Ethics

Teleological

A theory based upon a specific view of the purpose or goal of the natural order. Natural law theory and utilitarianism are teleological theories

Epistemological privilege

A theory that privileges the insight of people who are socially and economically disadvantaged

Normative ethics is primarily about justifying and/or evaluating moral systems. t/f

False

Religion always causes people to have a narrower view of who is included within the moral community. t/f

False

The fact that cultures disagree about values is proof that there are no universal values t/f

False

Virtue ethics emphasizes which of the following? The development of character Consequences of actions Nature Rules and principles

The development of character

Identify which informal fallacy is used in the following statements. I want to be on the right side of history and therefore my moral judgments are in keeping with the right wing of my political party. I can't believe you are opposed to federal funding of space exploration. Where did you go to school? Clown College? I can't believe you are opposed to federal funding of space exploration. Where did you go to school? Clown College? The only thing certain in life is that we will all die, therefore providing life extending care goes against God's plan. Answer Choices: Ad hominem attack Naturalistic Fallacy Equivocation Fallacy of accident

1. Equivocation 2. Ad Hominem Attach 3. Fallacy of Accident 4. Naturalistic Fallacy

Match terms to their definitions The view that dominant cultures are morally superior to other cultures The view that morality is nothing more than socially approved custom This term describes individuals or groups who don't receive the full protection or same opportunities as others The observation that different cultures have different standards All beings who are considered to have moral worth Answers: A. Marginalized B. Mandala C. Social Darwinism D. Cultural Relativism E. Utopia F. Sociological Relativism G. Moral Community

1. Social Darwinism 2. Cultural Relativism 3. Marginalized 4. Sociological Relativism 5. Moral Community

Equivocation

A fallacy. when an ambiguous word changes meaning in the course of an argument..

Shame

A feeling that occurs as a result of a social blunder or violation of a social norm. Unlike true guilt, which is a moral sentiment, shame is governed by external sanctions

Guilt

A moral sentiment that results from the violation of a moral norm

Sociopaths

A person who lacks a conscience or sense of moral responsibility

Autonomous moral agent

A self-determining person who looks to his or her own reason for moral guidance

Civil Religion

A set of institutionalized beliefs, symbols, and rituals that provide a religious dimension to a nation's collective life

Select all of the things that happen in the story of the Ring of Gyges. A just man finds a ring with magic powers to make him invisible but he refuses to use those powers to harm others. A shepherd finds a ring that , when twisted on his finger, allows him to become invisible. The man who has the power of invisibility takes what he wants and gets away with it. A king becomes more just when he is given the power to see his kingdom from the point of view of the shepherds.

A shepherd finds a ring that , when twisted on his finger, allows him to become invisible. The man who has the power of invisibility takes what he wants and gets away with it.

Normative Ethics

A subdivision of ethics that gives us practical guidelines for behavioral norms

Identify the level of thinking where the following statements are best placed. I believe that it is generally wrong to inflict pain and suffering on living beings, but I wonder, are there relevant exceptions? I should refrain from eating beef. Cattle exhibit signs of fear and distress before they are slaughtered. Eating red meat raises my cholesterol level. Answer choices Analysis, Interpretation, Experience

A. Analysis B. Interpretation C. Experience

Absolutists

Absolutists believe that there are moral norms or principles that should always be obeyed.

Kant says, "Duty is the necessity of an action done out of respect for the law." To what law is he referring? Good is to be done and evil is to be avoided. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. Act only according to the maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.

Act only according to the maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.

Which of the following examples meets the criteria for morally justifiable civil disobedience? Running a red light because you are late for work. Killing someone because you know they have been engaged in illegal activity and you find them threatening. After unsuccessful attempts to change state law, a same sex married couple files a joint state tax return in a state that does not recognize gay marriage. Taking things on the sly from your place of employment because you get passed up for promotion and you believe it is because your boss is discriminating against you.

After unsuccessful attempts to change state law, a same sex married couple files a joint state tax return in a state that does not recognize gay marriage.

