancestor

5 to 7 million years ago

Anthropocene age

5,000 BC

Composite Band

50-300 people representing a common symbol such as an animal, often depicted with totem poles

Clan

50-300 people representing matrilineal or patrilineal descent

Eocene

54 mya

Paleocene

65 mya

Homo Foragers

99.5% of Homo evolution was a forager

Olduvai Gorge

: Excavation work there was pioneered by Louis and Mary Leakey. Discovery of Oldowan tools.

Dryopithecus

A genus of dryopithecid apes found in southern France and northern Spain

Australopithecus africanus

A gracile australopithecine from South Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. aethiopicus, Au.garhi, and Au. boisei and was likely ancestral to Au. robustus.

Marriage Systems

A institution that prototypically involves a man and a woman, transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about sexual access, gives offspring position in the society, and established connections between the kin of the husband and the kin of the wife

Australopithecus garhi

A late australopithecine from East africa that was contemporaneous with Au. africanus and Au. aethiopicus and was the likely ancestor to the Homo lineage

Australopithecus sediba

A late species of australopithecine from South Africa that may have descended from Au. africanus, was a contemporary of Au. robustus, and expresses anatomical features found in Australopithecus and in Homo.

Ardipithecus ramidus

A later pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of a peri-honing complex, a primitive trait intermediate between apes and modern humans

Language Ideologies*

A marker of struggles between social groups with different interests, revealed in what people say and how they say it. To employ a language ideology is to make value judgments about other people's speech in a context of domination and subordination

bound morpheme

A morpheme that must be "bound" with another morpheme to form a word. Ex: un, ish, es, ed, pre

Hot Illness

A normal issue, treated with hot medicines: ex. menstration

Monogamy

A one to one marriage

Dyadic

A pair, pair-bonding

Faunal

A relative age determination technique based on archaeological associations with remains of extinct species. ... A fossil with widespread geographical range but which is restricted in time to a brief existence

Rituals*

A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects;adhering to a culturally defined ritual schema; and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth

Feminist Archeology

A research approach that explores why women's contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions (pg 190) - ex; explains why it might not be mentioned that women making cooking materials like shears wouldn't be mentioned but men making axes would

Rites of Passage*

A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another

The Culturally-Constructed Concept of Race

A set of cultural or ethnic factors combined with easily perceived morphological traits (skin color, body shape) in an artificial "biologized" category

Assimilation

Adopting another culture's practices without maintaining your own

Acculturation

Adopting other cultural practices but keeping some of your own

Adoption in Oceania - what does adoption mean in Oceania? How is it different from in the U.S.

Adoption in the U.S. is a sign of tragedy, while in Oceania it is something celebrated.

Homininae

African: Humans, chimps, and gorillas

Archaeological Records

All material objects constructed by humans or near-humans revealed by archaeology (pg 170)

Increasing food production due to cultivation and irrigation is associated with increasing:

All of these" Population density. Migration. Technological advances. Political hierarchy

Relative to australopithecines, Homo species

All of these: Have larger brains, smaller faces, smaller teeth, larger skulls

Sociolinguistics

All of these: Is the study of the relation between linguistic performance and context. Looks at how different speakers use language. Studies code-switching or style shifting. Studies gender speech contrasts.

In Chiefdoms

All of these: Social status is based on seniority of descent. The closer you are related to the founding ancestors, the greater your prestige. Status is based on differential access to resources

Paleolithic humans were different from Neanderthals by

All of these: Their exploitation of a wider range of prey species. Developing more complex shelters. Developing more complex tools. Living at higher population densities.

Hominin are characterized by having

All of these: Thick enamel, larger relative brain sizes, reduced canine teeth

Regarding aspects of primate maturation, learning, and behavior, primates have:

All of these: a more efficient means of fetal nourishment, longer periods of gestation, reduced numbers of offspring

The primate emphasis on the visual sense is reflected in which of the following?

All of these: the reduction in the size of structures related to the sense of smell, the presence of color vision in most species, a more forward facing position of the eyes relative to most other mammals, binocular vision

Gender Differences

Almost entirely cultural, the only human universally sexual division is pregnancy and breastfeeding

American individualism

American paradigm that personal identity and free choice/liberty are the most important. Example of Downton Abbey in Engelke chapter 3. The was the cusp of subordination vs. individualism.

Who are the two Scriptural figures mentioned in lecture who, according to the lecture, demonstrate anthropological principles (of cultural relativism and of ethnographic sensibility)?

Ammon in Alma 17; Jesus Christ

disease

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

A matrilineage reckons descent from

An ancestral woman

Ethnography

An anthropologists written or filmed description of a particular culture (Field work) - Videos - Journals - The firsthand study of people using participant observation or interviewing.

Post-National Ethos

An attitude toward the world in which people submit to the government of the capitalist market while trying to evade the governmentality of nation states

Australopithecus (or Kenyanthropus) platyops

An australopithecine from East Africa that had a unique flat face and was contemporaneous with Au. afarensis

Australopithecus

An early hominin genus , representing as many as 10 species, found in East and South Africa 4-1 MYA

Australopithecus Aethiopicus

An early robust australopithecine from East Africa that had a brain size equivalent to a modern chimpanzee's and is thought to be a direct human ancestor

Homo erectus

An early species of Homo and the likely descendant of H. habilis; the first hominin species to move out of Africa into Asia and Europe

Nonhoning canine

An upper canine that, as part of a nonhoning chewing mechanism, is not sharpened against a lower third premolar.

Arboreal quaruped

Animals that use all 4 limbs while walking and running on tree limbs

Homo Lineage

Animals to mammals to primates to apes to homo

The belief that inanimate objects such as trees, rocks, cliffs, hills, and rivers are animated by spiritual forces or beings is

Animism

The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?

Canine

Intersubjectivity

Establishing shared experiences

Anthropoids

Anthropoids include: -New World monkeys -Old World monkeys -apes -humans all share the same nose shape and the same number of pre-molars Apes are distinguished from Old World monkeys by dentition, skeletal shape and size, and the absence of a tail. Humans are most closely related to chimpanzees than to any other ape species (pg 79 the chapter summary)

Variations in body shape and size are quantified using

Anthropometry

Intersubjectivity

Establishing shared experiences of indignity internationally

"Black Skull"

Australopithecus aethiopicus, 1986, small cranial capacity of 410 cc large molars, zygomatic, large ant. And post. teeth , thick enamel, (robust)

What are the main adaptive differences between the australopithecus and paranthropus species?

Australopithecus--> Gracile or slim Paranthropus--> Robust with large molars, large sagital crest, face, jaws *Diet specialized for heavy chewing*

What was the name of the man interviewed by Zora Neale Hurston for Barracoon?

Cadjo, Lewis, Ku

Sympatric Model

Can you speciate in the same environment? Yes. If you have two species that have not had enough time to speciate from each other/evolve away from each other that then run into each other again they can mate and create a hybrid. For example, a mule which is the offspring of a horse or a mule. These hybrids, usually have a short lifespan and this is most commonly caused by organ failure.

The alteration between styes of speech in a conversation is called:

Code-switching

Region

Collection of sites

Bio Culture

Combo of genetics and environment (including social and cultural factors)

Metacommunication*

Communication about the process of communication itself

Competition, hierarchy, and status among the Chewong

Competition is looked down upon - the children do not play competitive games - nobody brags that they are skilled at anything - noncompetitive hierarchy

Conjugal Vs. Nonconjugal Family

Conjugal: A family based on marriage; at a minimum, a husband and wife and their children Nonconjugal: A woman and her children; the husband/father may occasionally be present or completely absent

What were racial conceptions of early Mormons?

