Ethics and Law in Dental Hygiene Practice Quiz Questions

1. Ethical decision making is __________. a. behavior b. inherently done well c. something that cannot be taught to another person d. something that cannot be learned from another person

1. ANS: A Ethical decision making is behavior and, as a behavior, is something that can be done well or done poorly and something that can be taught and learned.

1. The higher standards expressed in a professional code of ethics and enforced by those within the profession represents a. self-regulating behavior. b. a service orientation. c. a standard of practice. d. an organized association.

1. ANS: A Health care professionals are held to a higher standard than can be expressed exclusively by legislative mandate. This is called self-regulating or self-policing behavior and represents an increased level of trust on the part of the public.

1. A risk management strategy should be implemented to control the risk, because eliminating a high-risk procedure from the scope of practice is not always possible or desirable. a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

1. ANS: A Removal of a procedure from the scope of care delivery may be possible but is not always possible.

1. A major purpose of a professional code of ethics is to bind the members of a group together by expressing their goals and aspirations, as well as define a. expected standards of behavior. b. criteria for licensure. c. continuing education requirements. d. appropriate fees for licensure.

1. ANS: A The code is the contract the profession makes with society outlining the standards it will adhere to and uphold.

1. Some of the choices that the dental hygienist will face will be simple issues of right and wrong, whereas others may be ethical _________ that require careful decision making. a. conundrums b. dilemmas c. paradoxes d. decisions

1. ANS: B Ethical problems arise for the dental hygienist in professional practice when the hygienist is caught between two competing obligations. Most decisions must be made in the context of professional, social, and economic pressures, which may be in conflict with values and principles. Determining what to do when faced with an ethical dilemma can be a daunting challenge.

1. The __________ branch of state government plays a major role in the implementation and enforcement of the prescriptions and prohibitions enacted into law. a. judiciary b. executive c. senate of the legislative d. house of representatives of the legislative

1. ANS: B The executive branch is responsible for implementing the statutory law and providing more specific guidelines and regulation regarding the practice of dental hygiene.

1. If dental hygienists are unable to meet their patients' expressed expectations, the patients must understand this limitation and either accept the limitation and alter their expectations or a. decide that silence is golden and not complain. b. seek care from an alternative provider. c. tell the practitioner what the expectation entails. d. negotiate a reduced fee if the two parties cannot come to an agreement.

1. ANS: B The patient must seek care from an alternative provider who is able to meet the expectations.

1. The main normative principles in health care are nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy and a. veracity. b. justice. c. confidentiality. d. paternalism.

1. ANS: B These principles are associated with expectations for behavior, and they provide guidelines in dealing with right and wrong actions. These principles provide direction about what should and should not be done in specific situations.

1. The employment interview may include a _________ interview, which provides an opportunity for the employer to assess the applicant's professional competence. a. virtual b. self-assessment c. subjective d. working

1. ANS: D A working interview provides an opportunity to assess the professional competence of the applicant.

1. The Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health established that oral health should be looked at separately from general health, because oral health is a critical component of overall health. a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

1. ANS: D It established that oral health is integral to general health and that the two should not be looked at separately. Oral health is a critical component of overall health.

10. If the patient selects a treatment option that is consistent with accepted standards of care, the professional may ethically act on the patient's choice. The practitioner may also choose to not provide a service requested by the patient if that service is in conflict with the standards of patient care. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

10. ANS: A Dentists and hygienists will avoid doing harm to a patient even if the patient is exercising autonomy by asking to receive a potentially harmful treatment or service.

10. Which of the following is true regarding patient rights to their dental records? a. Patients have the legal right to possession of their original dental records. b. Patients have the legal right to a copy of their dental records. c. Patients do not have the legal right to a copy of their dental records.

10. ANS: B A dental office may charge a patient a reasonable fee to duplicate the records and radiographs that will be forwarded. Withholding transfer of records because of lack of receiving a fee is not permitted.

10. It is legally known as a ________ relationship when a dental provider agrees to deliver oral health care services to a patient and, in return, the patient agrees to cooperate in the care and arrange for appropriate payment. a. just and fair b. fiduciary c. transaction d. integrated

10. ANS: B The courts view the relationship between a health care provider and a patient in terms of a contract known as a fiduciary relationship.

10. Each of the following ethical values focuses on society EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Justice b. Autonomy c. Caring d. Stewardship

10. ANS: B The values of caring, stewardship, and justice are of great importance for achieving ethical goals in health care, the goals that focus on society. These are different from the ethical principles that focus on the individual, such as autonomy and self-determination.

10. A volunteer license may be available to dental hygienists who hold a dental hygiene license in good standing in another jurisdiction, have the minimum specified years of clinical experience, and provide a. dental hygiene education. b. volunteer service. c. expanded services. d. extended services.

10. ANS: B This is true in South Carolina. Always check the regulations in the state where you are practicing.

10. According to which of the following persons, the duty to report a case of suspected child abuse is derived from the relationships surrounding the child and the need to protect the interests of the child? a. Lawrence Kohlberg b. Jean Piaget c. Carol Gilligan d. Immanuel Kant

10. ANS: C According to Gilligan, for a female health care provider, even if her actions turned out to be identical with those of the male, the basis of those actions being ethically required would be different; the duty to report—and her actually reporting if she determines this is her most important duty—is derived from the relationships surrounding the child and the need to protect the interests of the child.

10. Which of the following correctly represents the sequence of the first three steps of the decision-making model? a. Collect information, identify the ethical dilemma or problem, and state the options. b. Collect information, state the options, and identify the ethical dilemma or problem. c. Identify the ethical dilemma or problem, collect information, and state the options. d. State the options, collect information, and identify the ethical dilemma or problem.

10. ANS: C Identify the ethical dilemma or problem first, then collect information, and, finally, state the options.

10. The first code of ethics for dental hygienists was created by a. Alfred Fones. b. The American Dental Association (ADA). c. The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA). d. The National Institutes of Health (NIH).