The English philosopher Mary Wollstonecraft lived from 1759-1797 and was a fierce critic of Romantic Sentimentalism and the ethical subjectivism that grew out of it. Which of the following concerns did she express? She thought that sentimentalism played into the prevailing belief that women lacked the capacity to reason. She thought that the moral development of humans required that our own ideas be challenged and tested because our feelings can sometimes lead us astray or reinforce prejudices. She saw a danger in saying that women and men have different natures and therefore different moral systems. If there are such things as universal principles, she argued that they must apply to all. All of the above None of the above

All

Which of the following examples does your text give to illustrate the concept of marginalization as it has occurred in the United States. Between 1930 and 1953 the US Department of Health Services conducted a study on syphilis, known as the Tuskegee study, using—without their consent—poor Black men living in Macon County, AL. During the mid-nineteenth century, many employers for the transcontinental railway project preferred Chinese workers because they worked hard for lower wages and they refused to join unions. The internment of Japanese American citizens and Japanese immigrants during World War II. All of the above

All

Which of the following statements does your text identify as dangers of civil religion? There is a danger that people will identify national interests as being God's plan for humanity. There is a danger that a country can assume a sense of superiority over other countries or group. There is a danger that religion will lose its edge for cultural critique if it is reduced to endorsing the status quo. All of the above

All

Moral Community

All beings who have moral worth in themselves and, as such, deserve the respect of the community

Which of the following ethical systems value moderation? Buddhism Islam Feminist Care Ethics All of the above None of the above

All of the above

How does sociobiologist E. O Wilson explain the existence of altruism? Altruism is fundamentally selfish because it helps us to prosper and reproduce our genes. For example, it can increase our desirability as mates. Altruism is a consequence of needing someone to take care of you when you are old. Altruism is only an attribute of the most highly evolved animals. Genuine altruism is only present in oysters and is the product of their social structure.

Altruism is fundamentally selfish because it helps us to prosper and reproduce our genes. For example, it can increase our desirability as mates.

Altruistic Behavior

Altruism is the belief that the well-being of others is equally, if not more, important than the well-being or survival of the self. Further, altruism involves selfless acts or undertakings that put the welfare of others before one's own.

Informal fallacy

An argument that is psychologically or emotionally persuasive but logically incorrect

Ontological shock

An event that shakes our worldview, and our very being, to the core. Ontological shock leads to cognitive dissonance

For the purposes of Chapter 5, the word religion refers to which of the following... Any philosophy that addresses the meaning of life. Any form of monotheism An institutionalized system of beliefs and values shared by a group and grounded in faith and the worship of a supreme transcendent being(s). One's personal beliefs

An institutionalized system of beliefs and values shared by a group and grounded in faith and the worship of a supreme transcendent being(s).

Which of the following statements is true of Thomas Aquinas? Aquinas believed that natural law applies to all creatures—even those without the capacity to reason. Aquinas believed that the Bible and the church have nothing important to say about morality. Aquinas thought that belief in God was essential to understanding what is moral. Aquinas believed that humans function best when we are perfecting our most human capacities.

Aquinas believed that humans function best when we are perfecting our most human capacities.

Which of the following statements is not true of Jeremy Bentham? Bentham was inspired by Epicurus who believed that pleasure and pain were the measure of good and evil and that happiness could best be achieved by living a tranquil, pain free life surrounded by friends. Bentham was a jurist, philosopher who lived from 1748-1832. Bentham was a social reformer who primarily interested in giving philosophical support to legislation that would benefit all people. Bentham was a Rule Utilitarian.

Bentham was a Rule Utilitarian.

Deontologists and Utilitarians share which of the following concerns or concepts? (2 correct answers) Both think that consequences determine the rightness or wrongness of actions. Both think that moral duties are absolutely binding. Both think that reason plays an important role in making ethical judgments. Both think that there is an aspect of morality is which is universal .

Both think that reason plays an important role in making ethical judgments. Both think that there is an aspect of morality is which is universal .

Identify all of the following statements that accurately describe both Ayn Rand and Aristotle Both thought that people who live lives in service to others are the highest moral examples. Both thought that reason has moral value for humans. Both thought morality had some universal features. Both that morality is rooted in our social nature.

Both thought that reason has moral value for humans. Both thought morality had some universal features.

In Western philosophy, which of the following events first led to the development of rights as a basic concept of moral theory. Opposition to South African apartheid. Challenges to the concepts of absolute sovereignty and the divine right of kings to rule. The construction of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. The women's rights movement.

Challenges to the concepts of absolute sovereignty and the divine right of kings to rule.