Considered to be a different race entirely - depicted as unintelligible - "peculiar"

Which of the four epistemes of anthropology is demonstrated by this image (the blob fish)?

Contextualism

Early Cultivation in the Middle East began as an attempt to..

Copy, in a less favorable environment, the dense stands of wheat and barley that grew wild in the Hilly Flanks

Payoff-biased transmission

Copying cultural traits to gain the benefits

The first Mesoamerican domesticates were:

Corn

Cosmopolitan vs. Ethnomedical Systems

Cosmopolitan medicine: - western bio medicine - bio explanation to problems - traditional western hospitals Ethnomedical medicine: - non western medicine - home remedies - beliefs vary in causation (spirits)

Making the familiar strange and the strange familiar

Critical thinking (questioning how things always have been)

Eskimo and Iroquois kinship structures (which marks kin for cross-cousin marriage?)

Cross cousins v.s. parallel cousins for Iroquois, Eskimo does not distinguish.

Gender Roles

Culturally specific expectations about what each sex should do, may be promoted by religious reasons

Sustainability

Development and institutions that meet the needs of present users without compressing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Language is an adaptation

Development of hyoid bone, symbolic thought, teaching, critical language learning period

Lexicon

Dictionary of smallest units of speech that have amazing (morpheme)

Direct Care

Direct care generally comes from the mother or grandmother. Direct paternal care is rare

Direct Observation:

Direct observation is something that happened to you, you've seen it. For example, gravity, you don't wake up every morning wondering if gravity is going to work, you've felt/saw/experienced gravity and know it's going to work.

Discontinuous Vs. Continuous Variation

Discontinuous Variation - A pattern of phenotypic variation in which the phenotype (Flower color) exhibits sharp breaks from one member in of the next Continuous Variation - A pattern of variation involving polygeny in which phenotypic traits grade imperceptibly from one member to the population to another without sharp breaks

Jenny is an African American. She has been saving up for months for some designer shoes, but when she goes to purchase them, the cashiers at the department store call the police because they think she has stolen the credit card she is paying with. This is an act of

Discrimination

Austrolopithecus boisei (2.3-1.2 mya)

East Africa cranium - flat face with flaring zygomatic bones, large temporal fossa (where temporalis muscle goes behind zygomatics), sagittal crest, huge premolars an molars, small incisors and canines, 520 cc brain specialized chewers of hard vegetable foods

Feasting*

Eating and drinking in a religious context

Chapter 14

Economics

Early founders of British anthropology - cultural evolutionists

Edward Burnett Tylor (1832 - 1917) Cultural Evolutionism James George Frazer (1854 - 1941) Scottish anthropologist and folklorist. Evolution of culture from MAGIC----> RELIGION -----> SCIENCE (Noting similarities)

The first true primates had all of the following characteristics except

Elaboration of olfactory senses

Paul Kay and Brent Berlin

Elicited basic color terms from the speakers of hundreds of languages.

The way people biologically incorporate material and social aspects of their world is referred to as

Embodiment

Founders of structuralist anthropology (France)

Emile Durkheim 1858-1971 Structural Functionalism Marcel Mauss (1872 - 1950) The gift, a theory of exchange Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009) Father of Structural Anthropology (Drew heavily on the ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure)

Feminism in the early church:

Emma Smith and the relief society? Elected leadership

Biological Anthropology

Encompasses​ ​the​ ​study​ ​of​ ​primates​ ​with​ ​a​ ​goal​ ​of identifying​ ​what​ ​in​ ​human​ ​behavior​ ​is​ ​general​ ​to​ ​primates,​ ​what​ ​is​ ​restricted​ ​to​ ​a few​ ​kinds​ ​of​ ​primates​ ​and​ ​humans,​ ​and​ ​what​ ​is​ ​uniquely​ ​human

Worldview

Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of societies

Endogamy vs Exogamy

Endogamy: Marriage within a defined social group Exogamy: Marriage outside a social group 442

What was the "cricket" that Engelke was referring to while talking about with his informant?

Engelke talked about the game, informant talked about the insect

Nootka basic sentence vs. English basic sentence construction

English: subject - predicate Nootka: result - agency/entity doing something - how it happened

Kin Selection Benefits

Ensures help for grandchildren. Gains access to more relationships. In-Laws

Primates first appeared during the

Eocene

A.boisei

Evidence of early hominids in other parts of Africa was not found until 1959. This discovery was made by Louis and Mary Leakey working at the site of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.This specimen found by Louis and Mary Leakey in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania was origninally named 'Zinjanthropus boisei' because Louis thought it was more closely related to humans than Australopithecus was. Following further study, this specimen was placed in the genus Australopithecus, as were all the specimens of 'Paranthropus'. (OH-5) from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Originally named 'Zinjanthropus boisei' by Louis and Mary Leakey. Note the megadont premolar and molar teeth

Evolutionary Theory

Evolutionary theory rejects a "link" - this assumes a linear series of relationships, which is not how species evolve

Agnostic relationship

Exists where individuals are in conflict with each other

Sacrifice*

Giving something of value to the invisible forces or their agents

Australopithecines (Gracile Vs. Robust)

Gracile - More human like no crest, steeper (bulbous) forehead, long snout Robust - Large face muscles (jaw), short snout, elongated forehead ---- Picture is Robust

Communities (fission-fusion social organization)

Group organization changes throughout time, depending on environment and time.

The first hominin to travel throughout Africa and out-of-Africa was

H. erectus

The first hominin associated with stone tools was

H. habilis

"Archaic Homo sapiens" refers to which of the following dspecies

H. heidelbergensis

At Atapuerca (Spain), there is the earliest evidence for hominins burying their dead. What species is this site associated with?

H. heidelbergensis

State Societies

Have social classes, full time occupations and monumental architecture

Homo Erectus (Acheulian Culture and Cooking)

Homo erectus: The species of large-brained, robust hominins that lived between 1.8 and 0.4 mya (pg 112) -Traditionally, the appearance of H. erectus in the fossil record has been linked to the appearance of a new stone-tool tradition: the Acheulean Tradition. Achelean stone tools come in a variety of forms, but the "hand-ax" is the most characteristic. Achelean bifaces are shaped from stone cores perhaps twice the size of Oldowan cores -Some claimed that H. erectus used fire to cook meat (pg 114-115)

Homology Vs. Homoplasy

Homology - Genetic inheritance resulting from common ancestry Homoplasy - Traits species share but are not related -- have these features because of similar environmental pressures (shark fin and dolphin fin)

Human Universal

Homosexuality is a human universal

So-called "honor and shame" cultures"

Honor is important to aristocrats and gangsters - a beheading is a great dishonor

Hopi verb conjugation vs. English verb conjugation

Hopi - factual / currently happening, future tense, and general tense English - past, present, future

The existence of Maya today is an example of how the Maya empire

How a society transforms

Medical Anthropology

How culture shaped health and treatment, what is and isn't an illness

Anthropocene

How humans are changing the world and by how much they are changing it "The current geological epoch wherein anthropogenic agency is one of the prominent forces affecting global landscapes and climates" (pg 73)

Market Integration

How much you sell or trade to get what you need

Epistemology

How we know what we think we know

Human Races

Human races are sociological, not biological

Artificial Selection

Human selection of specific animal traits

Structuralism examples - conceptions of conception and oogenesis/spermatogenesis & also directionality in language

Idea that egg plays a passive or negative role (floats along / trapping / wasteful), while sperm is much more active (penetrates / attacks / binds / productive) - when recent findings conclude that the egg is much more active in the process - forming a bridge

Parallel Cousin Marriage (rare)

Ideal Spouse: Mother's Sister's kid or Father's Brother's Kid: Keeps Resources

Cross-Cousin Marriage Benefits

Ideal spouse: Mother's Brother's kid or Father's Sister's Kid: keeps last name

Aspects of Religion

Ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses

Pseudo Science

Is essentially fake or false science, something that looks scientific but isn't.