10. ANS: C It was created at the inception of the ADHA in 1927.

10. Which of the following "Standards for Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice" requires interpretation of assessments in order to reach conclusions about the dental hygiene treatment needs? a. Evaluation b. Planning c. Dental hygiene diagnosis d. Implementation

10. ANS: C The dental hygiene diagnosis is the identification of an individual's health behaviors, attitudes, and oral health care needs for which the hygienist is educationally qualified and licensed to treat. This aspect of practice requires evidence-based critical analysis and interpretation of assessments in order to reach conclusions about the dental hygiene treatment needs.

10. Before making a job offer to a potential employee, an employer _________ ask an applicant about the existence, nature, or severity of a disability. The employer _________ inform the applicant of the essential functions of the position and inquire whether the applicant is able, with or without accommodation, to perform those job functions. a. can; can b. can; cannot c. cannot; can d. cannot; cannot

10. ANS: C The employer can and should inform the applicant of the essential functions of the position.

11. According to the ethicist Laurence McCullough, which of the following is one of the two virtues required in a professional person? a. Self-effacement b. Integrity c. Honesty d. Patience

11. ANS: A The first virtue is self-effacement, which means putting aside all notions of self as better educated, socially superior, or more economically well off and focusing on the needs of the patient. The second is self-sacrifice, or putting aside or giving up one's own interests and concerns.

11. An ________ contract is an agreement that is stated in explicit language, either orally or in writing, and an ________ contract is recognized if, based on the circumstances surrounding a particular event, the assumption that a contract exists between the parties is reasonable. a. implied; express b. express; implied c. enforceable; unenforceable d. unenforceable; enforceable

11. ANS: B A written treatment plan that outlines the procedures to be performed and associated costs for the delivery of those procedures may be viewed as an express contract. An implied contract can occur through inference by signs, inaction, or silence.

11. The _________ enforces federal laws against discrimination in the employment setting. a. Federal Trade Commission b. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission c. American Dental Hygienists' Association d. American Dental Association

11. ANS: B The EEOC is organized into 15 districts and has several field offices to assist individuals who believe they are the subjects of a violation of a federal law.

11. Experiences, as we make sense of them, in turn change the basic conceptual structures by which people construct a. nostalgia. b. meanings. c. a hierarchy. d. a framework.

11. ANS: B The basic tenet of cognitive development theory is that people operate on their experiences to make sense of them, and those experiences, as we make sense of them, in turn change the basic conceptual structures by which people construct meanings.

11. Each of the following is true regarding strategies used to improve the effectiveness of listening in the patient-provider interchange EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Concentrate on central themes rather than isolated statements. b. Focus on emotionally charged words. c. Summarize what you have heard in your own mind before speaking again. d. Clarify positions and statements before proceeding.

11. ANS: B The listener should avoid focusing on emotionally charged words.

11. The code of ethics for dental hygiene can be amended at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by a __% vote of that group. a. 51 b. 66 c. 75 d. 90

11. ANS: B When deemed necessary, the officers of the association appoint a committee of members to review and revise the document.

11. Brainstorming to identify as many alternatives as possible is part of step __ of the six-step decision-making model. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

11. ANS: C After gathering all the necessary information, one may proceed to the third step, which involves brainstorming to identify as many alternatives or options as possible.

11. Dental hygienists generally are required to display a current copy of their license to practice dental hygiene at a. home. b. request of a police officer when stopped in their auto for a moving violation. c. their place of practice. d. continuing education meetings.

11. ANS: C It can be a photocopy. Some practitioners place the license in an inexpensive frame so that it may be carried to multiple locations.

11. According to Garetto and Yoder, we do not have a responsibility for accessibility to health care for which of the following groups? a. Those who are unaware of the need for health care. b. Those who cannot get to health care. c. Those who are afraid of receiving health care. d. None of the above. We have a responsibility for accessibility to health care for all of these groups.

11. ANS: D Ethically, the goal of improving the health of the population is a societal greater good benefiting society at large.

11. The principle of __________ is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved. a. nonmaleficence b. beneficence c. autonomy d. justice

11. ANS: D Nonconsequentialists view justice as a duty for health care providers.

12. The penalty for noncompliance with licensure requirements may include a. a monetary fine and/or imprisonment. b. a monetary fine but not imprisonment. c. imprisonment but not a monetary fine. d. neither a monetary fine nor imprisonment.

12. ANS: A Dental hygienists are obligated to comply with the accepted standards of professional practice and conduct.

12. Every society must address the problem of how its resources will be distributed, because every society has a scarcity of resources. a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

12. ANS: A Distributive justice is concerned with the allocation of resources in large social systems.

12. Reading the patient's _______ is a common method for gauging a patient's reactions to diagnostic or treatment methods. a. lips b. eyes c. gait d. breathing

12. ANS: B Reassurance that a patient's response to a procedure is within the range of normal can be a welcome message, especially when dental hygiene treatments may be unfamiliar to them.

12. Two reports from the Institute of Medicine in the early 2000s advocated increased professionalism and ____________ as a part of improving quality and bridging the gaps in health care. a. remuneration b. social justice c. integrity d. patient education

12. ANS: B The findings stressed the importance of increasing the diversity of the oral health workforce and teaching and exhibiting values that prepare future dental professionals to commit to delivering oral health care to all populations, including the underserved.

12. The _____ goals of the dental hygiene code of ethics are listed in the beginning of the code, and these capture the essence of why the code is important to dental hygienists and the public. a. two b. four c. six d. eight

12. ANS: B The four goals are: to increase our professional and ethical consciousness and sense of ethical responsibility, to lead us to recognize ethical issues and choices and to guide us in making more informed ethical decisions, to establish a standard for professional judgment and conduct, and to provide a statement of the ethical behavior the public can express from us.

12. Maintaining current knowledge of dental hygiene theory and technique is one facet of which of the following professional traits of a dental hygienist? a. Loyalty b. Maturity and Self-Analysis c. Reliability and Responsibility d. Honesty and Integrity

12. ANS: C Most states have a legal requirement for continuing education for those who hold a dental hygiene license or dental license.

