Ethics Ch. 5 Quiz
2) cultural relativism
A follower of which ethical theory is most likely to equate governmental laws with proper ethical behavior? 1) egoism 2) cultural relativism 3) social group relativism 4) utilitarianism
4) People tend to place their self-interests above those of others
Adam Smith and Ayn Rand would most likely agree on which of the following statements? 1) The suffering of others should not factor into a calculation of one's decisions or behaviors. 2) Communal harmony is just as important as the pursuit of self-interest. 3) People should pursue their self-interests at all costs. 4) People tend to place their self-interests above those of others.
4) They can be further developed through personal initiative
Among variables that can impact ethical decision making, in which of the following ways are individual characteristics within a person's control different than those not in one's control? 1) They are more related to physical location and family. 2) They support more positive ethical decisions than negative ones. 3) They become less influential on the decision-making process over time. 4) They can be further developed through personal initiative.
1) not garner their attention
An issue of low moral intensity to a person is most likely to ______. 1) not garner their attention 2) not illicit an opinion when noticed 3) have high consequences if ignored 4) illicit unethical behavior in response
4) ethical problems are best solved by viewing them from another's perspective
By comparing ethical theories to foreign languages, the text is suggesting that ______. 1) ethical problems are best solved by having each participant attack it using a different ethical theory 2) we should seek to find common ground by adopting the same ethical theory to work on a problem 3) ethical theories are rarely compatible with each other when working on ethical problems 4) ethical problems are best solved by viewing them from another's perspective
2) high power distance and high masculinity
Corruption is more likely to thrive in a culture when which of the following characteristics are met? 1) individualistic and feminine 2) high power distance and high masculinity 3) collectivist and high self-restraint 4) high uncertainty avoidance and low indulgence
2) "Should all people late for important meetings ignore crosswalk signals?"
A deontologist wants to hurry across busy traffic to make a meeting she is late for but doesn't want to wait for the "walk" signal. In trying to decide if this is acceptable, she wants to know whether or not the possible action is a categorical imperative. What question should she ask herself? 1) "Should I place my own success in my career above the safety of those around me?" 2) "Should all people late for important meetings ignore crosswalk signals?" 3) "Is the traffic law that dictates one must wait for a crossing signal an ethical or reasonable one?" 4) "Would most people sympathize with my decision to rush across before the signal?"
3) She will need someone who wants the company to operate within the law
A financial services company has just lost its CFO and is seeking to hire someone for the position. As the CEO goes about the process of looking at applicants, why might she want to hire a cultural relativist? 1) She will want someone who is motivated to achieve a high level of personal success, thus working hard for higher salaries and bonuses. 2) She will want someone who adheres to universal ethical principles, thus elevating the public reputation of the company. 3) She will need someone who wants the company to operate within the law. 4) She will want someone who looks out for the interests of upper management.
1) recognizing a situation has ethical dynamics
How does the text define "moral awareness and sensitivity"? 1) recognizing a situation has ethical dynamics 2) possessing an ability to make highly ethical decisions in uncertain situations 3) sensing when others are in a moral or ethical dilemma 4) the ability to resist unethical behavior when it is the easier choice
1) It is habit- and action-based instead of rule-based
How does virtue ethics differ from deontology? 1) It is habit- and action-based instead of rule-based. 2) It allows for more emphasis on self-interest. 3) It is ends-based instead of rule-based. 4) It takes into consideration the welfare of all individuals, not just the majority.
2) the more politically powerful employee
In a business where egoism is the predominant ethical theory, which employee would receive a scarce resource when there is competition over that scarce resource? 1) the one who needs it the most 2) the more politically powerful employee 3) all competing employees through equal distribution 4) the employee who makes a better argument to management
4) when the first serious consequences become apparent
In the chapter's initial Volkswagen emissions cheating scenario, at what point does the subject--the engineer who helped with the cheating--first truly question why he or she was complicit in the cheating? 1) when the scheme appears to be successful 2) when the environmental effects are considered 3) when first approached to help with the cheating 4) when the first serious consequences become apparent
2) cultural relativism
In the hypothetical Volkswagen engineer scenario, which is the lowest level ethical theory that suggests the engineer should not assist in the cheating scheme? 1) social group relativism 2) cultural relativism 3) virtue ethics 4) deontology
3) All of the theories options disagree with virtue ethics and deontology AND the virtue ethics path is illegal
In which of the following situations should a decision maker most consider adjusting the virtuous decision based on more pragmatic concerns? 1) Utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics are in alignment AND the action they recommend will result in job termination or material loss for the decision maker. 2) Utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics are in alignment AND the action they recommend is illegal. 3) All of the theories options disagree with virtue ethics and deontology AND the virtue ethics path is illegal. 4) Virtue ethics has an interpretation that counters all the other issues, but the virtuous path will protect or benefit the decision maker.