Which of the following statements is not a condition of Just War Theory? There must be a reasonable prospect for success. War must be a last resort. Prisoners of war must be treated humanely. Civilians should only be targeted if they are citizens of a foreign land. The tactics used must be in proportion to the injury redressed.

Civilians should only be targeted if they are citizens of a foreign land.

Which term describes a situation where your worldview is called into question in a way that forces you to reconsider previously held beliefs? cognitive dissonance avoidance doublethink denial

Cognitive dissonance

Cognitive Moral Theory

Cognitive theories, on the other hand, maintain that moral statements can be either true or false. Cognitive theories can be further subdivided into relativist and universalist theories

Which of the following statements best describes the research findings in your book about the moral development of college students? [using Kohlberg's terminology] College students tend to start out more easily influenced by peers, but most do not complete the transition to post-conventional moral reasoning. College students generally move from the conventional to the pre-conventional stage by the time they graduate. Most college students are at the post-conventional stage of development by the time of graduation. College students tend to start out more easily influenced by peers, but eventually are motivated by a sense of autonomy and a recognition of universal rules

College students tend to start out more easily influenced by peers, but most do not complete the transition to post-conventional moral reasoning.

Which of the following is a criticism of virtue ethics? Only women are inclined to practice virtue ethics. Virtue ethics pays too much attention to the concept of justice. Developmentally, virtue ethics is associated with a high level of autonomous moral reasoning and does not offer enough guidance to cultivate that level of development. Virtue ethics pays too much attention to consequences.

Developmentally, virtue ethics is associated with a high level of autonomous moral reasoning and does not offer enough guidance to cultivate that level of development.

Moral Sentiment

Emotions that move us to feel moral approval or disapproval

Relativist theories allow that morality is different for different people. Which of the following types of moral theory are relativist theories? Ethical Subjectivism Virtue Ethics Utilitarianism Divine Command Theory

Ethical Subjectivism Divine command Theory

Ethical Subjectivism

Ethical subjectivism, the first type of relativist theory, maintains that moral right or wrong is relative to the individual person and that moral truth is a matter of individual opinion or feeling.

Act Utilitarianism maintains that people who act happy when they are not happy, are engaging in immoral behavior. t/f

F

A universalist moral theory cannot be a cognitive moral theory True or False

False

Anyone who thinks that some values are cultural constructs must be a cultural relativist in the prescriptive sense of the word. t/f

False

Most psychologists believe that morality is wholly a product of learning and our environment. t/f

False

Superego

Freud's concept of conscience; the superego develops as a reaction formation against our childhood Oedipus complex

According to Kant, an action only has genuine moral worth when it is done... From a sense of duty to the moral law To gain the most happiness With compassion for others From a sense of duty to one's family

From a sense of duty to the moral law

Your book says, "Rights are generally seen as either (1) derived from duties or (2) natural and existing independently." If rights are natural and independent of duties, what does this imply about the primary role of government? Government out to provide a safety net to protect those who can't protect themselves. Government ought to help people develop the skills necessary to exercise rights. Correct Government ought to protect people's freedom to exercise rights. Government has no legitimate function when it comes to protecting rights.

Government ought to protect people's freedom to exercise rights.

Which of the following is not true of the Chinese philosopher Mo Tsu (c. 470-391 B.C.E.)? He thought that if leaders adopted a standard of utility that this would cultivate greater peace and harmony. He believed in filial piety which places the happiness of family and those close to us above others. He thought Confucianism was too devoted to mindlessly following rules and rituals. He thought Taoism was too passive in its approach to living a good life.

He believed in filial piety which places the happiness of family and those close to us above others.

Which of the following statements best distinguishes Ethical Egoism from Hedonism Hedonism maintains that we ought to seek our own pleasure, while Ethical Egoism maintains that seeking our own interest is more likely to contribute to our happiness. Ethical egoists maintain that we ought only to consider our own immediate pleasure when making decisions, whereas Hedonists argue that we should consider the pleasure of all beings in making ethical decisions. Hedonism maintains that we ought to seek our own pleasure, whereas Ethical Egoism maintains that personal happiness is irrelevant to moral decision making. All of the above. None of the above.

Hedonism maintains that we ought to seek our own pleasure, while Ethical Egoism maintains that seeking our own interest is more likely to contribute to our happiness.