12. The final step of the six-step decision-making model is to a. apply the ethical principles to the options. b. make the decision. c. implement the decision. d. identify the ethical dilemma or problem.

12. ANS: C The decision process will have been futile if no action is taken. Many appropriate decisions are never implemented because this step is omitted.

12. ___________ usually is defined as qualities or dispositions that are consistently practiced. a. Ethics b. Morals c. Character d. Virtues

12. ANS: C The term character comes from a Greek term meaning a constellation of strengths and weaknesses that form the person.

12. The intentional tort of battery requires an injury to have occurred. Intentional torts are differentiated from unintentional torts on the basis of the state of mind of the perpetrator and his or her intent to cause harm. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

12. ANS: D The intentional tort of battery is defined as harmful, nonconsensual, or offensive contact with a person. An injury does not have to occur, only a physical invasion of a person.

12. How many hours must an employee have worked over the previous 12 months to be eligible for benefits according to the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993? a. 40 b. 400 c. 800 d. 1250

12. ANS: D Under the FMLA an employer must grant an eligible employee up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave during a 12-month period.

13. _______________ refers to the kind of moral thinking that is concerned with considering the consequences of alternative courses of action before deciding on a right action. a. Utilitarian ethics b. Deontology c. Virtue ethics d. None of the above

13. ANS: A Consequentialism or utilitarian ethics is predicated on the idea that the rightness or wrongness of any action is determined and justified by the consequences of the act being considered, judged in comparison with the consequences of the other possible acts that might be performed in the situation.

13. Tolerance for others goes beyond the legal warning to not discriminate, because it means caring for all individuals who seek treatment whether or not they are likeable. a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

13. ANS: A Patients occasionally will prove difficult and hostile during the course of treatment, but the dental hygienist must still treat them to the best of his or her ability.

13. When documenting aspects of communication between dental hygienist and patient, the dental hygienist should ensure that the notations are factual. If a direct quote from a patient is pertinent to the documentation, provide the quote with quotation marks. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

13. ANS: A The notations should not reflect a bias or subjective conclusion.

13. Which of the following is one of the three most frequently encountered practice dilemmas according to a survey conducted by Gaston and colleagues in 1990? a. Failure to refer patients to a specialist b. Extraction of the wrong tooth c. Removal of existing silver amalgam restorations for health reasons d. Failure to inform patient of the treatment option of no treatment

13. ANS: A The three most frequently encountered practice dilemmas were observation of behavior in conflict with standard infection control procedures, failure to refer patients to a specialist, and nondiagnosis of dental disease.

13. American Dental Education Association (ADEA) recommendations for improving the oral health status of all Americans includes increasing the a. number of dental and dental hygiene schools. b. diversity of the oral health workforce. c. number of midlevel providers. d. use of electronic oral health recordkeeping using tablet computers.

13. ANS: B One recommendation is to increase the diversity of the oral health workforce. Another is to monitor future oral health care workforce needs.

13. Which of the following is a federal law intended to ensure working conditions for employees free from recognized hazards to safety and health? a. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 b. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) c. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 d. Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994

13. ANS: B The law places responsibility on employers and employees to comply with established standards and training requirements intended to minimize the number of personal injuries and illnesses that arise out of employment.

13. ________ supervision requires prior diagnosis of the patient's condition and authorization of a procedure by a dentist and the presence of a supervising dentist on the premises. a. General b. Direct c. Indirect d. Unsupervised

13. ANS: C Some states permit the unsupervised practice of dental hygiene.

13. The code of ethics that was first developed in ____ is more comprehensive than earlier versions and provides extensive guidance for the dental hygienist working in a variety of health care delivery settings. a. 1927 b. 1957 c. 1995 d. 2005

13. ANS: C The code has been revised several times over the years, most significantly in 1995 after a thoughtful review and the incorporation of newer aspects of health care and changes in the profession.

13. A dental hygienist is held to the standard of care for a a. physician. b. dentist. c. periodontist. d. dental hygienist.

13. ANS: D A practitioner makes a judgment or decision based on his or her educational training and experience. A dental hygienist is held to the standard of a dental hygienist, not a dentist or a physician.

13. There _____ a legal mandate for dental care to be available to all persons in the United States, and the provision of dental care ________ applied equally. a. is; is b. is; is not c. is not; is d. is not; is not

13. ANS: D People who present for treatment are, for the most part, granted access to care based on their economic ability and not their dental needs.

14. Child abuse and neglect are widespread public health problems. No one knows precisely how many older Americans are being abused, neglected, or exploited, but evidence of such issues is accumulating. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

14. ANS: A Child abuse spans all socioeconomic, cultural, and ethnic aspects of society. The prevalence of elder abuse is also alarming.

14. A dentist's decision to participate in safety net programs such as Medicaid can be seen as maintaining a social justice perspective. This can pose a challenge for the dental hygienist who believes in a social purpose perspective. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

14. ANS: A Dentists who participated in Florida's Medicaid program felt a sense of social stigma from other dentists who did not participate in Medicaid.

14. A code of ethics is a. a reference and a guide. b. a reference but not a guide. c. a guide but not a reference. d. neither a guide nor a reference.

14. ANS: A It should be studied by students and referred to for guidance by working professionals.

14. Ethical issues concerned with employment are common in the dental office. Most dental hygienists are employees. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

14. ANS: A Unfair treatment involving assignment of hours, compensation, benefits, unsafe work environments, and noncompliance with state or federal regulations is reported by dental hygienists.

14. Who was responsible for writing a political philosophy essay in the mid-1800s that is the basis for societal presumption that individuals are free to act as they see fit? a. Immanuel Kant b. John Stuart Mill c. Abraham Lincoln d. John Wooden

14. ANS: B Mill's essay remains one of the hallmarks of liberal political theory and is the basis for the societal presumption that individuals are free to act as they see fit.