Imitative magic vs. contagious magic (examples? Vietnam Memorial?)

Imitative/homeopathic Magic (Law of Similarity) Its leading principle, as we have seen, is that like produces like, or in other words that in effect resembles its cause Example: Don't eat chicken when you are pregnant or your child will have chicken skin (similarity) Contagious Magic (Law of Contact) "Proceeds upon the notion that things which have once been conjoined must remain ever afterwards, even when quite dissevered from each other, in such a sympathetic relation that whatever is done to the one must similarly affect the other." Examples among us moderns - the vietnam memorial in DC. Objects are put on the sites in commemoration. We find this wall to be "sacred"

Thomas Hunt Morgan

In 1908 Thomas Hunt Morgan repeated Mendel's work with fruit flies. His team discovered that all genes are chromosomes and that both genes and chromosomes ae transmitted during reproductive cell division. (he coined the term genes/genetics)

CHARLES DARWIN

In England at the time Darwin was alive, England was the central area/hub where scientists (or naturalists at the time) gathered to discuss their ideas. So Darwin decided he would go around the world and gather samples and when these scientists had a question they could consult "Darwins Collection" however after arriving at the Galapagos islands while collecting these samples Darwin's contribution to science turned out to be quiet different and eventually he penned "The Origin of Species" Darwins biggest contribution was the synthesis of the ideas from fellow scientists like Mendel and James Hutton and Charles Lyal, Carlous Linnaeus, and Thomas Malthus were saying.

Vertical Economy

In the Middle East (as in Peru and Mesoamerica) = varied environmental zones in close proximity. Allowed broad-spectrum foragers to use different resources. People, animals, and products moved between environmental zones. precondition for the emergence of food production. As people transported seeds between environmental zones, mutations, genetic recombinations, and human selection led to new kinds of wheat and barley.

Herto

In the middle awash region of Ethiopia. Hero has a tall braincase, a vertical forehead, small browridges, a retracted face, and a large brain. (160,000 yBP). When pieced together, looks modern

Indexicality

In-group slang, swearing, specific dialect, "job interview"

Which of the following traits did not contribute to the increasing adaptability of H. erectus?

Increased sexual dimorphism

Demography

Influences on population size and competition for limited resources. When living in London, and researching this, Malthus realizes that not everyone was given the same equal opportunity. He said survival was based on competition for limited resources Not everybody is given the same chance, or opportunity and when that is brought into play this is a) change b) and do better. Thus, these people are the favored species.

stereoscopic vision

Information sent to both hemispheres of brain

"Snow", "flying things", examples of grammatical categories

Inuit/Eskimo have 50+ words for snow

Surplus Production

Involved producing more food than bare minimum needed

Strata

Layers of rocks, representing various periods of deposition

Female excision in Sierra Leone as a rite of passage. What does it mean for the initiate? Is it an example of patriarchy or of the power of women? Or both? How so?

Leaders initiate inductees into higher social positions This is an example of the power of women. Often, political leaders won't make the women mad because they know they could do many bad things to them.

Written Record Benefits

Learning from past mistakes

Focal Vocabulary

Lexical elaboration that corresponts to an activity or item that is culturally central

Linguistic relativity hypothesis (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis) vs. linguistic determinism

Linguistic relativity: the language you were raised with influences your worldview v.s. determining your worldview

Chiefdom

Little social class and part time occupations

Neolocal Reaidence

Living away from both parent's family

Matrilocal Residence

Living near maternal kin (mother's family)

Patrilocal Descent

Living near paternal kin (father's family)

Dialects

Local or regional characteristics of a language. While accent refers to the pronunciation differences of a standard language, a dialect, in addition to pronunciation variation, has distinctive grammar and vocabulary

Pair Bonding

Long-term sexual relationships

Biocultural Anthropology

Looking at biology across multiple cultures: ex. growth stunting across culture

Charles Cooley

Looking glass self: that a person's sense of self develops through interactions with others

Horticulturalist Lineage

Lots of flexibility in order to gain resources

Horticulturalist Residence

Lots of flexibility in order to gain resources

Male-Biased Sexual Division of Labor

Low divorce rate and affairs for women, little women in leadership roles, higher rates of domestic violence

Which of the following is not associated with sedentary farming?

Low population density

Acheulean

Lower Paleolithic tool tradition associate with H. erectus

Later key figures in British anthropology

Malinowski (1884 - 1942)Ethnography - "The native's point of view. Functionalism Radcliffe - Frown (1881 - 1955) Structural Functionalism Evans - Pritchard (1902 - 1973) Anthropology as part of the humanities and for understanding across cultures

The belief that sacred power inheres in certain high-ranking people, sacred spaces, and objects is called

Mana

"Collapse"

Many famous past state societies collapsed due to the effects of climate change

Coming of Age in Samoa

Margaret Mead

Which of the following occurs when exchange rates are governed by supply and demand

Market

Inequality is most closely connected to which economic theory

Marxism

Matrilocal Residence Benefits

Matrilocal residence and bride service are generally paired

The Walbiri used repetitive symbols to create

Meaning

Semantics

Meaning and use of words In different places EX: this is the shit from a friend = good this is the shit from dad = bad

What are some evolutionary explanations for differences in skin color?

Melanin production to protect from UV radiation

Mousterian

Middle Paleolithic tool-making tradition associated with Neandertals

Diaspora

Migrant population with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world; a form of transborder identity that does not focus on nation building

Hominoids first appeared during the

Miocene

Syncretic Acculturation

Mixing of two cultures

Tarsier: Strepsirhines & Haplorhines

Mixture or anthropoid and prosimian traits - Dry Nose - Partially closed eye socket Nocturnal Only carnivorous primates - Eat insects and small vertebrates

Rhinarium

Moist fleshly pad of nose

Myth and Society*

Myth: Stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are. The power of myths comes from their ability to make life meaningful for those who accept them. The truth of myths seems self-evident because they effectively integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about how the world works Society:

Creole

Native speakers, specific grammar, specific words from each used language

With glacial retreat, foragers pursued a more generalized economy, focusing less on large animals. This was the beginning of the..

Neolithic revolution

Pidgin Language

No consistent grammar, arise from 2 different languages, is a second language

Egalitarian

No dictator or hierarchy

Liminality - what are the features of liminal experiences and liminal subjects?

No unique identity, subject to discipline, intense camaraderie with other liminal subjects, and confined to a space that symbolizes passage.

Does horticulture contribute to climate change?

No, due to the cyclic nature of the land burned

Nocturnal Vs. Diurnal

Nocturnal - Awake at night and sleeps during the day - less advances monkeys are nocturnal Diurnal - Awake during the day and sleeps at night - humans and more advanced monkeys are diurnal

Feature

Nonportable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches

NAGPRA is the

North American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.

Chimpanzee Relationship

Not descendant from but close cousins

Same Sex Behavior

Not only seen in human and probably not originally prohibited by religion

Communitas - what does it have to do with rites of passage?

Not same as "community" - it is the experience of unstructured society, and creates a "sacred" component to the right of passage.

"Uncivilized"

Not sedentary, not practicing a main form of religion, not speaking the main language

Just as people pass through a number of socially recognized phases of life, which of the following have "careers" with recognizable phases, from their creation, exchange, and uses to eventually being discarded?

Objects

Material Culture

Objects created or shaped by human beings and given meaning by cultural practices (pg 7)

Artifacts

Objects or materials made or modified for use by hominins. The earliest tend to be made of stone or ocassionally bone.