Which of the following virtues shows up in the world views of Aristotle, the Navaho, Confucianism, and Swahili proverbs among other traditions? independence Correct Honesty/truthfulness fierceness in battle arrogance

Honesty/truthfuless

Filial piety

In Confucian philosophy, filial piety (Chinese: 孝, xiào) is a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors.

Which of the following statements is an example of one of the difficulties that arises if we rely solely on the Principle of Utility as a basis for rights? Satisfied pigs may end up with more rights than dissatisfied humans. Only rational adults have rights under the Principle of Utility. The principle of Utility does not support any form of rights. Individual rights might be sacrificed as "the greatest good for the greatest number" is not necessarily good for the individual.

Individual rights might be sacrificed as "the greatest good for the greatest number" is not necessarily good for the individual.

Which of the following statements represent a danger of basing rights on the power to assert ourselves? It makes us more aggressive. It broadens our conception of the moral community. It implies that we are under an obligation to make sure that rights are honored. It allows us to disregard the rights of those who lack the political power or force of law to exercise their moral claims.

It allows us to disregard the rights of those who lack the political power or force of law to exercise their moral claims.

Which of the following statements best describes Bentham's view of criminal justice. Justice should be abandoned because it always hurts someone. Justice should be retributive. It is a payback to the criminal for harm done to others. Justice should be about reforming and rehabilitating a person so that they are able to reenter society. Justice should be a deterrent. It should be swift enough and sure enough to frighten others who might break a law.

Justice should be about reforming and rehabilitating a person so that they are able to reenter society.

Which of the following examples would Divine Command Theory say is prohibited? Making the choice to go against a teaching of one's religion because you believed the teaching was a violation of your conscience. Killing your child because you understood God to be telling you to make this sacrifice. Committing suicide as a sign of faithfulness to one's religion and obedience to god. Helping someone in need because you believe that God told you to do so.

Making the choice to go against a teaching of one's religion because you believed the teaching was a violation of your conscience.

For the cultural relativist, which of the following examples identifies a person or people who need to be excused or forgiven. Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights activists who broke laws in acts of civil disobedience. Members of the Nazi party who carried out the dictates of The Third Reich, rounding up and exterminating Jews and others under Hitler's rule. The owners of textile mills in the US in the 19th century who used child labor to produce their goods. All of the above

Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights activists who broke laws in acts of civil disobedience.

Which of the following is a part of Marx's critique of natural rights? Marx argued that rights ought to depend on the capacity for self-assertion. Marx embraced the doctrine of natural rights and rejected the idea that rights imply duties. Marx argued that in a capitalist society government exists to protect the individual rights of property owners and those in power at the expense of the majority who do not own property. Marx argued that true equality and freedom depend on securing the right to individual property.

Marx argued that in a capitalist society government exists to protect the individual rights of property owners and those in power at the expense of the majority who do not own property.

Which of the following statements are true of J. S. Mill?' In "The Subjection of Women", Mill argued that women would be happier if they would concentrate their efforts on raising children. Mill's father raised him with an intense academic focus and Mill had a nervous breakdown in his 20"s. Mill did not think that concern for human dignity and integrity should trump concern for maximizing pleasure. Mill's wife, Harriet Taylor, had a profound influence on him and he credited her with helping him reformulate Utilitarian Theory. Mill agreed with Bentham that it is better to be a satisfied pig than to be an unhappy person

Mill's father raised him with an intense academic focus and Mill had a nervous breakdown in his 20"s. Mill did not think that concern for human dignity and integrity should trump concern for maximizing pleasure. Mill's wife, Harriet Taylor, had a profound influence on him and he credited her with helping him reformulate Utilitarian Theory.

According to virtue ethics, what is the difference between a trait that is simply beneficial for us and a moral virtue? Moral virtues are something we did nothing to deserve. Moral virtues involve our conscious choice. Moral virtues cannot benefit one's self. Moral virtues don't require any thought.

Moral virtues involve our conscious choice.

According to Natural Law theory, Natural Law is different from the laws of physics in which of the following respects. Natural Law refers to laws of rational human nature which are free and autonomous. Natural Law is universal. Natural Law is created by God. Reason is our path to understanding Natural Law.

Natural Law refers to laws of rational human nature which are free and autonomous.