2) Virtue ethics, the highest level ethical theory, matches Stage 6, Kohlberg's highest
In which of the following ways do the ethical theories compare or contrast with Lawrence Kohlberg's six stages of moral reasoning? 1) Egoism does not correspond well to any of Kohlberg's stages. 2) Virtue ethics, the highest level ethical theory, matches Stage 6, Kohlberg's highest. 3) Utilitarianism can be seen in every Kohlberg stage. 4) Cultural relativism is seen most strongly in Stage 1 because of all the cultural influences on early child development.
4) A utilitarian would not consider the mere existence of a law as a reason to follow it
In which of the following ways does utilitarianism differ from cultural relativism? 1) A utilitarian might take an action if it benefits only the minority, while a cultural relativist would seek to benefit the majority. 2) Utilitarians think of fewer people when considering the consequences of an action. 3) A utilitarian would consider the norms of the larger society as an important source of ethical thinking. 4) A utilitarian would not consider the mere existence of a law as a reason to follow it.
4) The company is very large, with employee numbers in the tens of thousands
Min-Wae's company is continually battling unethical behavior among employees, which has grown over the last year. Based on research, which of the following variables is least likely to be a factor in this problem? 1) The company has a "be a team player" attitude when it comes to unethical behavior. 2) The company lacks a code of ethics or any officially articulated ethical standards. 3) The company is undergoing a difficult financial period with rapidly declining profits. 4) The company is very large, with employee numbers in the tens of thousands.
2) less motivated by fairness than they are by group loyalty
Research shows that conservatives differ from liberals in their ethical intuition in that they are ______. 1) less motivated by a respect for authority than by notions of reciprocity 2) less motivated by fairness than they are by group loyalty 3) more motivated by the perception of harm than by notions of purity 4) less motivated by ethics or morals than they are by personal gain
1) what other managers would do in a similar situation
Social group relativism would argue that a manager would make an ethical decision based on ______. 1) what other managers would do in a similar situation 2) how their close friends, coworkers, and relatives would act in a similar situation 3) what their cultural values tell them to do 4) the outcome that would give them the best chance of promotion and success
1) Seek the help of a mentor to get moved to another project
The text suggests that in the Volkswagen scenario, choosing not to participate will be personally damaging to the engineer. How should the engineer deal with this possibility? 1) Seek the help of a mentor to get moved to another project. 2) Quit the company rather than refuse to participate from inside the company. 3) Be a public whistleblower in order to gain public sympathy. 4) Pretend to go along with the scheme but undermine it from the inside.
4) List all options under consideration
What is the decision maker's first step in the critical thinking decision-making process? 1) Consider the consequence of virtuous action to the self. 2) Decide whether or not the issue has ethical dimensions. 3) Ask what one's peers would do in the situation. 4) List all options under consideration.
2) moral awareness
What is the first component of James Rest's ethical decision-making model? 1) moral judgement 2) moral awareness 3) moral intentions 4) moral actions
2) analyze the ethical dimension of a decision
What is the purpose of the Rotary International's Four-Way Test? 1) determine the internal morality of an individual 2) analyze the ethical dimension of a decision 3) analyze the degree of moral awareness of an individual 4) help an individual develop ethical character
4) his deeply embedded value system
When witnessing a person unknowingly drop a ten-dollar bill, Kumail instantly grabs the bill and hands it back, using his ethical intuition. From what source did this subconscious decision likely flow? 1) a consideration of his society's value system 2) reflection using his moral awareness 3) execution of a theory of planned behavior 4) his deeply embedded value system
4) individual, organization, and societal characteristics, moral consciousness, and moral intensity
Which of the following best encompasses the influences on a person's ethical judgement? 1) ethical intuition and deep reflection 2) deep reflection on morality based on the society's perceived beliefs 3) deeply ingrained value patterns and beliefs 4) individual, organization, and societal characteristics, moral consciousness, and moral intensity
1) A company's poor working and sanitation conditions causes a fire that kills 17 people
Which of the following incidents would Tom Jones consider to have the highest moral intensity? 1) A company's poor working and sanitation conditions causes a fire that kills 17 people. 2) A company's continued pollution over a decade contributes to lower respiratory health for everyone in a tristate area. 3) A company corruption scandal forces the resignation of several members of top management. 4) A company corruption scandal plummets the company's social standing and lowered profits bring about many layoffs.
4) Do not steal
Which of the following is a deontological principle shared by/agreed upon by all the major religions of the world? 1) Give yourself to the service of others. 2) See the good in all people. 3) Do no harm. 4) Do not steal.
