Ethics Final

One version of Kant's categorical imperative:

- always treat people, including yourself as ends in themselves and never solely as means

Corporations are:

- in the eyes are law, corporations are legal persons -Corporations enjoy rights and protections that any ordinary individuals do -Corporations have the right to free speech, due process, against unreasonable searches and seizures, jury trail, and freedom from double jeopardy

Advantages of applying utilitarianism in an organizational context are:

- provides a clear straightforward standard for formulating and testing policies -offers an objective way for resolving conflicts of self-interest -suggests a flexible, result-oriented approach to moral decision making

The "standard theory" of justification of whistle-blowing

- the would-be whistle blower has credible evidence that the firm's product or actions will cause serious considerable harm to the public -the would-be whistle blower has good reason to believe that revealing the threat will probably prevent the harm at a reasonable cost

History of the American union movement:

-Employers have opposed unions at almost every step -Unions have increased the security and standard living of workers and contributed to the social stability and economic growth -the Knights of Labor was the first truly national trade union, established in 1869

What is AIC securities' firing an experienced, well-rated employee because he had been diagnosed with brain cancer an example of?

Dismissal without just cause

True or False: A homocentric environmental perspective is based on the idea that environmental problems should be addressed in a way that respects the intrinsic value of the natural world, both living and non living

FALSE

True or False: According to the case, "Made in the U.S.A.--Dumped in Brazil, Africa, Iraq..," the Reagan administration made it a Federal felony to sell any dangerous products overseas that have been banned in the U.S.

FALSE

True or False: Associative advertising is best described as a non-manipulative form of advertising that simply provides information to the consumer

FALSE

True or False: Distributive justice is primarily concerned with whether criminal penalties are assigned in a fair and equitable manner

FALSE

True or False: Ecology refers to the science of the social interrelationships among human beings

FALSE

True or False: Louis Blanc's principle, "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" is a basic tenet of laissez faire economics

FALSE

True or False: Misleading labeling and deceptive packaging do not pose any moral issues because consumers can choose not to buy the product

FALSE

True or False: Most people argue that questions for protecting insignificant plants or animals should never enter into debates about protecting the environment

FALSE

True or False: Nonconequentualists such as Kant hold that the moral rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by the consequences of that action

FALSE

True or False: One version of Kant's categorical imperative requires us to always act in such a way that the end morally justifies whatever means we choose to achieve that end

FALSE

True or False: Rule utilitarian requires us to calculate the consequences of all the available alternatives each time we make a decision to act one way or another

FALSE

True or False: Socialism is an economic system in which capital assets are privately owned

FALSE

True or False: The Constitutional rights of U.S. employees are fully protected in the workplace regardless of whether the employer is private or public

FALSE

True or False: The Greenhouse effect uses environmental problems for coal-burning electrical generating plants, but not for highly efficient fossil fuels like natural gas and propane

FALSE

True or False: The case "Hacking into Harvard" concerns Harvard students who hacked into the academic computer system and changed their grades

FALSE

True or False: The case, "Catastrophe in Bangladesh", concerns the deaths of 1,129 factory workers killed by poisonous fumes

FALSE

True or False: The case, "Speaking Out About Malt," does not actually involve any ethical issues surrounding freedom of speech

FALSE

True or False: The case, "The Ford Pinto" is used to illustrate how even death can result when seat-of-the-pants business decisions are substituted for the more expensive process of cost-benefit analysis

FALSE

True or False: The concept of laissez faire ism incompatible with libertarianism

FALSE

True or False: The expression "invisible hand" is a reference to Marx's critique of capitalism in which the "invisible hand" of the capitalist is always on the throat of the worker

FALSE

True or False: Under the legal doctrine of strict product liability, a consumer injured by a defective product must show that the manufacturer knew of the defect and was negligent

FALSE

True or False: Whistle-blowers have a moral obligation never to harm the firm against whom they are blowing the whistle

FALSE

True or False: a nonconsequentilist (deontological) theory of ethics looks only at the consequences of an action to determine whether the action is right or wrong

FALSE

True or false: According to case 4.4, "A New Work Ethic?" Exxon chairman Lawrence Rawl falsely claimed that he did not have government approval to use oil dispersant chemicals, when in fact their use had been approved in advance

FALSE

What happens in "Ethics of Sales" (Ch.6), Thomas L. Carson?