Some cultures recognize that sexuality exists

On a continuum

Polygyny

One man married to multiple women

Lucy

One of the most significant fossils: the 40% complete skeleton of an adult female Au. afarensis, found in East Africa

Sexual Dimorphism

One sex is larger on average than the other

Polyandry

One woman married to multiple men

What have very large, highly sexually dimorphic body sizes and live largely solitary lives?

Orangutans

According to the lecture on Levi-Strauss given in class, what is Levi-Strauss' main point about culture?

Orders reality

The earliest works of art, religious or spiritual behavior, and burials, were seen during the..

Paleolithic

Which genus best fits the description "small- brained, robust, hominid with a mixed grassland, plant foods"

Paranthropus

Au. robustus

Paranthropus; robust Australopithecus species (2.0?-1.0? m.y.a.), South Africa

Vertical transmission

Parent to child

Family Tree: Ego

Person of interest

Phyletic Gradualism Vs. Punctuated Equilibrium

Phyletic Gradualism - Evolution of a species is gradual where species slowly grow away from each other through generation to generation - boundaries between species can't be drawn Punctuated Equilibrium - A theory claiming that most of evolutionary history has been characterized by relatively stable species coexisting in an equilibrium that is occasionally punctuated by sudden bursts of speciation, when extinctions are widespread and many new species appear

Pidgin and Language Inequality*

Pidgin: A language with no native speakers that develops in a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages

Conservation

Planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploration, neglect, or destruction

Burin

Pointed tools used for engraving

The relationships and processes of cooperation, conflict, and power, which are fundamental aspects of human life, are encompassed by

Politics

Polygeny vs. Pleiotropy

Polygeny - Many genes = a single trait Pleiotropy - One gene = many traits

Some could argue that the Christian practice of praying to Jesus, God, the Holy Spirit and the saints makes it a

Polytheistic Religion

Archaeologist Scott Van Keuren used what to understand the social life in the Southwest United States?

Pottery production techniques

When anthropologists look at an object according to the inequality reflected in its production, in which dimension are they looking at it?

Power

Chiefdom

Ranked groups: Status is inherited, hereditary inequality, but lack social stratification, Unequal relations among individuals and villages Horticulturalists, pastoralists, and some foragers

Which of the following occurs when exchange takes place between social equals

Reciprocity

Which of the following occurs when products are accumulated, reorganized, and a proportion is sent back down

Redistribution

Globalization

Reducing the space between people generally through technology

Postcranial

Referring to all or part of the skeleton not including the skull. The term originates from the fact that in quadrupeds, the body is in back of the head; the term means behind the head.

Faunal

Referring to animal remains; in archaeology, specifically refers to the fossil remains of animals.

Upper Paleolithic

Refers to the most recent part of the Old Stone Age, associated with early modern Homo sapiens and characterized by finely crafted stone and other types of tools with various functions

Horticulture cultivation involves..

Regular fallowing of fields

A symbolic system socially enacted through rituals and other aspects of social life is

Religion

Replacement Vs. Regional Continuity Model

Replacement Model - new species emerge while others die out Regional continuity model -The hypothesis that evolution from Home erectus occurred gradually throughout the traditional range of H. erectus

Kanogesha ritual - what is it for and what features of a rite of passage does it include?

Ritual: The construction of a small shelter of leaves about a mile away from the capital village - They sit on a posture of shame where they are washed with medicines - they treat him as the lowest of the low for the last night before he becomes chief. Includes Separation Liminal and Reinc. stages

Site/Region

Site: A precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity Region: a bigger idea of where an artifact/location would be; collection of geological sites in a larger space, more geographically defined EX: found in the village of Brockport in the western New York region

Horticulture

Slash and burn cultivation, no plow animals/machinery

Founder Effect

Small population moves and reproduces to become more isolated

Egalitarian Social Relations*

Social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another

Kinship Systems

Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experience of mating, birth and nurturance

Marriage

Socially approved long-term relationships, makes pair bonding socially acceptable

What are some costs and benefits associated with intensive agricultural food production?

Some of the benefits were an increase in discoveries and invention at the cost of increased disease from population density and sedentary life styles.

Pastoralists

Specialize in raising animals, still eat plants, generally semi nomadic

Gene Flow

Spread of genes across populations or the flow of genes between two populations.

Egalitarian

Status is not inherited. Status is based on age, gender, talents, achievements. Generally foragers

Stephsirrhines Vs. Haplorrhines

Stephsirrhines - includes lemurs and lorises - has upper lip attached to gums - tooth comb an grooming claw - dentation: ****** - Two horned uterus Haplorrhines - includes tarsiers, anthropoids, primates - upper lips are not attached - separated into categories 1. Tarsiers: small nocturnal primates that only eat animals food such as insects, birds, bats and snakes 2. Anthropoids: new world monkeys, old world monkeys, apes and humans

Homininae

Subfamily containing humans, chimpanzees and gorillas

Dowry

Substantial gifts to husband's family from the wife's family. (much less common)

Pangaea

Super continent from Mesozoic Era. All current continents joined into one landmass.

Diglossia Acculturation

Switching between two cultures in different situations

Code Switching

Switching between two languages within a conversation

Diglossia

Switching dialects in different situations

What is an example, given in lecture, of a modern fetish in Western culture?

The Brain

Kulturbrille (Aka Cultural Glasses)

The Epistemologies of the cultures we study. Example - Crickets in Chapter 1 of Engelke -The way you see a situation, how you solve a problem is all about your point of view.

Natufians

The First Farmers and Herders were in the Middle East: The foragers.

Power

The ability to exercise one's will over others.

Bilingualism

The ability to speak two languages

Liminality*

The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Anthropomorphism

The attribution of human characteristics to non human animals (talking to your cat like he's a human)

In the United States, when men were serving in World War II,

The birth rate dropped

Dowry

The bride's family gives the groom's family money

Identity

The characteristics that set us apart from others, i.e. gender, job and family

Acheulian Complex

The culture associated with H.erectus, including handaxes and other types of stone tools; more refined than the earlier Oldowan tools

Medical Pluralism

The existence of ethnomedical system alongside cosmopolitan medicine

Bride Service

The groom will work for the bride's family, generally a year or longer

Bride Wealth

The groom's family gives the bride's family resources

Identify the false statement regarding H. erectus

The had marked sexual dimorphism

What must be considered when choosing a radiometric dating method?

The half-life of an isotope limits its usefulness to a certain date range

Natural Selection (finches +turtles)

The idea that animals that are physically better suited to their environment will survive and live to reproduce. Darwin looked at finches on the Galapagos islands and noticed that despite their close proximity the finches looked very different wherever he went, he then realized that this was because these finches had evolved to become better suited to their environment/needs and those they had not died off. Moreover, he also saw both a tortoise and a sea turtle and though to himself these are two different animals yet they look different? Why? And noted that these differences helped them for ex. a sea turtle has flippers to help it glide easier through the water.

Transformation Process

The idea that things at a site change - Soil erodes - humans move things - natural disasters

Market Pulls

The influences to get involved: money, education, resources

The idea of Country

The land and all that it encompasses, generally limited to native peoples

The nature/culture binary and its entailments (i.e., what things does it bring with it?)

The nature culture binary is the idea that our understanding of nature influences our culture, and our culture influences our understanding of "nature" - think culture influencing description of oogenesis/spermatogenesis.

What is the most likely explanation for why early Homo left Africa?

The need to find meat

Oldowan tools

The oldest known tools, made by chipping stones to produce a sharper edge. Made by Homo Habilis.