Non Cognitive moral Theory

Noncognitive theories, such as emotivism, claim that there are no moral truths and that moral statements are neither true nor false but simply expressions or outbursts of feelings.

Moral Sensitivity

One of James Rest's four components of moral behavior. The awareness of how our actions affect other people

Your text rightly notes that Roman Catholics have a high regard for human rights that are grounded in Natural Law Ethics. Which of the following examples are used to illustrate this point? Excluding women and gay men from ordained ministry Forbidding men who are ordained the right to marry and restricting their freedom of expression. Opposition to the death penalty Opposition to euthanasia

Opposition to the death penalty Opposition to euthanasia

According to Kant, what makes it possible for human beings to have the capacity of being "self-legislating"? Our feelings are trustworthy Our nature is good Our will is free. Our government is democratic

Our will is free.

Cognitive dissonance

Psychological conflict resulting from incongruous beliefs and attitudes held simultaneously and when the current means of resolving the conflict is shown to be inadequate

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological methods, which humans usually learn at an early age for coping with difficult situations

Ayn Rand argued that Laissez-Faire capitalism is not only an efficient economic system but also the most moral system because it allows people to pursue their own self-interest which for her is the ultimate aim of morality. Which of the following criticisms have been made of Rand's argument? Rand assumes that everyone is in a position to be a trader and that their success in the economy is simply a function of their own drive and interests. However, critics argue that other factors (e.g. age, health, social structures) can contribute to success or failure in the market place. Rand argued that capitalism creates optimal conditions for progress and growth by challenging people to do their best, whereas most of her oponents argue that morality does not require any form of personal responsibility. Rand believed that there are objective universal values that should guide human behavior whereas Marxists rejected the idea that there are universal values. Rand argued that when we act altruistically, we are actually degrading the recipient of our charity and making them a parasite in society. However, critics argue that unbridled capitalism turns labor into a commodity and treats workers as objects that are expendable.

Rand assumes that everyone is in a position to be a trader and that their success in the economy is simply a function of their own drive and interests. However, critics argue that other factors (e.g. age, health, social structures) can contribute to success or failure in the market place. Rand argued that when we act altruistically, we are actually degrading the recipient of our charity and making them a parasite in society. However, critics argue that unbridled capitalism turns labor into a commodity and treats workers as objects that are expendable.

Why did Hume think that reason is not sufficient for moral action? Reason can only tell us what is right or wrong, but it cannot move us to act virtuously. Reason is not a feature of all human beings. Reason cannot tell us what is right or wrong. Reason can be run over by desire.

Reason can only tell us what is right or wrong, but it cannot move us to act virtuously.

Relativist Ethical Theories

Relativist theories state that morality is different for different people. Includes Ethical subjectivism, Cultural Relativism, Divine Command Theory

This is a condition of suppressed or misdirected rage that can lead to self-loathing or the search for a scapegoat

Ressentment

Theoretical ethics

Seeks to evaluate &/or justify ethical systems of thought. Also called metaethics

Heternomous moral agent

Someone who looks to others for moral guidance

Ahimsa

The Buddhist principle of nonhurting

The only thing that Immanuel Kant thought was good without any qualifications was.... The Good Will Consequences Desires An Infant

The Good Will

Distributive justice refers to the fair distribution of benefits and burdens within a society. Which of the following concepts is a deontological tool for assessing the distribution of primary social goods? The Veil of Ignorance The Good Will Fidelity The Tao

The Veil of Ignorance

Marginalized

The act of relegating beings or groups to the fringes or margins of the moral community

According to your text, why did the Holocaust contribute to Emotivism falling out of favor with moral philosophers? The acts of the Nazi's were so horrifying that Emotivists were forced to reevaluate their position and acknowledge that some actions are wrong regardless of how one feels about it. Hitler had no feelings and therefore he was never wrong. The Nazi's killed A. J. Ayer, the main proponent of Emotivism. The Nazi's were Emotivists

The acts of the Nazi's were so horrifying that Emotivists were forced to reevaluate their position and acknowledge that some actions are wrong regardless of how one feels about it.