He defends his position with a version of the Golden Rule

The Divine Command Theory of Ethics

a nonconsequentialist (deontological) theory

A rule utilitarian:

a person who adopts the Golden Rule as his or her fundamental moral guide because "everyone's following it on a regular basis will make the world a better place"

Shaw and Berry says a sound or adequate moral judgement must be:

based on defensible moral principles, logical, and based on facts

The main moral issue involved in case 5.6, "Corporate Taxation," is:

corporate tax avoidance

External cost:

cost that we pay for a product that are not included in the market price of the product

What does John Orlando ("The Ethics of Corporate Downsizing in ch.4) argue?

downsizing is often morally wrong

The view of economist Milton Friedman regarding the moral responsibility of business:

increase profit -IMPORTANT

The doctrine of caveat emptor:

no longer dominates the area of product liability in consumer purchases

What do socialized goods in the United States include?

streets and highways, historical monuments, and education

A moral relativist:

the idea that there is no absolute ethical standard independent of what a particular society believes

In "A Defense of Programs of Preferential Treatment," Richard Wasserstrom uses the tennis court example to argue that:

there is no necessary connection between academic merit and deserving admission to an academic program

Cost-benefit analysis in environmental issues are:

very complex

The case, "Minority Set-Asides," most closely concerns:

violation of the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

True or False: John Isbister ("Income Distribution") argues that perfect equality of income would be inefficient, nut that the vast inequalities in the U.S. are unjust

TRUE

True or False: John Locke's theory of private property underlies libertarianism

TRUE

True or False: Manipulative advertising may be defined as advertising that tries to favorably alter consumers' perceptions of the advertised product by appeals to factors other than the product's physical attributes and functional performance

TRUE

True or False: Merchantability is an implied warranty that a product is fit for its intended use

TRUE

True or False: Moral realist hold that slavery really is morally right or morally wrong, and is not just a matter of personal opinion

TRUE

True or False: One of the assigned cases in the textbook involves a special education teacher who had her teaching license revoked for engaging in oral copulation with three men at a private residence

TRUE

True or False: Paul Camenisch ("Business Ethics: On Getting the Heart of the Matter" in Ch. 5) disagrees with the view that unrestrained pursuit of profit maximization is the definitive feature of business activity

TRUE

True or False: Punishing an innocent person in order to produce great social benefit would be morally acceptable in some types of utilitarianism

TRUE

True or False: Robert C. Soloman ("It's Good Business") formulates a number of rules that he believes are "crucial" for ethical thinking in business

TRUE

True or False: Ronald M. Green ("When is 'Everybody's Doing It' a Moral Justification?") develops a set of conditions that must be met for individuals or organizations to be morally justified in doing something because "everybody's going it."

TRUE

True or False: Some utilitarians, e,g., Peter Singer ("Not for Humans Only: The Place of Nonhumans in Eviromental Issues" ch.7), argue that animal pain must be taken into account in assessing the morality of a business practice such as pharmaceutical animal testing

TRUE

True or False: The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (the Wanger Act) prohibits employers from interfering with covered employees who attempt to organize a union

TRUE

True or False: The auto industry has a long and consistent history of fighting against safety regulations, e.g., lobbying the federal government to deal seat belt and air bags requirements

TRUE

True or False: The case, "Eminent Domain", concerns the Constitution power of a state or the Federal government to take a person's private property for public use

TRUE

True or False: The case, "Union Discrimination," concerns a pro-union organization call the National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation

TRUE

True or False: The first corporations were medieval towns, universities, and ecclesiastical orders, chartered by government and regulated by public statute

TRUE

True or False: The maximum rule for making a decision is to attempt to maximize the minimum that one will receive compared with other alternatives

TRUE

True or False: There is nothing illegal about a gas station deliberately charging the same price as its competitors, but of the station owner forms an agreement with competitors to charge the same price, then it is price-fixing

TRUE

True or False: Under the legal principle of employment at will, the employer may fire an employee at any tome, for any reason, or for no reason

TRUE

True or False: Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory

TRUE

True or False: W.D. Ross held that our moral experiences are too complex to be reduced to either the principal of utility or the categorical imperative because we have various duties that come into conflict with each other and there are no universal rules for the resolution of those conflicts

TRUE

True or False: William H. Shaw and Vincent Barry (Ch.1 "The Nature of Morality") describes the Kitty Genovese case as an illustration of how human beings can surrender moral responsibility in situations of anonymity

TRUE

True or False: the case 4.6, "Paying College Athletes," discusses Carolina Panthers quarterback Cam Newton and his father's attempt to extract cash from a university that was recruiting him

