Ethics and Deviance in Sport
2. The role of schools, clubs, universities in contributing to elite performance Schools can offer?
- A strong physical education programme - a strong and wide ranging extra-curricular programme including competitive fixtures - how might this be different in state/private schools? - strong links with clubs - courses for sport and PE including BTEC and A Level. - More than a 1/3 of British medal winners in London 2012 Olympics were from private schools (educate 7% of population).
Disadvantages of sponsorship to the spectator?
- Encourages spectation not participation - Expensive for fans - Affect viewer experience eg increased adverts
The role of the media?
- Informative tells what is happening eg final score -Entertainment Sport on Tv is enjoyable and can gain large viewing figures eg Olympics -Education beyond informing documentary type -Advertising Sport is sued to directly advertise products (footwear) or indirectly through sponsorship (stadium)
BOA? british olympic association?
- formed in 1905 -responsible for planning and execution of GB's Olympic team participation in the winter and summer games - responsibility for developing the Olympic movement in the UK -Not funded by the government, no political interest dependent on commercial sponsorship and fundraising income
UK Sport -World Class Programme?
- invests approx £100million -annually /distributes/manages lottery funding -works to promote ethical behaviour / drugs free sport -works to attract global events -works closely with NGBs and National Institutes -works to increase the efficiency of the organisation and administration of sport in UK -helps elite performers develop a performance lifestyle -Talent ID, manages TASS
advantages of hosting a global sporting event?
- raises the profile of the sport; this may lead to increased participation e.g cycling from London 2012 -new or upgraded venues are built e.g Sir Chris Ho velodrome Glasgow 2014 -the event can focus on minority sports, which may inspire participation e. g 2015 rugby world cup -the event can bring increased sponsorship and commercial income for individuals and the governing body.
disadvantages of hosting a sporting event?
-1.4 million more people are playing sport than 2005 but this is increased came in two short bursts after the London 2012 winning bid 2005 and around the 2012 games themselves. the current trend is a decline in participation. -New facilities can end up to being used after the event e.g Barcelona 1992 -Lesser known non global sports can suffer e.g squash is not an Olympic sport and attracts little funding with participation figures dropping. -sorts deviance is likely to be highlighted b the media at global events e.g hooliganism at the Brazil world cup in 2014
Post Industrial Britain- 1850 Amateurism Vs professionalism?
-Amateurs were not payed as the played for the sake of the game, suited upper/middle classes (this was all about the status) -Professionals: played for money so more overtly competitive, suited lower classes. -In cricket, both on the same time but sued different changing rooms, the lower class players were required to bowl and was the kit. -Growth of the socially mixed Northern teams in football/rugby led to broken- time payments which were against armature principles of not playing monetary gain, this led to the splitting and codes into league and union. -The open Championship in Golf (1861) image of a Gentleman's game!
Post Industrial Britain- 1850 Type and availability of transport?
-Before the 20th century it was mainly restricted to walking and horseback -The development of roads, bikes , railways and eventually the car enabled good communication and travel. -Railways helped develop seaside resorts and allowed away fixtures (spectators could travel) -Mass production of cars in 20th century - sport is easily followed and participation is easier.
As well as training and development of athletes, UK sport provides other forms of support for example?
-Development of top class coaches -Running the talent identification programme -Organisation and promotion of campaigns to fast track future medallists into right sports -Development of warm weather training and acclimatisation -Ensuring that athletes have access to high performance training facilities Support = £36,000- 60,000 per athlete per year at podium level
Positive effects of the media?
-Increased revenue for the sport -Increased awareness of sport and event can motivate individuals to participate -Globalisation of sport-global coverage -Technology enhances experience for viewers -Produces positive role models -brings sports to millions of people -exposure to minority such as netball super league -deviant behaviour can be highlighted or punished -rule changing makes sport more interesting eg Badminton
Positive impacts of how technology has made running better and fairer?
-Increases participation •Promotes new and alternative opportunities •Supports less-wealthy sports to promote themselves •Leads to more coverage and revenue •Adds glamour •Improves safety •Drugs testing has improved rapidly making it fairer
Post Industrial Britain- 1850 Law and order?