Australopithecus anamensis

The oldest species of australopithecine from East Africa and likely ancestor to Au. afarensis

Ethnocentrism*

The opinion that one's way of life is natural or correct and, indeed, the only true way of being fully human

Dispersal

The pattern of one sex leaving the group they were born into about the time of reproductive maturity

Irving Goffman

The person who said: "Social behavior is like a performance, with roles, lines props

Dual-inheritance Theory

The perspective that culture is evolutionarily important, evolves in a darwinian fashion, and that understanding gene-culture coevolution is the key to understanding human behavior

Survey

The physical examination of a geological region in which promising sites are most likely to be found

Embodied Inequality

The physical toll that inequality takes on peoples bodies EX: dying from cancer because you cant afford treatment

Sedentism

The practice of living in one place for a long time. The majority of the Western population belong to sedentary cultures

Steno's law of superposition

The principle that the lower the stratum or layer, the older its age; the oldest layers are at the bottom, and the youngest are at the top

Enculturation*

The process by which human beings living with one another must learn to come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling that are considered appropriate in their respective cultures

Racism

The repressive practices, structures, and beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality

Repatriation is

The return of human remains and artifacts to their descendants.

Heterosexual

The view that natural sexual attraction is between males and females

Homosexual

The view that natural sexual attraction is between males and males or females and females

Which of the following is not an anthropologically-significant illustration of the ways objects change over time?

They get old and worn out

Yanomamo Graded Violence

They have no law books, lawyers, judges, law enforcement officers, prisons, etc. They handle offenses physically, violently, publicly, and among themselves. Examples in unit 9 lecture notes.

Rituals - defining features. What is their role in establishing or undermining power? How do rituals establish/inculcate authority?

They have the same features as other rites of passage, but they establish authority from ritual deference

Possible Benefits of becoming a Second Spouse

Too few potential and available spouses. Large resource pool, increases reproductive success

What are some examples of increasing behavioral complexity in upper Paleolithic humans?

Tool sophistication (Auchelelean tools & Blades). Religion and culture transmitted across generations. Large Geographic Range

Which of these acts as objects for group ritual activity and represents powerful symbols for people to focus on?

Totems

Artificial selection of wheat in the Neolithic Middle East led to:

Tougher connective tissue holding the seeds to the stem

Kula ring (& Malinowski):

Trading system where necklaces and bracelets are gifted. Have sentimental value but no real useful value. Necklaces go clockwise, armbands go counterclockwise - Trobriand Islands

Horizontal transmission

Transmission between people of the same generation

Anthropoid adaptive radiation followed an extinction event

True

Apes and humans have the same number of teeth

True

Apes and humans have the same number of teeth.

True

As described in Ahmadu's article, according to the Kono, the practice of female excision is a rite of passage in which the male aspects of genitalia are removed so that the initiate will become more fully feminine.

True

Aucheulean tools were first associated with H. erectus

True

Bands and Tribes are considered egalitarian.

True

Bands tend to be egalitarian

True

Chins are an exclusively modern human trait

True

Humans are the only organisms with the linguistic capacity for discussion of the past, present and future.

True

In many areas foragers were exposed to an economic system of food production, but didn't adopt it.

True

In the mid-miocene, apes were plentiful while monkeys were not

True

Intensive cultivation lays the foundation for the emergence of a state.

True

It is suggested the H.habilis and H. rudolfensis belong to the same species and are exhibited marked sexual dimorphism

True

New world monkeys have a 2-1-3-3 dental formula

True

Oldowan tools are associated with hunting and extractive foraging techniques

True

Pastoralists can be mobile or sedentary

True

Primates mainly live in tropical and semitropical areas of the new and old world.

True

Reciprocity occurs between social equals

True

State formation is associated with health declines due to increasing diseases

True

The transition to modern humans occurred during the middle pleistocene

True

Value- what is the grounding of value?

Use value, exchange value, sentimental value Value of an object is determined personally (think beanie at the store vs beanie hand sewn by grandma

Indexicality Examples

Using dress, setting and language to demonstrate culture

How did Zora Neale Hurston represent Cudjo Lewis/Kossola's speech?

Using his authentic dialect, "eye dialect"

Forager Features

Very mobile, knowledgeable; men tended to hunt and women tended to gather

The use of force to harm someone or something is

Violence

Folks associated with Kultur conception of anthropology (Germany)

Von Humboldt (1767 - 1835) Herder (1744-1803) Boas/Malinowski

Rosalind Franklin

Was working independently in a lab with x rays of the chromosomes, x rays are emitted in a spherical way, which magnified the image, and caused to project out and made small things bigger. She discovered the double helix DNA strand. Humans have 46 chromosomes and 23 chromosomal pairs. If you're a guy you have XY, and if you're female your XX, therefore, woman are homozygous/homogametic. Men are heterogametic Human traits are not mendalian because they are not discreet, our genes influence one another.

Washoe kinship & Inupiaq Kinship - how does kinship work in each of these? "milk" kinship - what is it and how does it work?

Washoe - All siblings and cousins are referred to by the terms for brother and sister Inupiaq - Similar to inuit and eskimo kinship Milk kinship - often times a child is breastfed from more than one woman - it is not permissible to marry someone who was breastfed from the same woman.

Austrolopithecus aethiopicus (2.5 mya)

West Turkana, East Africa interesting mix of ancestral and derived characteristics cranium - projecting face (like graciles), huge sagittal crest (like robusts), 410 cc brain (like graciles: as small as A. afarensis, huge cheek teeth (like other robusts)-large temporalis muscles for chewing

Biomedicine

Western forms of medical knowledge and practice based on biological factors

Marx - the fetish of the commodity:

What: Object that is imbued with a power beyond what it is - a cross, a flag How might American myths support it?

Levi-Strauss - "culture orders reality"

Whatever their true origin, these divergent interpretations come from individual consciousness not as the result of objective analysis but rather as complementary idea resulting from...

Language Death*

When a language dies out, is no longer existent

Cooperation and Market Integration

When families start to accumulate more money they tend to cooperate less

Briefly explain the multivariate theory for state formation:

When multiple variables or fractures exist such as resource concentration increases popluation, warfare, and/or geologically constraining features, then a state formation will come about to overcome or controll those constraints.

Bottleneck

When population rapidly decreases the ones left have to create a new population

Haldane's Rule

When you have an animal like a mule if the animal is going to be absent, rare, or sterile it's going to be male. Because the female chromosome (XY) is more stable. If two species are separately more than 50,000 generations (about a million years) They will no longer be able to produce viable offspring. You have species X and Y and they have a physical barrier and between them and for 50,000 generations they meet up they cannot reproduce, however, if they come back together around 25,000 generations THEN Haldane's rule occurs and if there is offspring they have hybrids that are most likely female or, rare, sterile, or absent male. However, if two species come back together before 25,000 years (before Haldane's rule) these species can mate, have offspring, and their offspring is viable can survive and reproduce. Ex. The red wolf.

In early public records, the word "Christian" commonly appeared next to the names of Europeans but was later replaced by

White

Mating System

Who organisms are having sex with

Three examples from Evans-Pritchard regarding how witchcraft is a useful explanation

Witchcraft caused a granary to fall on people sitting under it at a specific time Pots cracking during firing "if a man is killed by an elephant, Azande say that the elephant is the first spear and that witchcraft is the second spear and that together they killed the man."