TRUE

True or False: the term, "superagatory" refers to an action that is morally praiseworthy but is not a moral duty

TRUE

True or false: The principle of Utility states that actions are right if they promote the greatest human welfare, and wrong if they do not

TRUE

True or False: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 allows "grease" payments to clerical employees of foreign governments

TRUE-page 504

True or False: Former Brown and Willanson Tobacco executive Jeggery Wigand revealed in a 60 Minutes interview that Brown and Williamson knew nicotine was addictive and intentionally manipulated the tobacco content of its cigarettes to increase the amount of nicotine they delivered

TRUE

True or False: From a Rawlsian perspective, income inequality is morally justified if, minimally, the inequalities are arranged to benefit the least-advantaged

TRUE

True or False: Giving a prospective customer a case of expensive whiskey prior to signing a sales contract would not be considered a bribe if both parties had already agreed to the sale prior to the presentation of the gift

TRUE

True or False: Higher environmental standards may actually increase efficiency and productivity

TRUE

True or False: If worker participation in corporate decision-making improves the bottom line then the traditional theory of managerial agency, mangers have a fiduciary responsibility to the owners to promote worker participation

TRUE

True or False: In "The Meaning and Value of Work," Joseph DesJardins describes the classical view of work as something to be avoided so that more valuable human activities can be pursued, such as art, politics, and culture

TRUE

True or False: Capitalism can exist in both democratic countries like the U.S. and in nondemocratic counters like Fascist Italy

TRUE

True or False: Case 5.1. "Yahoo in China," concerns the American company helping the Chinese government locate a Chinese democracy dissident

TRUE

True or False: Case 7.1, "Hazardous Homes in Herculaneum," concerns lead contamination

TRUE

True or False: Case 7.2, "Poverty and Pollution," concerns the conflict between air pollution and economic development in Brazil

TRUE

True or False: D.W. Haslett ("Is Inheritance Justifies?") argues that inherited wealth is inconsistent with capitalist values

TRUE

True or False: Employees have the legal right to refuse work that exposes them to imminent and serious danger, without retaliation by employee

TRUE

True or False: Ethics is one of the major subfields of philosophy

TRUE

Drug testing of employees raises what issues:

-informed consent -pertinence of testing to the job description -right of privacy versus property right

What is a corporation made up of?

-stockholders who provide the capital, own the corporation, and enjoy liability limited to the amount of their investment -managers, who run the business operations - employees, who produce the goods and services

John Mcall"s Position in "Participation in Employment":

Our society ought to move vigorously in the direction of a broader authority for all workers

What does the expression "veil of ignorance" refer to?

Rawlsian idea that principles of justice must be determined from a perspective in which no one knows about their own personal circumstances

To each an equal share To each according to individual need To each according to personal effort To each according to social contribution To each according to merit

Rival principles of distributive justice

The 1916 MacPherson vs. Buick Motor car case (Ch.6) expanded the liability for injuries caused by defective products to include manufacturers, not just retailers that sold the defective product

TRUE

True or False: A key difference between the rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism is that the latter requires calculation of the consequences of every action

TRUE

True or False: A laissez-faire economy is the same as a free market economy

TRUE

True or False: A logical flaw with ethical egoism is that it is not my self-interest for you to be an ethical egoist because you would be pursuing your self-interest rather than mine

TRUE

True or False: A naturalistic or biocentric environmental ethical theory holds that nature can have value apart from the interests of human beings

TRUE

True or False: A workplace dress code requiring construction workers to wear hardhats would be a morally justified invasion employee privacy rights

TRUE

True or False: According to case 6.1, "Breast Implants." there is no evidence that silicone breast implants cause disease of any kind, ending a thirteen- year ban in 2006

TRUE

True or False: Adam Smith believed that higher levels of production caused by specialization of labor inevitably leads to a greater general welfare for all

TRUE

True or False: Adam Smith's idea that self-interest necessarily leads to the greatest social benefit is a utilitarian approach, not one of ethical egoism

TRUE

True or False: Adam Smith, "the father of capitalism," believed that individual pursuit of self-interest frequently promotes the interests of society better than any deliberate plan to benefit society

TRUE

True or False: An oligopoly is the concentration of property and resources in the hands of a few firms

TRUE

True or False: Bernard Madoff's fradulent hedge fund was a "gigantic Ponzi scheme"

TRUE