-More refined laws and sense of order affected activities of the working class. -Decline in blood sports e.g cock fighting due to change in law -Upper classes still had fox hunting as the law makers were middle and upper class
Mexico City 1968: 'Black power' demonstration?
-South Africa's invitation was withdrawn due to other countries threatening to boycott due to their Apartheid regime. -2 black athletes used a medal ceremony to protest about their lack of civil rights. -Black Americans lacked equality, segregated and many lived in poverty. -Tommie Smith and John Carlos protested; all African-American athletes urged to do so. -Smith won Gold in 200m and Carlos took bronze; Smith wore a black glove on his left hand (represented unity in black America), Carlos wore it on his right (black power in America). -Created an archway with their arms to represent black power and unity in America. -Wore black socks with no shoes to symbolise black poverty in the US. -The 'black power' salute put a global spotlight on the plight of black Americans. -Told to leave the Games which are supposed to be devoid of politics.
To sponsor advantages?
-Sport can offer an excellent opportunity for the sponsor to promote a product/service to a widespread audience. -advertising brandname -promote a caring attitude and increasing good will -tax relief
Types of media coverage?
-TV - terrestrial (BBC/ITV) -TV- subscription (sky) -TV-pay per view (boxing sky) -Radio sports station (touch sport) -Radio national commercial (grand national BBCR2) -Written press-Newspaper (Sun/Mirror) -Internet
3. The role of Uk sport and national Institutes in developing sporting excellence/ high performance sport ?
-The main role of Uk sport is to invest National Lottery funds and income from central government to maximise the performance at Olympic and -Paralympic Games and global success. Success is measured by medals won and the no. of medallists developed. UK Sport invests around 70% of its income in two ways: -Central Funding for NGB's, enabling them to operate a World Class Programme and ensuring athletes have access to personal and training support to guarantee that they are prepared for world-standard competition. -Funding for athletes directly through the Athlete Performance Award (APA) - which is funded by the National Lottery, is paid directly to the athletes and contributed to their living and sporting costs.
Post Industrial Britain- 1850 Education and Literacy?
-Upper class had little interest in cultural development of the working classes. -Effects of the revolutions in the EU reinforced the need to control their masses = less educated -Most working classes didn't want education, child labour was common practice and working-class families didn't want to give up their child's earning for education. -More sophisticated sports requiring cognitive processing/ understanding the riles = upper and middle -Lower classes associated with public house activities and wagering on horses= rags to riches The education act 1870 (also known as the Forster act) = national system of education -The act established elementary schools nation wide (resulting in free education) more accessible to lower classes so the understanding of sophisticated rules in sports was more widespread and people got involved in sport.
Berlin (Nazi) Games 1936?
-Used by Hitler/Nazi party as a stage for political propaganda for the Third Reich (ideology that viewed Germany as a superior empire). -Keen for German team to win medals across the board to showcase their supremacy. Was the perfect opportunity for the Nazi's to prove the superiority of the 'master race'. -The Nazi Germany team trained full time (Olympics supposed to be an amateur competition). -Lutz Lang (poster boy) was a stereotype for the 'Aryan racial superiority'. Jesse Owens (US athlete) viewed as 'racially inferior'; beat Lang in long jump final, won 4 Golds and broke 11 records; Hitler refused to place the Gold medal around Owens' neck.
Pre Industrial Britain (before 18th century) Law and order?
-Very little formal law and order enforced •Peasant classes involved in violent activities such as bare knuckle fighting and animal baiting = lack of law and order and cruelty to animals in blood sports •Mob football ha few rules = reflected lack of law and order •The 1829 metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force through the cations of the home secretary at the time - Sir Robert Peel
Advantages of sponsorship to the player or performer?
-allows income to be earnt -gain exposure to promote themselves -lead to roles after performing -relives financial worries
reasons for taking illegal drugs?