14. ________ means "something for something." a. Tort b. Quid pro quo c. Ipsa loquitur d. Res gestae

14. ANS: B Quid pro quo harassment occurs when: (1) an individual's submission to or rejection of sexual advances or conduct of a sexual nature is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting the individual or (2) the individual's submission to such conduct is made a term of condition of employment.

14. Which of the following ethical theories proposes that some actions are required by the rightness or wrongness of the action, regardless of the consequences of the action? a. Utilitarian ethics b. Deontology c. Consequentialism d. Virtue ethics

14. ANS: B Whereas consequentialists focus on the consequences of an act, deontologists argue that some acts are right or wrong independent of their consequences.

14. ___________ is responsible for managing professional competency and maintaining the appropriate credentials associated with being a licensed professional. a. The state licensing agency b. The employer dentist c. The individual dental hygienist d. The component dental hygiene organization

14. ANS: C Each dental hygienist must be familiar with the scope of practice allowed by the state dental practice act.

14. In most jurisdictions, the age of majority is attained at the age of a. 12 b. 16 c. 18 d. 21

14. ANS: C Therefore consent to treatment of persons younger than 18 years generally should be sought from the minor's parents.

14. The responsibility and power for legislative protection of the public rest with the dental schools and dental hygiene programs. The primary purpose of licensure is to protect the health and safety of the public. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

14. ANS: D Legislative protection of the public rests with each individual state or territory, not dental schools or dental hygiene programs. Licensure is designed to enforce practice codes, establish standards, and sanction incompetent practitioners, all for the purpose of protecting the health and safety of the public.

15. The concept of a universal law in ethical thinking was developed by a. John Stuart Mill b. Immanuel Kant c. Aristotle d. Plato

15. ANS: B Kant held that the test of any rule of conduct is whether it can be a duty for all human beings to act on—what he called a universal law.

15. Statutes of limitations for health care injury or malpractice actions are usually in the range of _________ years from the date of the alleged act. a. 1 to 2 b. 2 to 4 c. 4 to 6 d. 6 to 8

15. ANS: B They are usually in the range of 2 to 4 years from the date of the alleged act, omission, neglect, or occurrence.

15. _________ involves situations in which excessive services or services that are unnecessary for a particular case are provided. a. Substandard care b. Overtreatment c. Scope of practice d. Fraud

15. ANS: B This category includes unduly influencing a patient's care decision as a result of one's position of greater knowledge.

15. Which of the following is the name given to the practice of withholding information from a patient because of a belief on the part of the clinician that the information may harm the individual? a. Res gestae b. Paternalism c. Benevolent deception d. Autonomy

15. ANS: C Benevolent deception is in the tradition of the Hippocratic Oath but is not supported by most codes of ethics and then only in extraordinary circumstances.

15. Each of the following is recommended when utilizing social media EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Pause before posting. b. Do not post any patient information. c. Friend or like patients. d. Avoid comments on dental care and treatment.

15. ANS: C Do not friend or like patients. Keeping these boundaries is respectful and prudent.

15. A hostile environment occurs when any type of unwelcome sexual behavior creates an offensive or hostile environment. The harassment needs to result in tangible or economic job consequences. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

15. ANS: C The harassment does not need to result in tangible or economic job consequences, such as loss of pay or promotion opportunities.

15. Dental hygienists _________ are mandated to maintain professional liability insurance or other indemnity against liability for professional malpractice. a. by federal law b. in all states according to state statutes c. in some states d. in no states

15. ANS: C When mandated, the law may prescribe the level of insurance that must be maintained per incident as well as in the aggregate.

15. Which of the following states does not require a license to practice as a dental hygienist? a. New Mexico b. Alabama c. Connecticut d. None of the above. All states grant a license to practice.

15. ANS: D An unlicensed person may not provide dental hygiene care.

15. Basic beliefs and core values are part of which of the following sections of "The Dental Hygiene Code of Ethics"? a. Preamble b. Purpose c. Key concepts d. Fundamental principles

15. ANS: D They are part of the fundamental principles of the American Dental Hygienists' Association Dental Hygiene Code of Ethics.

15. It _____ prudent [and or but] it ______ feasible for a dental hygienist employee setting in which a solo dentist or small group of dentists owns and manages the dental care business to provide free or discounted dental hygiene care. a. is; is b. is; is not c. is not; is d. is not; is not

15. ANS: D This kind of "Band-Aid" approach would not solve the greater problem anyway.

2. Students need opportunities to develop the analytical skills needed to assess ethical dilemmas. Posing ethical dilemma cases when a panel of experts is available to help students analyze and arrive at possible solutions to the hypothetical dilemmas is a means of affording those opportunities. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

2. ANS: A These are suggestions made by John Odom. He was the first to report that the usual approach to teaching ethics in dental and dental hygiene schools is either the lecture format or the lecture and case analysis format.

2. Admissions committees aim to select candidates who are the best qualified academically as well as candidates of good character, because integrity and character are important criteria for acceptance. a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

2. ANS: A Virtue is a character trait; the assumption is that if a person is virtuous he or she will act virtuously. Thus part of the selection process often focuses on identifying virtue in the character of applicants.

2. Failure to deliver health care services can result in which of the following untoward consequences for the patient? a. Complaint review b. Substandard care c. Sanctions d. Criminal penalties

2. ANS: B The consequences to the patient may be substandard and/or unauthorized care. Several consequences for the dental hygienist such as complaint review, sanctions, or even criminal penalties are possible. Other possible consequences include discontinuation of the patient relationship or loss of employment.

2. The three dimensions of a quality improvement program for health care delivery include a. materials, method, and analysis. b. structure, process, and outcome. c. framework, methodology, and demonstration. d. diagnosis, action, and prognosis.

2. ANS: B The structure dimension considers physical plant factors, the process dimension considers patient care issues, and the outcomes dimension considers the result of care.

2. Each of the following preemployment questions is not permitted EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Arrest record b. Marital and family status or related questions c. Criminal conviction history d. Disability status

2. ANS: C It is permissible to inquire about a criminal conviction history.

2. The three fundamental ethical principles of the "Physician Charter" include the primacy of patient welfare, patient autonomy, and the principle of a. professionalism. b. interprofessionalism. c. social justice. d. altruism.