Resentment

The anger or moral outrage that a person feels when personally injured by another

Moral Indignation

The anger or moral outrage that some people feel at the sight of others being harmed

Metaphysics

The branch of philosophy concerned with the study of nature of reality including what it means to be human

Epistemology

The branch of philosophy that is concerned with the study of knowledge

The principle of double effect is... The idea that sometimes harm is permissible if the harm is an unintended side effect of pursuing a greater good. A form of doublethink. The idea that when two people pursue the same goal then goodness is multiplied. The idea that two wrongs make a right.

The idea that sometimes harm is permissible if the harm is an unintended side effect of pursuing a greater good.

Naturalistic Fallacy

The logical mistake of drawing conclusion about what ought to be from premises about what is

Helper's High

The moral sentiment or positive effect we experience when helping others

Sympathy

The moral sentiment that involves that ability to imagine the feelings of others

Sociological Relativism

The observation that there is disagreement among cultures regarding moral values. Unlike cultural relativism, sociological relativism is neither and argument nor moral theory. It is merely a descriptive statement about societies.

Emotivism

The position that moral judgments are simply expressions of individuals' emotions..

Which of the following statements are true of Utilitarians like Bentham? The principle of utility requires that we be impartial and consider the feelings of all parties as though they were equal to our own. Because of their concern for maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain, Utilitarians have concern for all sentient beings. Our own pleasure should not count in the moral calculus. We should act primarily for our own pleasure without regard to the pain or pleasure others.

The principle of utility requires that we be impartial and consider the feelings of all parties as though they were equal to our own. Because of their concern for maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain, Utilitarians have concern for all sentient beings.

Which of the following is an example of a moral right that does not entail a legal right? The right to drive The right to have access to an abortion The right to fidelity and honesty from our loved ones The right to rule over others

The right to fidelity and honesty from our loved ones

Determinism

The theory that states that all events, including human actions, are governed by causal laws

Confucius and Kant both emphasize duty as the basis of moral philosophy. Which of the following statements is not true of both of their philosophies? They both think that reason is crucial for determining what our duties are. They both have a concern for self-cultivation. They both emphasized the importance of being in harmony with nature. They both think that we ought to do what is right simply because it is right.

They both emphasized the importance of being in harmony with nature.

The anthropologist Ruth Benedict rejected the existence of transcultural standards because she was critical of Social Darwinists' claim that morality was found to a greater degree in their own societies in comparison to what they saw as more primitive cultures. t/f

True

Agape

Unconditional love

How does Thomas Hobbes explain the existence of altruism and acts of charity? We have moral sentiments that cause us to feel the suffering of others and create a desire to relieve suffering. We perform acts acts of charity and altruism because we delight in demonstrating our superiority over others and are more capable than those we serve. Acts of altruism and charity are the result of having a well developed character. Acts of altruism and charity are only done for our own families in order to perpetuate our genes.

We perform acts acts of charity and altruism because we delight in demonstrating our superiority over others and are more capable than those we serve.

In which of the following scenarios is the position taken by the "friend" most consistent with the position of an ethical subjectivist. You think it is wrong to take something that doesn't belong to you but a new friend says that she takes things that aren't hers all the time if it saves her time or money. You try to persuade her that she is disrespecting other people by taking things that aren't hers but she says, "Then I guess that is the right choice for you, but not for me." You are trying to decide whether or not to break up with someone who cheated on you and you ask your friend what you should do. Your friend says, "What I would do is not important. That is a choice you must make for yourself." Your friend says that some choices are difficult for him because even if humans believe that some universal principles exist, he doesn't think that we can be certain about what they are. You go out to dinner with a friend and you order the veal. Your friend says, "Oh gross! That's so wrong! Veal makes me gag!"

You think it is wrong to take something that doesn't belong to you but a new friend says that she takes things that aren't hers all the time if it saves her time or money. You try to persuade her that she is disrespecting other people by taking things that aren't hers but she says, "Then I guess that is the right choice for you, but not for me."

Compassion

a more active form of sympathy, is the combination of sympathy with praxis or social action.

The difference between an absolute duty and a prima facie duty is... an absolute duty is a duty that is binding regardless of the circumstances whereas a prima facie duty is morally binding unless it conflicts with another duty. there is only one prima facie duty while there are many absolute duties. prima facie duties require you to do something ["you ought to do x"], whereas absolute duties tell you not to do something [don't do x]. a prima facie duty allows no exceptions whereas an absolute duty allows exceptions.

an absolute duty is a duty that is binding regardless of the circumstances whereas a prima facie duty is morally binding unless it conflicts with another duty.