-allows performers to play better, help their career and increased chance of success and fame -athletes under pressure to perform and keep up with competition PERFORMANCE DIRECTLY LINKED WITH INCOME -state sponsored doping -athletes think everyone is taking them so should to create level playing field
Examples of performance enhancing drugs?
-anabolic steroids- these enable sports people to train harder and longer oftern leading to increased strength -beta blockers help control the heart rate and keep athlete calm -stimulants these work as brain stimulants which increase awareness
Negative effects of media?
-are rule changes benefiting the sport? Change of tradition -coverage dominated by the football- smaller sports marginalised highlight shows -timing of an event not in best interest of athlete =larger pressure on athletes, officials and coaches -can create and reinforce stereyotypes -sports stars loose privacy and become public figures -encourage spectating not participation
2. The role of schools, clubs, universities in contributing to elite performance Universities Can?
-award sports scholarships and bursaries which include sport science support -share facilities as a centre of excellence for elite performers -provide undergraduate and post graduate funding through the Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme (TASS).
Disadvantages of sponsorship to the sport?
-commercialisation tends to only support the popular sports leaving the lesser sports to loose out -changes format and rules to make it audience friendly -increase adverts
IOC?
-created by Paris congress in 1894 -owns all rights to the Olympic symbol and the games themselves -administers in the Olympic movement and has headquarters in Switzerland -members are appointed to the IOC and are responsible fro selecting host cities.
disadvantages of illegal drugs to sport?
-damage of sports reputation -spectators do not trust result -results in loss of spectators, sponsorship and participants
Disadvantages of sponsorship to the player or performer?
-encourages deviance -favours male over female and able bodied over disabled -short term -may have to advertise products they don't like -performers might be contacted to put in appearances and attend public speaking
prohibited methods of doping?
-enhancement of oxygen transfer -blood doping -administration of products that enhance the uptake, transport and delivery of oxygen -pharmalogical, chemical and physical manipulation -gene doping
Methods of testing for drugs? Urine Sample 3?
-if a positive result is found within sample A the athlete is notified before sample B is tested -athlete or Representative is entitled to be present at unsealing and testing of sample B -if this too is positive the relevant sporting agencies would be contacted and a fine and ban would be implemented
disadvantages of banned substances for performer?
-immoral/cheating -health risk -medals taken away negative role model -risk of getting caught and 2 year ban - damage to athletes reputation
Factors leading to an increase in the commercialization of sport?
-increase in participation rises -younger people are taking up more sport than older -more professional roles in society allows more people to have time to do sport -growth in spectators -increase in media coverage -increase in sponsorship
examples of other prohibited classes of substances?
-narcotic anagesics -anabolic agents -diuretics -peptide hormones, mimetics, analogues -masking agents -substances with anto-oestrogenic activity
Advantages of sponsorship to the spectator?
-offers wider availability of sports to watch -viewing experience has enhanced due to investment into technology and audience participation
To sponsor disadvantageous?
-poor behaviour from athlete/ club can cause negative press -smaller sponsorships might struggle to compete with larger global brands -some sponsors are not suitable to promote eg tobacco -investing in teams and individuals can backfire if they do not achieve success
Drop out and failure in elite sport can be a result of?
-poor perfromances, injury, pressures outside the sport, such as family commitments, pressure from media, stress related to the financial impact of training, travelling, competing and fulfilling commitments outside of sport. - UK sport include a 'lifestyle' component that attempts to help athletes cope with the pressure and demands of elite sport. Lifestyle is available to all athletes on the World Class Programme. -Elites are encouraged to work closely with coaches and support specialists to minimise potential concerns, conflicts and distractions, all of which can be detrimental to performance and may sport a sporting career. -Performance lifestyle advisors support athletes with time management, budgeting and finance, dealing with the media, sponsorship and negotiation/conflict management. -Advice is also available for athletes on finding suitable jobs and deciding on future careers. This can also help with finding a job to supplement income that fits around the athlete's training demands.
causes of violence in sport?
-pressure of the media and influences of social media -frustration as a result of loosing -pressure from spectators/ taunting from crowd or opponents -rivalries between teams and nations -over arousal during game -gain an advantage to hurt your oppenent -influence of drugs
the aim of the Olympic games?