Polyandry

Women having more than one husband (quite rare)

Gender and Class Inequality

Women hit the glass ceiling Poorer people can't afford healthcare and are in impoverished neighborhoods with drugs

Sexual Divisions of Labor

Women tend to do more child care activities and double work if she gives birth

Filotimo, egoismos, in Pefko (Rhodes) and Glendi (Crete)

Words for honor and shame that have completely different meaning

Hominin

a member of the primate family Hominidae, distinguished by bipedal posture and, in more recently evolved species, a large brain

Symbols

a mode of signification in which the sign bears no intrinsic connection to which it represents. symbols embody the design feature to arbitrariness

CARLOUS LANEAUS +Taxonomy

Worked for the Catholic church as a monk and he wanted to go out and see what the difference was between all living creatures on the planet. He thought of Kingdom, and Phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. He was a monk and like other monk's he wrote the Bible by hand (printing hadn't been invented yet) and he got the inks from plants and bugs and the monks had to make It themselves. Thus, the monks had to be familiar with all the plants and animals to make the ink to write the bibles. He started drawing each one of these plants and every variation.

The conceptualization of the world offering a set of unquestioned assumptions about it and how it works is called

Worldview

Pastoralists Animal Use

Would drink/use blood of animals and produce milk

The original affluent society (what is it? What are the key properties of it?)

Written by Sahlins Pushing back against the idea that human beings are driven by limitless wants and desires. Why is this assumption important? (esp to us "moderns") Shows that we are selfish because we have been "told we are" and have been raised in such a society. Hunters and gatherers did not have limitless wants. Likewise, most dominated societies take time to desire these "wants" that we push on them.

Is horticulture sustainable?

Yes, if population size is small

Indirect Observation:

You walk barefoot on asphalt one hot summer day and the asphalt burns your feet. During the winter, however, you wouldn't be afraid to walk outside

Which of the following environmental zones was NOT involved in the origin of food production in the Middle East?

Yucatan peninsula

A comparison of hypertension rates between African American's in Chicago., Nigerians and Jamaican's revealed

a and b only

Fossil remains

a and b only

Human biological diversity

a and b only

Taphonomy

a and c only

The origin of life and evolutionary theory

a and c only

non coding DNA

a and c only

the discussion as to whether or not humans are "different by degree" or "unique in kind" in comparison to other primates

a and c only

Cuneiform clay tablets provide us with

a biased account of early life in city-states.

Primates in general share all the of following traits, EXCEPT

a body designed for bipedal locomotion

Lobola

a bridewealth, especially one paid with cattle

A group of people descended from a single ancestor are known as

a clan.

The short limbed muscular bodies of H. neandertal populations indicate an adaptation to

a cold, harsh climate, and a physically demanding lifestyle

Prejudice is

a collection of preformed, usually unfavorable opinions about people who are different.

illness

a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual

Marcel Mauss and The Gift-what does "the gift" do in a society?

a crucial part of that work to build wealth and alliances - creates bonds

Allele

a gene that can take on a slightly different form. for ex.blood type, all blood types have the same function but they vary. Dominance is displayed with a capital letter and recessive with a lower case.

genus

a group of related species

semantics

a language's meaning system

A stelae is

a large limestone slab carved with symbols telling a story.

Call systems

a limited number of sounds that are produced in response to specific stimuli (ex: food or danger)

The ability to use fire gave Homo erectus all of the following EXCEPT

absolute control over their enviornment

assimilation

absorption of minorities within a dominant culture

Mammals

all of the above

The concept of race is a social construction. What data is used to support this statement?

all of the above

The development of absolute dating techniques

all of the above

The origin of tetrapods

all of the above

gamete sampling or sampling error

all of the above

Some level of social complexity is experienced by

all societies.

Cultural economics refers to

an approach that studies how symbols and values help shape a community's economy.

The skill of hunter-gatherers comes from

an extraordinary knowledge of their environment..

rite of passage

an individual's transformation of state; in each state, the individual is going from one state of being to another - child to adult or single to married; ex: a child's baptism, first communion, barmitzvah, marriage, etc.

Currency is

an object used as a medium of exchange that provides a standard measure of value so that people can compare and trade goods and services

Non-honing canine

an upper canine that is not sharpened against the lower third premolar

The recent discovery of the Tarascan empire provides evidence of social complexity through the

analysis of trash deposits associated with different residence types

Louis Leakey, Mary Leakey

anthropologists that were the discoverers of the bones of early man in tanzania, more specifically in the olduvai gorge. They defined a creature called homo erectus (upright man). Evidence of early hominids in other parts of Africa was not found until 1959 by these two at the site of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. This specimen was originally named 'Zinjanthropus boisei' because he thought it was more closely related to humans than Australopithecus was. Further evidence of bipedalism in Australopithecus afarensis was found by Mary Leakey at Laetoli, Tanzania (3.7 mya)In the late 1980's Richard Leakey working at the site of West Turkana, Kenya finds the 'Black skull' which is named Australopithecus aethiopicus.

The fact that objects found in archaeological sites contribute to public discourse on social and political issues relevant to present-day concerns is representative of which idea?

b. nobody owns the past but many will claim it.

blade tool

basic Upper Paleolithic tool, hammered off a prepared cove

GEORGE CUVIER (Fossils+how they form)

basically, explained fossils like a fish in a rock is the fish died gets covered in sedimentary and then hardens and fossils over time.

The atheistic worldview is

belief system much like any religious one

uniformitarianism

belief that natural forces at work today also explain past events

E. B. Tylor

believed that religions were based on a fundamental error in thinking.

body art

can be divided into five categories: - painting - tattooing - scarification - piercing - body reshaping

The flightless cormorant

cannot be easily explained by intelligent design, why would you design a bird that can't fly

The optimal foraging strategy suggests people

capture just enough calories they need to survive..

Concept of Citizenship

citizenship is either where you are born or where you belong

stratified

class-structured, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power

Communication without Words

communication with body or symbols that may universally mean the same thing

Circumscription theory argues that population growth leads to

competition and warfare

Race is a

concept that organizes people into groups on the basis of specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences..

positive sanctions

consist of incentives to conform, such as awards, titles, promotions, and other demonstrations of approval

Domestication is

converting wild plants and animals to human uses..

tale

creative narrative recognized as fiction for entertainment purposes; anything pure fiction

mesolithic

culture between Paleolithic and Neolithic

Ethnic Group

culture linked by traditional elements like language and history

The natal family is the

family you were born into.

Ontogeny

def: lifespan You find the bones of King tut and you ask how old are these bones? The ontological answer is 37 but the other answer is a thousand something years old.

Compared to prosimians, anthropoids generally:

depend less on olfaction and more on vision

science and religious beliefs

depending on how an individual interpret their faith they will or will not have a conflict with science

Syntax

depending on position of wording you can mix words to mean the same thing

displacement

describing things and events that are not present; basic to language

subcultures

different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same complex society

gracile

e.g. Au. africanus; less robust, i.e., smaller and slighter than Au. robustus

robust

e.g. Au. robustus and Au. boisei; having large, strong, sturdy bones, muscles, and teeth

Homo habilis

earliest (2.4?-1.4? m.y.a.) member of genus Homo

Oldowan

earliest (2.6-1.2 m.y.a) stone tools; sharp flakes struck from cores (choppers)

Ardipithecus

earliest recognized hominin genus (5.8-4.4 m.y.a), Ethiopia

Clovis

early American tool tradition; projectile point attached to hunting spear

Au. afarensis

early Australopithecus species (3.8-3.0 m.y.a.), Ethiopia ("Lucy"), Tanzania

How people make, share, and buy things and services is studied by

economic anthropologists.