2. ANS: C The principle of social justice is the third main tenet. The desired goal of the publication "Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician Charter" was to reinvigorate the value of professionalism that includes social responsibility: the ethic of care, and access to that care, for all members of society.

2. The government regulation that most specifically controls the practice of dental hygiene is the state a. supreme court. b. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. c. dental practice act. d. public safety.

2. ANS: C The state dental practice act is the government regulation that most specifically controls the practice of dental hygiene.

2. The first Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health was published in 2000. There have been more than 50 surgeon general reports on oral health published since that time. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

2. ANS: C This landmark report described the meaning of oral health and explained why oral health is essential to general health and well-being. After the publication of more than 50 surgeon general reports, to have one specifically on oral health was a major event and highlighted how much progress had been made in understanding common oral diseases.

2. Which of the following is characteristic of successful moral education programs? a. A single day of intensive training. b. A lecture presentation by an expert in the subject matter. c. An early start with elementary schoolchildren. d. Participant involvement in discussion of moral dilemmas.

2. ANS: D A review of moral education programs revealed that almost half were effective in promoting moral development, especially if the program lasted longer than a few weeks and if the program involved the participants in discussions of controversial moral dilemmas. Adults also seemed to gain more from such programs than did younger children.

2. If a dentist intentionally charges an insurance company for procedures not performed it is an ethical dilemma, because an ethical dilemma occurs when one or more ethical principles are in conflict. a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

2. ANS: D An ethical dilemma occurs when one or more ethical principles are in conflict. It is different from a situation in which a dentist is knowingly and intentionally charging an insurance company for procedures not performed.

3. Principles, values, and rules in health care will help guide decision making in the process of providing the best dental health care for the patient. Weighing and balancing ethical principles are the major tasks involved in ethical decision making. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

3. ANS: A In a perfect world the needs and wants of the patient would always come first, and no conflicts, disputes, or dilemmas would exist for the dental hygienist or any health care provider to resolve. However, that is not the case in the real world, where what is in the patient's best interest may be open to question depending on whose perspective is being considered.

3. Dental hygiene professionals must be familiar with the legal principles of the dental hygienist-patient relationship to guide their a. actions, decisions, record keeping, and professional interactions. b. actions, decisions, and professional interactions, but not record keeping. c. actions and decisions, but neither record keeping nor professional interactions. d. actions and professional interactions, but neither decisions nor record keeping.

3. ANS: A The legal principles are based on society's general belief that citizens have a right to be protected and, if they come to harm at the hands of another, they have a right to be compensated.

3. Learning what is expected of a professional person reinforces ________ in the developing professional. a. deference to authority b. character traits c. group norms d. obligation

3. ANS: B Each entering student must be assumed to have the character traits needed to be a true professional. Learning about expectations reinforces character traits in the developing professional.

3. In 1989, the American Dental Education Association (ADEA) established guidelines that stated curriculum should provide opportunities for refining skills of ______ so students are able to apply ethical principles to new and emerging problems in the profession. a. ethical awareness b. ethical analysis c. ethical dilemmas d. moral sensitivity

3. ANS: B The goal for these curricula was to develop a commitment by the students to the moral principles that are the basis of the profession's contract with society.

3. Which of the following models of professionalism described by Ozar is considered to be the most desirable? a. Commercial model b. Interactive model c. Guild model

3. ANS: B The interactive model is preferable because it presents the patient and provider as partners who make different contributions to the partnership. This equal moral status creates an obligation for equal respect as partners working together toward attaining and maintaining oral health.

3. Which of the following is a part of the outcomes dimension of quality improvement? a. Administration b. Oral health improvement c. Appropriateness of care d. Equipment

3. ANS: B The outcomes dimension of quality improvement includes oral health improvement and general health improvement.

3. Lack of access to health care can be caused by fear and complex psychosocial or cultural assumptions. How to address the need is a social responsibility of all health care professionals working with public agencies but not private agencies. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

3. ANS: C It is a social responsibility of all health care professionals working with both public and private agencies. It is a complex and challenging problem in which the dental hygienist is well suited to be an active participant.

3. Which of the following preemployment questions is permitted? a. National origin, ancestry, and descent b. Height and weight c. Ability to meet specified work schedules and attendance requirements d. Native language

3. ANS: C This is one of the permitted questions.

3. A person's cognitive moral development _________ stop developing at a specific age, and their ability to employ what they understand in actual decisions ________ stop developing at a specific age. a. does; does b. does; does not c. does not; does d. does not; does not

3. ANS: D Neither a person's cognitive moral development nor their ability to employ what they understand in actual decisions is frozen at some specified age.

3. The legislative branch of the state government is responsible for the enactment of the state dental practice act in all 50 states. The state dental practice act may be a single law or a compilation of laws that regulate the practice of dentistry. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

3. ANS: D The legislative branch generally is responsible for the enactment of the state dental practice act. In a limited number of states, the state constitution reserves for the people the right to enact laws independent of the legislature.

4. During the application and interview process, applicants should be cautious not to offer information voluntarily that cannot be solicited legally by the employer. A discussion of her children could raise concerns about child care arrangements and the influence of sick children on the employee's attendance record. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

4. ANS: A Enough time exists to develop a personal relationship with the employer and other employees after the hiring decision is complete.

4. After entering professional practice, it becomes the _________ of those professionals to help regulate their profession. a. obligation b. passion c. option d. possibility

4. ANS: A When violations occur, members of the profession who become aware of these violations have a duty to intervene in a substantive way.

4. A _____________ is a wrongful act against a person that violates his or her person, privacy, or property or contractual rights. a. criminal offense b. civil offense c. breach of contract d. malpractice

4. ANS: B Society provides for retribution to harmed citizens through civil and criminal litigation.

4. State statutory law that regulates the practice of dental hygiene is likely to include provisions regarding a. disability accommodation. b. approval of education programs. c. patient confidentiality and heightened protection. d. public health reporting requirements.