-promote development of the physical and moral qualities of sport -spread Olympic principles creating international goodwill -bring together athletes of the world every four years -educate young people through sports in a spirit of better understanding between each and of friendship, thereby helping to build a peaceful world.
20th century - class?
-pubs were centre of sports for working class men, sport still took place in a drinking environment. -Professionals in rugby, football and cricket, cup/league competitions involved town rivalries -Gambling still prevalent to sport upper and middle class gambled and lower classes took part. -Social class was still a feature of the 20tgh century Britain and still influenced the sport you took part in.
Advantages of sponsorship to the sport?
-raises the profile of the sport due to increased exposure -provides an increased level of funding to improve resources, coaching and facilities -gives the sport financial security for a period of time -attracts the best players in the world to that sport
Methods of testing for drugs? Urine Sample 2?
-sample sent to registered laboratory where sample a is tested using gas chromatography (which uses separation technique to divide the contents of the sample ) and mass spectrometry which provides the exact molecular specification of the compound.
implications of violence in sport?
-spectators and followers of certain sports have been known to display acts of violence and even hooliganism -this can damage a sports reputation and may affect people taking the sport up and affect future sponsorship and investment opportunities
Side affects of blood doping?
-thickning/viscosity of blood -heart disease -stroke
Methods of testing for drugs? Urine sample?
-when called for drugs test athlete provides urine sample -splits into 2 bottles and seals -after sample athlete complete a medical decleration -competitor, representative and official all check the form before athlete and official both sign it and both parties given a copy
Implications of Violence?
-widespread belief that sport mirrors society and violent acts and behaviors are influenced by surroundings -violent actions on the pitch should be treated the same as violent acts on the streets and the law should be applied equally
explain about WADA?
-world anti doping agency founded with aim of bringing consistency to antidoping policies and regulations within sports authority and governments across the world. -They draw up lists of banned substances and fund antidoping programs
3 Olympic values?
1 encourage effort- striving for excellence (determination) 2 preserve human dignity- demonstrating respect (courage, inspiration) 3 develop harmony- celebrating friendship (equality)
The Olympic values?
1.Encourage effort (striving for excellence) moto of 'Citius, Altius, Fortius' 2.Preserve human dignity (respect) - no discrimination, just mutual understanding 3.Develop harmony (friendship)- sport has a role in the development of human harmony Values are predominantly based on: Respect, Excellence, Friendship, Courage, Determination, Inspiration and Equality.
What is blood doping?
A processes of increasing a persons red blood cell count. A greater number of red blood cells means that higher volumes of haemoglobin are present which increases the bodys ability to transport oxygen to working muscles.
Apartheid?
A range of policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation. It existed in south Africa from 1948-1994. Under apartheid, non white south Africans the vast majority of the population) were forced to live in different areas to the whites and use separate public facilities as well as communication being limited by the law.
What does blood doping result in?
An increase in performance without the use of anaerobic energy systems (work at higher intensity levels)
What are Ergogenic Aids?
Any substance or product that can be taken or used to improve performances can be both legal and illegal.
21st century class?
Class •Rugby leagues in the North of England is an example of working class men going from rags to riches •Sports like golf and tennis still associated with upper/middle class due to expense •The formation of the premier league in 1992 drew participants/spectators from across classes. Premier league in the 21st century is marked as elite as seat prices have risen. •Amateurs in sports like cricket/rugby are traditionally associated with middle class. •Professionals in sports like football are largely working class. •Rugby now has a broad scope of professionals from middle and working-class backgrounds. •However, the elite level of rugby union is still predominately middle class (22/33 players in the 2015 world cup squad went to private school).
Define Deviance?
Describes unacceptable behavior within a culture. Any behavior that differs from the perceived social norm or legal norm is seen as deviant. Eg drugs, violence, match fixing
20th century- education?