Which discipline tries to predict economic patterns

economics

Phylogeny

evolutionary relationships among groups of species. When one species splits into 2 share some ancestral traits differ in some derived traits differences accumulate within evolutionary lineages over time.

ancestral hominids

evolved into chimps, gorillas, and humans appeared about 8 million years ago

Intersex individuals

exhibit sexual functions somewhere between, or including, male and female

Prognathism

face is flat

What is themes likely way in which Homo habilis used their stone toos

for the quick and efficient scavenging of animals killed by other predators

People who practice which way of life work the least?

foragers.

law

formal rules of conduct that, when violated, lead to negative sanctions

speciation

formation of new species

Piltdown

fossil find considered an important link in human evolution until it was shown to be a fake in 1953

Laetoli footprints

fossilized footprints approximately 3,6 mya of a family of australopithecus afarensis found in Laetoli Tanzania shows bipedal ancestors

Cromagnon

fossils found in Europe in 1868 by railroad workers in France at a site called the cromagnon rock shelter. Dated to 30 kya. Small face and teeth, Chin, Gracile skeleton, Rounded skull with, high foreheads and, small brow-ridges

Families that are corporate groups

function as groups of real people who work together toward common ends

The selection for larger brain sizes in the genus Homo

gave Homo increased cognitive abilities, making stone tools and out competing smaller brained hominids

The cultural expectations of how males and females should behave is

gender.

Compared to monkeys, apes:

generally have larger body sizes and lack a tail

speciation

generally takes place when populations are in spite environments

Austrolopithecus afarensis (3.6-3.0 mya)

gracile form from East Africa ape-like traits: broad incisors, diastema, side wear on canines, parallel-sided tooth rows in dental arcade, strongly projecting face, brain size 410 cc, long arms/fingers human-like traits: smaller canines, apical (tip) wear on canine, bipedal traits Lucy

Austrolopithecus sediba (2-1.5 mya)

gracile form from South Africa juvenile cranium, but gracile in appearance (fragments of adults found) 420 cc brain size hand has longer thumb than most gracile might be a transitional form for Homo in S. Africa

A common practice among primates that serves to both maintain hygiene and group harmony is called

grooming

music

has many functions - entertainment, gives identity, religious, political, satirical, inspirational, emotional, communication, and even legal

Raymond Dart

he is best known for his discovery in 1924 of a fossil (first ever found) of Australopithecus africanus (extinct hominid closely related to humans) at Taung in Northwestern South Africa. He proposed that certain jagged animal bones and horns found at the Makepansgat hominid site represent pre-lithic artifacts with which Australopithecus murdered and cannibalized his fellow Australopithecines.

ilium

hip bone. Significant because apes' are more late and humans' are round

Toumai

hominoid/hominid skull, found in Chad in 2001. Hogopan-ish, ancestral to human line, 6-7 mya; lived in mixed forest, grassland, lake/river ecosystem

Which species in the genus Homo matches the following description: robust skeleton, robust muscle attachments, brain size average 1450 ml, barrel chests, prominent brow ridges, low sloping foreheads, no chin

homo neandertal

All of the following is accurate regarding "lessons from the past" EXCEPT

humans are biologically programmed to eat three big meals a day

Specialized versus Generalized species

humans are one of the most generalized species on earth

historical particularism

idea (Boas) that histories are not comparable; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result

cultural materialism

idea (Harris) that cultural infrastructure determines structure and superstructure

"missing link"

idea of this between chimps and humans is based on the false assumptions that humans evolved from chimps and gorillas. All three genera evolved from a common ancestor that was not a chimp, gorilla, or human

cultural relativism

idea that behavior should be evaluated not by outside standards but in the context of the culture in which it occurs

"Identity" as a cultural concept - what does it mean? How universal is it?

identity is the set of qualities, beliefs, personality, looks and/or expressions that make a person (self-identity) or group, and isn't necessarily universal

Understanding the difference between belief, pseudoscience and science is

important in making decisions on a daily basis regarding health, nutrition, etc.

Morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Acheulean

in southern Ethiopia.*bifacially flaked core tools. Flakes used to cut meat. Tools made by flaking off the stone, large cutting tools, used by H. Erectus/Ergaster. o A) ~1.4MYA -250,000YA; primarily H. erectus o B) large "handaxes" - bifacts o C) Clear plan in mind o D) Why so populat? ▪ 1) sharp edge for long time? ▪ 2) easy to hold? ▪ 3) prepare plan materials? ▪ 4) digging tools? ▪ 5) throw them? 1.6-1.4 MYA the Acheulean tool tradition begins in Africa, lasted until 250,000 years ago. Dominated by biface tools researchers call hand axes and cleavers, it was used for butchering large animals, hunting tools, weapons, or used in preparation of plant foods. They are made for specific uses.

Hominin

includes recent humans together with extent ancestral and related forms

religious specialists

individuals who guide others in their spiritual search and ritual practices; thought to be inspired, enlightened, or even holy, they command respect for their skills in contacting and influencing spiritual beings and manipulating or connecting to supernatural forces

In the United States, the current mode of production is

industrial capitalism

informal and formal sanctions

informal - controls, like sanctions, such as rules of etiquette formal - controls, like laws, that if neglected or broken, result in a punishment

Physical Anthro

is the biological study of the human body. How we work and why the human body is the way it is. This is also called biological anthropology. Physical anthropology is the study of human evolution and variation, both past and present They look at the bodies of human beings, what their bodies are adapting to, how they are adapting.)

Taung child

is the fossilised skull of a young Australopithecus africanus individual. It was discovered in 1924 by quarrymen working for the Northern Lime Company in Taung, South Africa. Raymond Dart described it as a new species in the journal Nature in 1925.

Reciprocity

is the give-and-take that builds and confirms relationships.

Adjudication

is the legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision.

Material culture

is the objects used and made in any society.

Exogamy

is the practice of seeking a spouse outside one's own group (marrying outside own group)

Phonology

is the study of the sound use in speech

Negotiation

is when parties themselves reach a decision jointly.

Values change across time:

jati (caste) and change across time of relative valuations Castes are not fixed, but you can't change your caste: represents change in society, not change of society.

Diglossia

language with "high" (formal) and "low" (informal, familial) dialects

Au. boisei

late, hyperrobust Australopithecus species (2.6?-1.2 m.y.a.), East Africa

Vertical clinging and leaping is a locomotor pattern frequently practiced by which of the following?

lemurs and tarsiers

Stratification

levels of class royals religion military merchants farmers

Allopatric Model

living in different places One such example is lizards living on an island, if there are no physical barrier one lizard can cross the island to mate with the other, but let's say there is a physical barrier on the island, a mountain ranger pops up that the lizards cannot get around, these lizards are no physically isolated. The female lizard side is dry and desert-like, while the male is wet and rainy, these are two different environments. The males offspring are going to adapt to the weather, over a long period of time, so is the females. And then, let's say over even more time that mountain range disappears, the male's offspring and the female's offspring will not be able to mate because these offspring became two different species. These lizards have speciated.

Blade

long, thin, flat and have a sharp edge. Longer cutting edge.Took time to manufacture

witchcraft

magical rituals intended to cause misfortune or inflict harm practiced by individuals embodying evil spirit power or those collaborating with malevolent supernatural beings

glacials

major advances of continental ice sheets in Europe and North America

Diet

many of our health problems come from eating too much fat, sugar and salt

What is the status of our closest primate relatives?

many primate species are threatened by habitat destruction and the bush meat trade

sexual dimorphism

marked differences in male and female anatomy and temperament

Uxorilocal (matrilocal)

matrilocal residence or matrilocality is the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents.

social control

means of ensuring that individuals or groups conduct themselves in ways that support the established cultural order (may be internal or external)

hominid

member of hominid family; any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla

anthropoids

monkeys, apes, and humans

Which interpersonal bond is held the longest and is the most influential in the lives of chimps

mother-offspring bond

Sickle cell exists in high frequencies in creation populations, this can best be explained by

natural selection

Relative to anthropoids, hominoids have

no tails

The study of primate behaviors

none of the above

recessive alleles

none of the above

Societal Rules

norms of a certain culture that are widely accepted

Levi-Strauss - the sorcerer and his magic

o what does L-S attribute the healing (Quesalid)? Or the decision to release the boy accused of witchcraft? The Shaman "taken" by thunder and lightning The boy accused of sorcery after girl has seizure - the defendant who serves as a witness, gives the group the satisfaction of truth which is much greater than justice (his execution) Quesalid, the unwitting shamen - he didn't become a great shaman bc he cured his patients, he cured his patients bc he had become a great shaman.