4. ANS: B Statutory law is likely to include provisions regarding: (1) licensure requirements; (2) licensure examination requirements; (3) licensure eligibility requirements; (4) licensure by endorsement; (5) approval of educational programs; (6) examination and disciplinary authority; (7) scope of practice; (8) supervision requirements; and (9) continuing education requirements.

4. According to Campbell and Rogers, moral uncertainty exists when a. obligations and responsibilities are in conflict. b. there is frustration from perceived powerlessness when what is happening appears to be wrong and you are unable to act ethically. c. there is a question as to whether a moral obligation exists. d. moral responsibilities conflict with personal obligations.

4. ANS: C Moral uncertainty is defined as the question of whether a moral obligation exists and its scope.

4. Each of the following is one of the "Major Findings of Oral Health in America" EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Oral diseases and disorders affect health and well-being throughout life. b. Safe and effective measures exist to prevent common oral diseases. c. No more information is needed to improve oral health and eliminate health disparities. d. Profound and consequential oral health disparities are present in the population of the United States.

4. ANS: C More information is needed.

4. A ___________ is a general normative standard of conduct, holding that a particular decision or action is true or right or good for all people in all times and all places. a. reference point b. demonstration c. principle d. value

4. ANS: C Principles derive from common morality and the traditions of health care, specifically from some of the role obligations of practicing medical clinicians.

4.Which of the following is the correct sequence for the continuous, cyclic process of quality improvement? a. Assessment, planning, evaluation, implementation b. Assessment, implementation, planning, evaluation c. Assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation d. Planning, assessment, implementation, evaluation

4. ANS: C Quality improvement is a continuous, cyclic process of assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

4. The term interprofessional education (IPE) refers to occasions when students from two or more health professions a. are combined into a single education program, for example, Registered Nurse (R.N.) and Licensed Practical Nurse (L.P.N.) or Osteopathic Physician (D.O.) and Allopathic Physician (M.D.). b. complete the degree requirements for more than one program, for example, an M.D. and a D.D.S. c. learn together during part of their professional training. d. take the same written board examination as part of the licensing process.

4. ANS: C The term IPE refers to occasions when students from two or more health professions learn together during all or part of their professional training with the objective of cultivating collaborative practice to improve the quality of patient care at the individual and population level.

4. Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive moral development? a. The model consists of three stages of moral development. b. The model defined moral development according to both levels and stages. c. The model is developed according to the ethic of care. d. The model categorized stages in the moral development of male children.

4. ANS: D Both Piaget and Kohlberg categorized stages in the moral development of male children. Piaget's model consisted of four stages, whereas Kohlberg defined moral development according to both levels and stages. Gilligan's model is based on morality in the context of a relationship she calls the ethic of care.

5. Many factors besides finances must be identified when determining why certain populations become patients and others do not, including a. social, political, economic, and cultural factors. b. social, political, and economic, but not cultural factors. c. social and political, but neither economic nor cultural factors. d. political and economic, but neither social nor cultural factors.

5. ANS: A All of these factors clearly underlie the complex social problem of inequality. Although these problems are not new, they continue to confound and frustrate.

5. A violation of criminal law is a violation of a societal rule outlined by statutory law. Practicing dental hygiene without a license is a criminal offense. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

5. ANS: A Although civil offenses are most commonly litigated, both civil and criminal offenses can be committed in the practice of dental hygiene.

5. It is reasonable to assume that the professions find codes of ethics and standards of professional behavior to be a. extremely valuable. b. somewhat important. c. of little value. d. of no value at all.

5. ANS: A Because health professions invest so much effort in the development and propagation of codes of ethics and standards of professional behavior, an assumption that the professions find them to be extremely valuable is reasonable.

5. Moral __________ occurs when moral responsibilities conflict with personal inclinations. a. weakness b. uncertainty c. dilemma d. distress

5. ANS: A Moral weakness occurs when moral responsibilities point in one direction and personal inclinations in another.

5. The development of more specific requirements for implementing statutory law is accomplished through a process known as a. rule making. b. demonstrations. c. brainstorming. d. public policy.

5. ANS: A Rule making is a public process that provides the opportunity for input from interested persons, including dental hygienists.

5. Which of the following is characteristic of term rather than at will employment? a. Signing an employment contract. b. Employment with an indefinite duration. c. The employment relationship can be terminated by either the employer or employee for no reason. d. The termination can occur without notice.

5. ANS: A The category term employment is best described as employment with a definite duration.

5. A hygienist who is unfamiliar with placing dental sealants should a. perform the procedure without informing the patient because he or she will learn best by doing it. b. perform the procedure and inform the patient that he or she is a beginner. c. defer placing sealants until achieving competency. d. never perform the procedure again for the remainder of his or her career.

5. ANS: C A dental hygienist has the obligation to stay up to date with the changing standards of care in the profession. A hygienist who is unfamiliar with sealant placement procedures or anesthesia techniques should defer performing that service until achieving competency.

5. Which of the following is Stage 1 of Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral Development? a. Heteronomous stage b. Autonomous stage c. Amoral stage d. Egocentric stage

5. ANS: C Stage 1 is the amoral stage, which occurs between ages 0 and 2 years. The amoral stage is followed by the egocentric stage (ages 2 to 7 years); the heteronomous stage (ages 7 to 12 years); and the autonomous stage (ages 12 and older).

5. A protocol designed to ensure that dental records are complete and that proper entries are made is an example of a quality improvement program that focuses on the _________ dimension of care. a. outcomes b. process c. structure

5. ANS: C The structure dimension of quality improvement includes: facilities, equipment, organization, administration, personnel, and dental records.

5. ____________ are essential skills requiring knowledge, skill, and ability that are performed by a health care provider. a. Duties b. Obligations c. Basics d. Competencies

5. ANS: D For a dental hygienist, competencies are skills regularly used in real practice settings to meet the oral health needs of patients. These competencies have been examined and endorsed by dental hygienists, dentists, and dental educators as valid and appropriate.