4) seeking to be a team player
Which of the following is among the most prominent organizational reasons for unethical behavior at work? 1) excessive financial success 2) known punishments for unethical behaviors 3) retaliation against more successful coworkers 4) seeking to be a team player
4) The act is going to cause someone harm within just a few minutes
Which of the following is likely to cause an act to have high moral intensity to a person? 1) The outcome of the act is highly unpredictable. 2) The act will not affect others to a very serious degree. 3) The morality of the act is likely to illicit many varying opinions from those witnessing it. 4) The act is going to cause someone harm within just a few minutes.
1) ethical intuition
Which of the following is sometimes compared to having a "gut reaction" about the moral nature of an issue or action? 1) ethical intuition 2) moral awareness 3) moral identity 4) moral sensitivity
2) social relativism, cultural relativism, utilitarianism, deontology
Which of the following lists correctly ranks its theories from lower to higher stage of moral reasoning, according to general consensus? 1) cultural relativism, social relativism, utilitarianism, deontology 2) social relativism, cultural relativism, utilitarianism, deontology 3) utilitarianism, virtue ethics, deontology 4) cultural relativism, utilitarianism, egoism, deontology
3) She could later tell people about giving money and be respected for it
Which of the following rationales would Maria, an egoist, most likely use for deciding to give money to a local charity? 1) Giving to the charity would help her fit in with society's expectations of moral behavior. 2) The money may go to people who truly need it, and it may benefit their lives. 3) She could later tell people about giving money and be respected for it. 4) Giving to the charity is a clear moral act.
1) The follower of this theory believes that members of larger society have and should respect common interests
Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is accurate? 1) The follower of this theory believes that members of larger society have and should respect common interests. 2) It seeks to minimize human bias. 3) It will naturally advance the personal success or interests of one who follows it. 4) Being a higher-level ethical theory, it is not possible to advance out of cultural relativism.
2) Just because a person forms an ethical intention does not mean he or she will act on it
Which of the following statements about ethical intention is accurate? 1) Ethical intention leads to ethical judgment. 2) Just because a person forms an ethical intention does not mean he or she will act on it. 3) It is easier to form an unethical intention than an ethical intention. 4) Old habits help strengthen the will to follow through with an ethical intention.
1) A person's moral awareness is likely to be stronger as a teenager than as a young child
Which of the following statements about moral awareness is accurate? 1) A person's moral awareness is likely to be stronger as a teenager than as a young child. 2) People with low moral awareness will likely make ethical decisions in situations they do not recognize as ethical. 3) A person's moral awareness remains constant at the various stages of moral development. 4) A person with high moral awareness may understand to act ethically while only considering the impact of their decisions on himself or herself.
1) Benefits to VW and shareholders were calculated in the greatest good, but they suffered overall
Why does the text suggest that the Volkswagen managers and engineers may have miscalculated the utilitarian analysis? 1) Benefits to VW and shareholders were calculated in the greatest good, but they suffered overall. 2) The personal cost to the decision makers--particularly the engineers involved--was particularly high. 3) The harm caused to the majority of stakeholders--through minimal rises in air pollution--was smaller than anticipated. 4) Benefits to all stakeholders were calculated in the greatest good, and they were higher than expected.
3) In calculating what benefits the greatest good, the tally seems to lean slightly in favor of cheating.
Why does utilitarianism seem to suggest that the engineer should help Volkswagen cheat on emissions? 1) Utilitarianism tends to consider only direct, immediate negative impacts into its calculations. 2) Cheating would benefit the engineer's in-group, such as managers and coworkers. 3) In calculating what benefits the greatest good, the tally seems to lean slightly in favor of cheating. 4) Environmental impacts are generally not factored into a utilitarian calculation.
2) Some virtues, when practiced in a real situation, are not compatible with others
Why might virtue ethics cause problems for a manager? 1) Virtue ethicists often ignore the needs of others while pursuing perfect character. 2) Some virtues, when practiced in a real situation, are not compatible with others. 3) The constant practice of virtuous behavior is not typically in sync with the larger business climate. 4) There is very little agreement on what constitutes virtuous behavior.
1) The more politically powerful party is likely to get the scarce resource
Within the context of organizations, what do egoism and social group relativism have in common? 1) The more politically powerful party is likely to get the scarce resource. 2) Self-interest plays less of a role than does departmental interest. 3) Cultural rules dominate ethical decision making. 4) Parties tend to apply the same standards to different individuals or groups.
4) Praise by your superiors has a major influence on you
You reason at a Stage 3 conventional level of moral development. Which of the following characteristics apply to you? 1) You often think about moral issues and have a moderate to high moral awareness. 2) You have a high moral identity. 3) You have a highly individualistic sense of morality. 4) Praise by your superiors has a major influence on you.