Balanced reciprocity

occurs when a person gives something, expecting the receiver to return an equivalent gift or favor at some point in the future

In the neo-evolutionary typology of political organization, a band is a

oncentralized group of people who have a low population density and participate in foraging.

Mountain gorilla social groups are usually composed of:

one or two silverback males, a few adult females and their immature offspring

An acephalous society is

one without a governing head, generally with no hierarchical leadership

Those who are eligible to make a claim under NAGPRA include

only federally recognized Native American groups or tribes.

"How do we know?", p.354

our brains are twice the size of earliest hominins, primates have smaller brains so birth is less complicated, painful, stressful, dramatic than humans. Rotational birth is the key to evolutionary solution for birth of large brained babies, as well as pelvic modifications

Looting

people digging for artifacts usually in destabilized regions to sell on the black market or to private collectors

What do differences between people in blood type tell us about human biodiversity?

physiological, not just genetic, variations powerfully shape how our bodies work..

Placebos

physiologically inert substances that have no medicinal value but are thought by the patient to be helpful

Floral Association

plant and pollen could associate with time

Structuralism (as in "structuralist anthropology" a la Levi-Strauss) - main tenets and also criticisms.

structuralism is the methodology that implies elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a broader, overarching system or structure - deep structures form meaning in culture Criticisms : because it made assumptions about the universal structures of the human mind, there was a concern with how cultural and social structures were changed by human agency and practice.

William Labov

studied "black" english (ebonics) and found that it had its own complex internal structure

ethnosemantics

study of lexical (vocabulary) categories and contrasts

Rituals are..

stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities

code switching

switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context

Kinship is

system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage.

Basic Primate Phylogeny Tree Haplorhines

tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans cataryhines old world monkeys platyrhines new world monkeys

What is the term for the ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders or families?

taxonomy

Primate

teeth are generalized because primates are omnivorous

religion

textbook: an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural, along with associated ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret and/or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control; lecture: a set of rituals, rationalized by myth, which mobilizes supernatural powers for the purpose of achieving or preventing transformations of state in people and nature; beliefs and patterns of behavior by which people try to control the part of the universe that is otherwise beyond their control

power

the ability to exercise one's will over others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes; can be physical, mental, or emotional

locomotion

the ability to move from place to place. - Slow quadrupedal climbing - Vertical clinging & leaping - Arboreal & terrestrial quadrupedalism - Semi brachiation - Brachiation - Knuckle walking - Bipedalism

Bipedalism

the ability to walk upright on two legs

All of the following can affect primate social behavior, EXCEPT

the absolute length of the tail of monkeys, over 12" is key

Cultural Authenticity

the accuracy of a culture - tourists will see a production of culture in certain areas

Paradigms about Human Nature

the age of exploration, colonization, and miss-ionization, influenced European's perspective of themselves and the other people they encounter around the world

the term genotype refers to

the alleles possessed by an organism

polytheism

the belief in multiple gods and/or goddesses

monotheism

the belief in only one supremely powerful divinity as creator and master of the universe

animism

the belief that nature or parts of nature are animated by spirits; cultures see themselves as part of nature rather than superior to nature

Syndemic

the combined effects on a certain population of more than one disease, the affects of which are exacerbated by poor nutrition, social instability, violence or other stressful environmental factors

mosaic evolution

the concept that evolutionary change takes place in some body parts or systems without simultaneous changes in other parts

Mosaic Evolution

the concept that major evolutionary changes tend to take place in stages, not all at once. It is a pattern in evolution in which the rates of evolution in one functional system vary from those in other systems. For example, in hominid evolution, the dental system, locomotor system, and neurological system, evolved at markedly different rates.

art

the creative use of the imagination to enjoy, interpret life, to entertain and express cultural identity

For early humans, the ability to domesticate animals depended upon

the docility of the animal being domesticated..

Relativism

the doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute.

Socioecology looks at the relationship between animals, their behaviors and

the environment they live in (food availability, predators, seasonal variation, etc.) and their adaptations

Why do we have a mismatch between our genetic constitution and our modern lifestyles?

the environment we live in today is very different from the environment in which our species evoved

genocide

the extermination of one people by another deliberately

Family by Choice

the family that you pick to have: - non blood members - estranged members Example - Divorce or disowning

Culture Shock

the feeling, akin to panic, that develops to people living in an unfamiliar society when they cannot understand what is happening around them.

Cro Magnon

the first fossil find (1868) of an AMH, from France's Dordogne Valley

stratigraphic correlation

the process of matching up strata from several sites through the analysis of chemical, physical, and other properties

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language

Status

the level your at royals religion military merchants farmers

socialization

the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

world religions

the major religions of the world; - Christianity - Islam - Judaism - Hinduism - Buddhism - etc

acculturation

the massive cultural change that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society; always involves an element of force

Participant Observation

the method anthropologists use to gather information by living as closely as possible to the people whose culture they are studying while participating in their lives as much as possible

Regarding the evolution of New World Monkey's

the migration hypothesis states that New World monkey's migrated down from North America millions of years ago

Transformist Hegemony

the national program to define nationality in a way that preserves the cultural domination of the ruling group while including enough cultural features from subordinated groups to ensure their loyalty

Niches and the example of the two monkeys

the niche of the monkey's included the food they ate and this affected maturation times, brain size and stomach size and configuration

mutations are

the only source of completely new genetic variation

Mutation

the only source of new alleles mutations can be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral (it depends on the environment) for ex the albino alligator OR Sickle Cell: The Geography of Sickle Cell Anemia and Association with Malaria 120 t0 30 percent of people living in equatorial Africa have the S (sickling-capital S co-dominant gene) gene.

The trade model of state formation suggests that people trade because

the people want objects or raw materials not available at home

Witchcraft

the performance of evil by human beings believed to posses an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is intentional or self aware

prosimians

the primate suborder that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

Enculturation

the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations

enculturation

the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations

globalization

the process in which all parts of the earth are becoming interconnected in one vast interrelated and all encompassing system (internet, wal-mart, skype, mcdonalds)

modernization

the process of cultural and socioeconomic change by which developing societies acquire some of the characteristics of Western industrialized/post-industrialized societies; involves the application of science and technology, commercial farming, industrialization, urbanization, and communication

politics

the process of determining who gets what, when, where, and how

cultural transmission

transmission through learning, basic to language

Competitive exclusion

two similar species co-exist in the same area and one is better adapted for survival

Stable isotope analysis of carbon in fossilized tooth would be most useful for determining the

types of plants consumed by the animal during life

Primates rely primarily on ____________ to negotiate their environment.

vision

lexicon

vocabulary; all the morphemes in a language and their meanings

If we see change in allele frequencies in a pulsation over time

we know that some or all of the process of evolution are affecting the population

An example of generalized reciprocity is

what a parent gives to a child

contagious magic

when items or objects that were once in contact with a person are used to influence that person after separation from the object

All of the following can be determined from fossil remains EXCEPT

whether or not an individual had a happy, fun filled life

World Language Vs. Small Language

world: English Small: pidgn

Sedentism is

year-round settlement in a particular place..

Genotype

your genetic make up

hominoid

zoological superfamily that includes extinct and living apes and hominins

What cultural group did Frank Hamilton Cushing study?

zuni