6. Causing some degree of harm when that harm will lead to a greater good may be desirable as well as necessary according to the principle of double effect which is part of the principle of a. nomaleficence. b. beneficence. c. autonomy. d. justice.

6. ANS: A A health care provider may not always be able to avoid harm. The principle of double effect requires the health care provider to consider the risks and benefits whenever treatment is provided.

6. Which of the following forms of patient contacts should be recorded? a. Both oral and written communication b. Oral but not written communication c. Written but not oral communication d. Neither oral nor written communication

6. ANS: A All patient contacts should be recorded, including cancelations and requests for information.

6. Regulation of the practice of dental hygiene may be facilitated by a. an appointed board or elected regulatory body. b. an appointed board but not an elected regulatory body. c. an elected regulatory body but not an appointed board. d. neither an appointed board nor an elected regulatory body.

6. ANS: A The body regulating dental hygiene may be referred to in terms such as Board of Dental Examiners, Board of Dentistry, State Dental Board, State Dental Commission, Dental Quality Assurance Commission, or Board of Dental Health Care.

6. The party bringing a claim in the legal system is the ________ in a criminal proceeding. a. plaintiff b. prosecutor c. defendant d. deposition

6. ANS: B The party bringing the claim is referred to as the plaintiff in a civil proceeding and the prosecutor in a criminal proceeding. The party defending the claim is referred to as the defendant.

6. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act was an amendment to which of the following federal laws prohibiting discrimination? a. Equal Pay Act of 1963. b. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. c. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. d. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

6. ANS: B This amendment prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions.

6. Which of the following is the term used to describe the system that has been developed in the United States to protect the public welfare and provide standards for the evaluation of educational programs and schools? a. Standards b. Competencies c. Accreditation d. Uniformity

6. ANS: C The Commission on Dental Accreditation is the specialized accrediting agency recognized by the United States Department of Education to accredit programs that provide basic preparation for licensure in dentistry, dental hygiene, and all related dental disciplines.

6. The first ethical code dates back to the time of Greek physician a. Plato. b. Aristotle. c. Hippocrates. d. Euripides.

6. ANS: C The influence of the Hippocratic Oath is still reflected today in modern versions of ethical codes.

6. More than ___ million people in the United States are estimated to be underinsured or have no health insurance. a. 17 b. 27 c. 37 d. 47

6. ANS: D 47 million is about 15% of the population, which was about 320,000,000 in July 2015.

6. According to Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral Development, a person accepts the moral authority of others during the ____________ stage. a. autonomous b. egocentric c. amoral d. heteronomous

6. ANS: D Acceptance of the moral authority of others is characteristic of the heteronomous stage of moral development.

6. Which of the following is one of the "Four A's" to rise above moral distress? a. Acknowledge b. Above c. Abolish d. Assess

6. ANS: D The "Four A's" to rise above moral distress are: ask, affirm, assess, and act.

7. Externally established rules determine right and wrong action for which of the following levels of reasoning according to Kohlberg's Three-Level Model of Moral Development? a. Preconventional reasoning b. Conventional reasoning c. Postconventional or principled reasoning d. None of the above

7. ANS: A Preconventional reasoning is the level of reasoning in which externally established rules determine right and wrong action.

7. Questions of ________ are decided by judges, whereas questions of ________ are decided by juries. a. law; fact b. fact; law c. interrogatory; deposition d. deposition; interrogatory

7. ANS: A The judge decides questions concerning the law and the jury decides questions of fact.

7. If an entry is made in error in a written chart a. the error should be covered with a thick line made with a black felt pen. b. a single line should be drawn through the entry, followed by a note that an error was made. c. use a commercial correction tape product to cover the incorrect entry. d. use a pencil or pen erasure to remove the mistake.

7. ANS: B The correct information should then be recorded and the entry signed and dated.

7. Which of the following is the top stage of competency according to the expert learning continuum? a. Competent b. Master c. Proficient d. Beginner e. Novice

7. ANS: B The five stages are novice, beginner, competent, proficient, and master. Becoming an expert is not an end point, rather it is something a true professional constantly strives for in practice.

7. Each of the following is true of codes of ethics EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Codes of ethics are aspirational in nature. b. Codes of ethics typically are powerful ethical statements. c. Codes of ethics are legal mandates. d. State dental boards are sanctioning practitioners for legal violations as well as ethical violations.

7. ANS: C Codes of ethics are not legal mandates. However, codes cannot be easily dismissed if there is a formal structure for self-regulation.

7. How many steps are in the ethical decision-making model as interpreted by Atchison and Beemsterboer? a. Two b. Four c. Six d. Eight

7. ANS: C It is a simple six-step approach derived from the decision-making literature and used in the early 1990s with dental and dental hygiene students in a combined ethics course.

7. Each of the following is listed under the ADHA Standards of Professional Responsibility EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Increasing access to care b. An obligation to provide pro bono service c. Liberty d. Promoting public health

7. ANS: C Supporting justice is also listed, however, liberty is not.

7. Avoiding harm _______ always possible and promoting good _____ always possible in the practice of dental hygiene. a. is; is b. is; is not c. is not; is d. is not; is not

7. ANS: D Avoiding harm and promoting good in the practice of dental hygiene and dentistry are not always possible.

7. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 applies to employers with __ or more employees. a. 1 b. 5 c. 10 d. 15

7. ANS: D The act applies to employers with 15 or more employees. Discrimination is prohibited in any employment action including, but not limited to, hiring and firing, compensation and salary raises, promotions, fringe benefits, and retirement plans.

7. The practice of dental hygiene is uniform for all states, because the practice of dental hygiene in the United States is nationally regulated. a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

7. ANS: E In the United States, the practice of dental hygiene is not nationally regulated and is therefore different in each state.