Education -Education act 1944 states that individuals needs are not just academic, education should apply to spiritual, mental and physical developments of the whole community -Same principle was reiterated in the education reform act 1988, stated the need for a broadly based curricular, which promotes spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development -Before the introduction of comprehensive schools in 1965. There were grammar schools, secondary modern and secondary technical schools -Part of all school curriculum was pe -Grammar schools like public ran competitive in sport teams in major sports -Secondary modern schools also ran a range of sports teams -Everyone sat the 11+ categorised from the age of 11
21st century - gender?
Gender •Still more men involved in sport (participating or spectating) •Can be seen as 'masculine' or unfeminine, reinforcing male dominance in sport/sport coverage. •Certain sports linked to males/females which can lead to discrimination (e.g. dance is for girls and team sports are for males). •Women more involved in physical exercise; more interest in health and fitness activities (gym). •Participation rates for women footballers/rugby is increasingly growing.
20th century- gender?
Gender -While there were improvements in the access for women and sport this was still relative to the class. Working class women had less time to take part in sport that then idle class counterpart -Growing crowds of spectators were dominantly male
Post Industrial Britain- 1850 Gender- The changing status of women?
Gender- The changing status of women -Women were expected to marry, procreate and be financially dependent on husbands so many looked at education for girls to be pointless. -Most professions refused female entry; could become teacher but with low wage and status. -During late 19th century their role started to change- marriage expectations were compromised as there were less men due to their high mortality rate ( of boys compared to girls) men going to war or emigrating. -Women eventually got the vote (1928) after suffragette movement/ campaigns -As a result of the Taunton report (1868) a series of female educational pioneers fought for the right got women to be educated.
Athlete Performance Award (APA)
Gives money to athletes to help fund their living and personal sporting costs. APA's are allocated where there is the greatest financial need. UK Sport has set a maximum income threshold of £65,000 (including the APA) The level of APA is determined by different criteria, including the level of performance an athlete has achieved and is capable of producing in the future. Athletes on Podium-level funding can currently receive APAs to the value of up to £28,000 per year.
Moscow 1988- boycott led by USA?
In December 1979 the soviet union invaded Afghanistan which created a conflict that would last 10 years and extended in the cold war. the USA boycotted the games alongside some British athletes. An estimated 4,000 boycotted the games.
Los Angeles 1984 -boycott led by the soviet union?
In response to the events of 1980s games the soviet union, east Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary and Cuba announced they would boycott the 1984 games, A total of 14 nations refused to take part. the soviet union blamed the commercialization of the games and the lack of sequitury measures.
20th century- influence of world wars?
Influence of world wars -Sport played a major role in maintaining troop moral during ww1 -In the aftermath of war spectator sport reached new heights of popularity, especially with the male working class -Crowds were mostly well behaved leading to the view that sport was a symbol of orderliness and good nature of the British working class -Spectators paid to spectate, leading to clubs paying players -Inter-war depression in Britain led to increased levels of unemployment, resulting in some professional sports clubs to suffer and go bankrupt- spectators couldn't afford to watch
21st century- law and order?
Law and order •Legislation for sport is sophisticated/more specific to sport (e.g negliance for high- physical contact sports has seen a lot of high- profile cases) •Rights of players/spectators more enshrined in law as well as laws related to aggression (law increasingly used to protect or litigate against officials and referees). •Litigation over injuries suffered in a sporting context is a recent development in the UK, with the extent of the match official responsibility for player safety -Compulsory (national curricular, range of sports experienced)
20th century- Law and order?
Law and order -Fields of play were enclosed and boundaries made more formal -Sports have written code of conduct, most cruel spirt have disappeared (expect fox hunting an shooting) -Players in team sports have started to wear numbers and boxers now wear gloves
Post Industrial Britain- 1850 Development of the middle class?
Middle class emerged- professionals, factory owners and managers not born into the money. Middle classes have increasingly more time and money to be involved in sports. Many middle classes went to public schools and influenced NGB's of rugby/football, helped with the development of sport.
Modern olympics overview?