Ethical Subjectivism is the view that moral statements... share some universal principles but are personal are simply expressions of emotion are relative to the beliefs of one's culture are nothing more than expressions of personal opinion

are nothing more than expressions of personal opinion

According to Hindu's perfectionism is a virtue. t/f

f

According to Natural Law Theory, all human laws are binding on all people regardless of their religious affiliation. t/f

f

Elizabeth Cady Stanton believed that securing the right to vote was sufficient to secure the rights of women. t/f

f

The language of rights is more of a Western construction and is not very compatible with Eastern traditions such as Buddhism. t/f

f

Utilitarians deny that things like one's intentions or moral character are important for moral decision making. t/f

f

Tolerance is a virtue that is required by Ethical Subjectivism. t/f

false

Confucian ethics is centered on the virtue of jen which is translated as benevolence, love or compassion for others. According to the Confucian philosopher Mencius, those who cultivate jen experience... an end to all suffering persecution resentment inner harmony and contentment

inner harmony and contentment

Resistance

involves the use of immature defense mechanisms that are rigid, impulsive, maladaptive, and nonanalytical. Isolation, rationalization, and denial are all examples of immature defense mechanisms..

According to John Locke, property rights are the result of... land grants from kings the existence of property being born human mixing our labor with the land

mixing our labor with the land

Cultural Relativism

morality is created collectively by groups of humans and that it differs from society to society. Each society has its own moral norms, which are binding on the people who belong to that society. Each society also defines who is and who is not a member of the moral community.

Ethical Skepticism

rather than denying the existence of universal moral principles, states that it is difficult, if not impossible, to know whether moral truths exist or what these truths are:

Which of the following statements best represents Karl Marx's view of religion? religion is a way that the ruling class can deify the social norms that support their continued rule. religion unites people around a common set of values religion can help people overthrow their oppressors. religion is addictive.

religion is a way that the ruling class can deify the social norms that support their continued rule.

According to Kant, to secure one's own happiness is an indirect duty. t/f

t

According to Natural Law Theory, while Natural Law is unchanging, human laws may change and must change if we recognize that they are out of alignment with the Natural Law. t/f

t

According to Utilitarians, the consequences of our actions are most important for determining whether actions are right or wrong. t/f

t

Both Aristotle and Feminist Care ethicist Nel Noddings agree that in a morally virtuous person, the assertions "I want" and "I ought" are in more harmony with each other. t/f

t

Mill thought that the cultivation of the love of virtue was valuable because it contributes to the general happiness. t/f

t

Natural Law assumes that there is a common goal for humanity that is rooted in our rational nature. t/f

t

Annette Baire says, "Contract is a device for traders, entrepreneurs, and capitalists, not for children, servants, indentured wives and slaves. They were the traded, not the traders." Her point is... Answers: that the people she identifies as marginalized have no natural rights. that only laissez-faire capitalism is fair to all people. that traditional social roles have placed limitations on certain group. that all men are capable of making fair contracts.

that traditional social roles have placed limitations on certain group.

The biggest difference between ethical egoism and psychological egoism is that ... the Psychological Egoist allows that self-interest is a biological driver of human behavior, whereas the Ethical Egoist argues that we ought to always act in our own self-interest. the Ethical Egoist argues that we ought to always act in our own self-interest, whereas the Psychological Egoist argues that anytime we act based on out own interests we are being arrogant. the Ethical Egoist says that people ought to act in their own self interest, while the Psychological Egoist maintains that only people who are psychologically imbalanced will act in their own interest. the Psychological Egoist argues that we ought to act based on our own self-interest, whereas the Ethical Egoist argues that we cannot help but act based on our own self-interest.

the Psychological Egoist allows that self-interest is a biological driver of human behavior, whereas the Ethical Egoist argues that we ought to always act in our own self-interest.

Universalist Theories

universalist theories maintain that objective moral truths exist that are true for all humans, regardless of their personal beliefs or cultural norms. It includes ethical egosim, utilitarianism, natural law ethics, deontology, virtue ethics, rights ethics

Divine Command Theory

what is moral is relative to God. There are no universal moral principles that are binding on all people. Instead, morality is dependent on God's will and may differ from person to person or from religion to religion.