8. A code of ethics provides an enforceable standard of minimally decent conduct for those who fall below that standard. A code of ethics indicates in general terms some of the ethical considerations a professional must consider when deciding on conduct. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

8. ANS: A These are the two principle functions of a code of ethics.

8. Each of the following is true for the preponderance of evidence EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. A consideration in a civil case b. A consideration in a criminal case c. Certainty greater than 50% d. Not as high a level of evidence as beyond a reasonable doubt

8. ANS: B In a civil case the establishment of a claim may require a level of certainty that is greater than 50%, known as the preponderance of evidence. In a criminal case the establishment of guilt requires a high level of certainty known as beyond a reasonable doubt.

8. The responsibility of all oral health care professionals to assist and lead society in finding solutions to oral health disparities is based on the historic definition of a a. calling. b. profession. c. guild. d. contract.

8. ANS: B This concept of service and the aspirations for professionalism in dental hygiene are established in the code of ethics and addressed in its fundamental principles and core values.

8. A dental hygienist should review the applicable state dental practice act a. just once, prior to graduation from a dental hygiene program. b. once every 3 years. c. on an annual basis. d. at the beginning of each month.

8. ANS: C A dental hygienist should, on an annual basis, review the applicable state dental practice act.

8. Both nonmaleficence and beneficence require the physician to do what will best benefit the patient, which is a _____________ approach. a. male justice orientation b. female ethic of care c. consequentialist or utilitarian d. nonconsequentialist or deontological

8. ANS: C Beneficence and nonmaleficence often are linked because they are both founded in the Hippocratic tradition, which requires the physician to do what will best benefit the patient. This is a consequentialist approach.

8. Which of the following organizations developed the "Standards for Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice"? a. The American Dental Educators Association (ADEA) b. The American Dental Association (ADA) c. The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA) d. The Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD)

8. ANS: C The ADHA established the Standards for Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice in 1985 to outline the expectations for the practicing dental hygienist. The revised standards were validated in 2008 and reaffirmed in 2014 to lay out a framework for clinical practice that focuses on the provision of patient-centered comprehensive care.

8. An employer _______ refuse to hire a qualified applicant on the basis of pregnancy, and an employer _______ treat pregnancy-related conditions differently by requesting that only pregnant employees undergo medical evaluation regarding ability to work. a. can; can b. can; cannot c. cannot; can d. cannot; cannot

8. ANS: D If an employer requires that all employees with a medical condition undergo medical evaluation to establish ability to work, then a pregnant employee can be required to comply with the same procedure.

8. The ethical decision-making model presented in the text is diagrammed as a _______. a. triangle b. square c. pentagon d. circle

8. ANS: D It is diagrammed as a circle to emphasize the use of past information and experiences on current and future decision making.

8. Which of the following represents the highest stage of Kohlberg's Three-Level Model of Moral Development? a. Law and order orientation b. Instrumental relativist orientation c. Social contract legalistic orientation d. Universal ethical principle orientation

8. ANS: D Stage 6 is the universal ethical principle orientation, the highest stage of Kohlberg's Model of Moral Development.

9. A simple note in a treatment record such as "prophy" is not appropriate, because it does not convey what procedures were performed or how the patient responded to treatment and patient education. a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

9. ANS: A Abbreviations and professional jargon should be avoided unless a clear definition of terms is used within the dental practice that is readily documented.

9. Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context of a. both male justice orientation and a female ethic of care. b. the male justice orientation but not female ethic of care. c. the female ethic of care but not male justice orientation. d. neither the male justice orientation nor the female ethic of care.

9. ANS: A Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context of two moral orientations—a male justice orientation and a female ethic of care—and therefore that Kohlberg's measurement of moral development only in a justice-oriented scoring system is biased toward the male.

9. In general, a condition of dental hygiene licensure is graduation from a dental hygiene program accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) as well as successful completion of a national, regional, and/or state licensure examination; however, _________ is an exception. a. Missouri b. Alabama c. Colorado d. Maine

9. ANS: B An exception to these general conditions exists in Alabama.

9. A professional must consider our obligations as a group, by honoring the _______ principle in the code of ethics and sharing ethical concerns as a moral community. a. veracity b. justice c. autonomy d. beneficence

9. ANS: B How the dental hygienist uses his or her skills and knowledge to advance the public good is part of the obligation laid out in the code of ethics and embraced in the essence of a professional person.

9. The Age discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 is a federal law that prohibits discrimination based on age against any employee or applicant for employment who is at least _________ years old. a. 21 b. 40 c. 61 d. 65

9. ANS: B The act applies to employers with 20 or more employees, including state and local government.

9. Some philosophers have noted that most codes of ethics stress the __________ of health care professionals rather than describe the __________ of those receiving health care services. a. obligations; obligations b. obligations; rights c. rights; obligations d. rights; rights

9. ANS: B The current use of a patient's bill of rights in health care settings is an attempt to address this discrepancy.

9. All of the professional traits of a health care professional are rooted in a. nonmaleficence. b. beneficence. c. veracity. d. integrity.

9. ANS: B The professional traits are rooted in beneficence, the core of health care that places the needs of the patient or client ahead of those of the provider. Society expects and demands this behavior from individuals who choose to pursue a career in the health fields.

9. Which of the following principles gives rise to the concept of permitting individuals to make decisions about their own health? a. Justice b. Veracity c. Autonomy d. Beneficence

9. ANS: C All health care providers must respect the autonomy of patients and properly inform them about all aspects of the diagnosis, prognosis, and the care being provided.

9. The most critical step in the ethical decision-making model is to a. state the options. b. implement the decision. c. identify the ethical dilemma or problem. d. apply the ethical principles to the options.

9. ANS: C Once the problem has been recognized, the decision maker must clearly and succinctly state the ethical question, considering all pertinent aspects of the problem.

9. Which of the following are the two major categories of civil law? a. Malpractice law and tort law b. Breach of contract and contract law c. Contract law and tort law d. Negligence and informed consent

9. ANS: C The two main categories of civil law are contract law and tort law.

8. The process of documentation should be assigned to a staff person. Documentation should be completed at the end of the day when things are quiet and the staff person can think carefully prior to writing. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

The process of documentation should not be relegated to another staff person and should be completed in a timely manner after the patient visit.