Modern Olympic Games •Established in 1896 by Baron Pierre de Coubertin (French educator/historian). •Was inspired by his visit to England in the nineteenth century and liked the features of amateur sport. •Philosophy of the games was to bring countries together and provide healthy competition that is devoid of politics. •Aims of the games are: •promote development of the physical/moral qualities that are the basis of sport, •Spread Olympic principles to create international goodwill, bring athletes together and to educate youth through sport to create a more peaceful world.
What does higher viewers of sport lead to?
More revenue from the advertiser. Successful teams or events earn more from advertising.
What are PEDs?
Performance Enhancing Drugs are banned by National Governing bodies
Uk sport run a talent identification programme so search for talents among the general public or within sports clubs and community projects. Explain the Phases?
Phase 1- Physical and skills based tests (sprints, jumps, aerobic fitness and strength tests depending on the sport) Phase 2 & 3- Athletes suitability for the sport and preparation for training and development (including physical and medical screening, performance lifestyle workshops and psychological assessments0 -Phase 4 - Confirmation Phase- Selected athletes train over 6-12 months. Athletes are continually assessed and their rate of progressed is recorded to judge suitability for elite sport.
How do athletes blood dope?
Removal of athletes blood several weeks before event. This blood is thawed days before the event and injected back into the athlete -used by endurance athletes
Define Ethics?
Rules that dictate an individual conduct. They form a system of rules that groups and societies are judged on. An ethic in sport would be that an athlete would stick to the spirit of the game.
Mexican City 1968 Black power demonstration?
South Africas invitation to the games was with drawn because of other countries threatening to boycott the games due to its apartheid regime. African Americans were able to protest to the world when two black athletes used a medal ceremony to protest against the lack of civil rights in the USA.The raised black gloved fist a gesture called the black power salute.
20th century- summary?
Summary: -Huge technical development -Sport maintained its shape in 1960s -1970s and the arrival of the television -Spectators swelled in huge numbers and Saturday became the say of sport -Part of the curriculum was now dedicated to physical activity -Transport had a huge impact on the availability for everyone and spectators could travel to watch their teams internationally
Explain what is meany by podium potential?
Supporting athletes whose performances suggest that they have realistic medal winning capabilities at the subsequent Olympic and Paralympic games.
Explain what is meant by podium level?
Supporting athletes with realistic medal winning capabilities at the next Olympic/Paralympic games
National Institutes?
The UK's nationwide network of expertise and facilities. The 'team behind the team'. The UK has national institutes for / in: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Institutes are UK Sport's science, medicine and technology 'arm
4.Strategies to address drop-out/failure rates from elite development programmes?
The elite development programmes that we have looked at often lead to high-level performance and success for individual athletes and sports teams. There are, however, those who do not succeed or who drop out of the programmes because of the level of demand.
1. Development routes from talent identification through elite performance?
The identification of potential elite performers in sport has been formalised and organised by Uk sport. This organisation develops elite athletes by: -identifying potential talent in sport -supporting an athletes lifestyle -supporting the athletes coaching -supporting through research, sports science and sports medicine, via the English Institute of Sport -providing a 'World Class Programme' or pathway to success.
what do national institutes provide?
They provide world class: -coaching and analysis - sports science support including nutrition, psychology, -physiotherapy, biomechanics, strength & conditioning, -sports massage, etc facilities e.g. the English institute at Bath and -Loughborough Universities, Bisham Abbey, Manchester and Sheffield -lifestyle advice
20th century- time, money and space?
Time, money and space -Increase in leisure time and money, played more sports as well as watch -Towns provided more opportunity to take part -Dart billiards, dominoes flourished as the pub was central to some recreation -Space was a key elements of most sport and it was a premium in most towns
20th century- transport?
Transport -Much more available -Increased participation -Spectators -Increase in popularity of rugby, football, cricket and boxing attract ting he numbers -Empire shrinking- international competition became opportunity to showcase your country around the world -London Olympics 1948- hosted in the hope that games would rejuvenate tourism and the economy -1953 Everest was conquered only made possible by the advancements in transport
Political exploitation of the Olympic games: propaganda?
Type of communication that seeks to influence people towards a certain cause and, in this case a political philosophy. The information given is biased towards a certain belief or set of values.
Berlin 1936 - Third Reich Ideology
Used by Hitler and the Nazi Party as a stage for political propaganda for the third reich- an ideology that viewed Germany ideology as a superior empire. German athletes trained full times undermining the amateur ideals of the games. Hitler refused to place a gold medal around jesse Owens and African american after he beat the German athlete Luz long in the long jump
Munich 1972 Palestinian terrorism?
a day before the games, Palestinian terrorist entered the Olympic village and seized 11 Israeli athletes. The terrorists made political requests to release 234 palestains imprisoned in Israel. the German authorities attempted a rescue, but all hostages and 5 terrorists were killed.
What is Deindividuation?
behavior of individuals in a group or team situation can change because they perceive that they have ceased to be accountable or responsible for their actions and now lack individual identity. (CH2GANGPACKMENTALITY)
Why may some coaches use deindivduation?
by accenting the players team obligation rather than individual responsibility to encourage violent behavior that might unsettle components.
strategies to prevent violence? improved refereeing
effective officiating is a strategy to avoid confrontation and violence. many good referees will diffuse a potential situation before it arises
explain a bit about gambling in sport?
gambling in sport is NOT illegal however match fixing and bribery is. wagering and illegal sport has been part of sport since 19th century.
Issues with deindivduation?
if your behavior is defined by the group to which you belong you may feel like you cannot be held responsible for your actions
Where was the first modern Olympic games held?
in 1896 Barron Pierre de coubertin established the first modern Olympic games held in Athens
what is an athlete passport?
individual electronic record for professional athletes in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collected over a period of times
define violence?
intense physical force that is directed towards harming other individuals or groups of individuals which could lead to injury or death
strategies to prevent violence? fair play campaigns
many governing bodies have introduced fair play programes and every year teams are nominated fro fair play awards.
strategies to prevent violence? stricter punishment by referees to the sport
match officials and governing bodies have increased punishments for violent acts and have the power to deal with incidents retrospectively. The threat of such actions is often enough to deter athletes
strategies to prevent violence? education/training
performers should be trained to deal with stress and emotional control through management techniques. In addition players must be made aware of their impact on supporters
What is the whereabouts rule?
system designed to support out of competition testing and is widely recognized as a fundamental art of antidoping programme.
strategies to prevent violence? law enforcement and CCTV
the footballer disorder act (2000) allows the police to arrest people and identify who are the troublemakers. this act prevents them from travelling abroad. similar banning orders have been issued to known hooligans
strategies to prevent violence? responsible media reporting
the media and social media outlets have a duty to highlight and report both positive and negative acts of violence in the right way
define match fixing?
when a sports competition is played and the results of the match have already been pre determined
Emergence and evolution of modern sport Social factors?
• Class • Gender • Law and order • Education • Availability of time • Availability of money • Availability of transport
International Olympic committee?
•Created by the Paris Congress in 1894; owns rights to Olympics and the Olympic symbol. •Administers the Olympic movement; members are appointed to the IOC and are responsible for selecting the host cities of the Games (Summer and winter).
Britain Olympic association ?
•Formed in 1905, responsible for the planning/execution of team GB's participation in the Olympic and Winter Olympic games (provides support during and after). •Works with the Olympic Governing bodies; BOA selects the team. •Role= to lead/prepare the nation's best athletes at the Games, deliver extensive support services to Britain's Olympic athletes and NGB's throughout each Olympics. •Also have to develop the Olympic movement in UK; help educate public about Olympics and provide resources for schools and colleges to use.
Political exploitation of the games ?
•Have been used as a 'political football' or to make political points due to the extensive global publicity it receives. •IOC aims to separate sports from politics but many countries use the Games to make political statements (can overshadow the events themselves).
Pre Industrial Britain (before 18th century)Availability of transport?
•Horse and cart is the main form of transport, but most of the population walked •Roads were in terrible condition, limiting people to remain in their localised areas •Therefore activities were localised so had simple, unwritten rules such as mob games. •Upper classes had more opportunities as they could travel by horse and carriage but this was limited due to the state of the roads. •Gentry could access real tennis courts and aristocracy could build courts with their estates.
Pre Industrial Britain (before 18th century)Availability of time ?
•Lower class peasants worked long/ exhausting hours labouring on the land (little energy for physical activities) •Agricultural work was dictated by seasons so no time for leisure/ free time for workers •So activities were confined to festivals/ holy day fairs (bare knuckled fighting, drinking contents) •The shortage of transport meant their activities had to be short lasting, entertaining and localised ( such as catching a pig and throwing contents) •Upper class had more time so could so longer lasting activities such as fox hunting.
21st Century Class and sports?
•More divisions within middle and working classes however class is less pronounced •Often participants in football are mostly unskilled, unemployed males from working-class background who turn professional for the prospect of fame fortune. •Social mobility- the changes in wealth, education and occupation over a persons lifetime. This can be achieved through sports, no longer in poverty (the media promote this which creates role models that young people aspire to be rags to riches e.g wayne rooney) •Participation rates for u16s are largely unaffected by social class showcase the rate participation is higher among socio economic groups.
Mob footbal?
•One rule don't murder anyone •Mass game played between villages limited transport •Localised, simple rules, no murder or manslaughter) due to illiteracy so played by lower class males •Occasional due to lack of free time (religious festivals) •Local authorities, Royals all tried to stop the sport due to the violent unruly nature - sport is a reflection of society at the time
The paralympics?
•Originated as a sports competition involving WWII veterans. •1st official Olympic-style games for athletes with a disability= Rome 1960. •1st Paralympic Winter Games= Sweden 1976. •Paralympic values based on the tradition of fair play and honourable sports competition. •Values are: determination, courage, equality and inspiration.
21st century - Availability of time, money and transport?
•Technological innovations; growing availability of time, more flexible working conditions, results in more participation in sport. •However, global recession affected people's disposable income (for most vulnerable); less money spent on sports and exercise by many, e.g. can't afford tickets, gym memberships. •UK has higher participation rates than the EU, UK at 48.5 and EU at 41%. •Availability of transport increased; most households own a car so participants and spectators are likely to travel by car, bus or rail to engage in sports activities. •Increase in availability of cheap air fares results in more travel abroad to compete/spectate in sport.
Pre Industrial Britain (before 18th century)Availability of money?
•Upper class had more time and money so had more opportunities for involvement •Could afford clothing and equipment so could do activities like real/ royal tennis •Activities played by upper class were exclusive as they had the land, money and time.
Pre Industrial Britain (before 18th century) Social class- dependent on birth ?
•Upper class- aristocracy or gentry who were hereditary landowners •Lower/ peasant class - peasants who worked manually, mainly on the land •Activities for lower class peasants were often violent/ few rules - mob football and dog fixing •Activities for the upper class has are complex rules, had the money, education and transport to help them develop activities like real tennis and fox hunting. •Activities for both classes- pedestrianism whereby upper class would sponsor for lower class participants( running footmen would be wagered on by aristocrats) •Running footmen were employed to ensure that the carriages were not over turned on the rough carriage track. -•Cricket associated with pubs, both classes participated with gentlemen's (gentry amateurs) and players (lower class professionals.) Upper class didn't need the money.
Pre Industrial Britain (before 18th century) Education and Literacy?
•Upper classes were educated and literate whereas peasants were mostly uneducated/ illiterate •Upper classes who could read and write could understand more sophisticated activities like real tennis were as peasants did simple unsophisticated activities with few rules like mob football.
Pre Industrial Britain (before 18th century) Gender?
•Woman seen as the 'weaker' sex so activities couldn't be too strenuous or dangerous •Peasant women have few rights in society and had a few choice of activities acceptable for them. •Peasant women could 'smock race' at country fairs, with the prize being a smock ( a basic dress) •Upper class women could do activities like archery.
Negative impacts of how technology has made running worse or unfairer?
•more advanced drugs testing so cheating could be easier •no private life for competitors •bad press could reduce commercialisation and sponsorship
