Ethics final review

The idea that acts have consequences is referred as a. ethics b. normative ethics c. Karma d. None of the above

C Karma

These are general duties that one should uphold, but don not have a specific application as to when and how: a. duties b. values c. imperfect duties d. meta-ethics

Imperfect duties

The for major themes of formal ethical codes for law enforcement include all except: a. fairness b. personal conduct c. service d. integrity

Integrity

"an eye for an eye" and "a tooth for a tooth are examples of: a. Lex Talionis b. Lex Salica c. Punitive justice d. rectificatory justice

a. Lex Talionis

Discretion can be defined as: a. authority to make decisions between two or more choices b. "safe for tourist" zone c. zero-tolerance policy d. blue wall of integrity

a. authority to make decisions between two or more choices

which type of justice concerns what measurement should be used to allocate society's resources? a. distributive justice b. commutative justice c. exemplary justice d. corrective justice

a. distributive justice

An ethical belief system based largely upon character and behavior of the person: a. ethics of virtue b. egoism c. natural law d. cultural relativism

a. ethics of virtue

Teleological ethical systems focus on which of the following as it relates to ethics: a. morality of an action is based on the consequences produce by the action b. based on one's o duty c. aesthetic pleasure d. fairness and equality

a. morality of an action is based on the consequences produce by the action

The idea that principles of morals and rights are inherent in nature not man made: a. natural law b. ethics of virtue c. ethics of care d. egoism

a. natural law

Kania believes that gratuities should be allowed because: a. officers don't make much money b. they cement social bonds c. they are in payment for special services d. they are without cost

a. officers don't make much money

During Kohlberg's ____ level, the person approaches moral issues motivated purely by personal interest. a. pre-conventional b. post-conventional c. un-conventional d. conventional

a. pre-conventional

While ____ justice looks at the steps to be taking before administering punishment, ____ is concerned with unfair advantage or unjust enrichment occurs through contract disputes or criminal events. a. procedural; corrective b. substantive; distributive c. substantive; procedural d. procedural; distributive

a. procedural; corrective

In US vs. Martinez-Furete(1976) the court addressed which issue below a. racial stops b. use of force c. undercover operations d. use of tasers

a. racial stops

The idea that there are few universal truths, different situations call for different responses a. situational ethics b. moral pluralis c. ethics of virtue d. both a and b

a. situational ethics

The belief that attorneys are lawyers first and foremost: a. the legal agent position on the attorney-client relationship b. the moral sgent position on the attorney-client relationship c. the special relationship position on the attorney- client relatonship d. none of thees is correct

a. the legal agent position on the attorney-client relationship

the concept that there are may groups in society and that they form allegiances and coalitions in dynamic exchange for power is most consistent with: a. the pluralist paradigm b. the conflict paradigm c. the consensus paradigm d. the repressive paradigm

a. the pluralist paradigm

Power is defined as: a. the right inherent in a role to used any means to overcome resistance b. the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance c. the use of words and arguments to induce compliance d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

a. the right inherent in a role to used any means to overcome resistance

In Byran vs. McPherson which issue below was addressed by the courts: a. the use of Tasers b. racial profiling c. when to use deadly force d. both a and d

a. the use of Tasers

In Barker and Carter's proposed typology of lies, tolerated lies are: a. those that are necessary evils b. use to control the person c. those used during undercover investigations d. never acceptable in police work

a. those that re necessary evils

The type of justice that looks to the greatest good for all at the end is called a. utilitarian justice b. restorative justice c. compensatory justice d. egalitarian justice

a. utilitarian justice

the term entrapment refers to: a. when an otherwise innocent person commits an illegal act because of police encouragement or enticement b. when an otherwise innocent person with criminal record commits an illegal act agter being told by police that it was not against the law c. when a person with a criminal record commits an illigal act because he or she was forced to do so by a police officer d. when a person with a criminal record commits an illegal act and become trapped in the location

a. when an otherwise innocent person commits an illegal act because of police encouragement or enticement

Those that risk a career to expose wrongdoing in their organizations are: a. whistle blowers b. civil disobedience c. protesters d. self-efficacy

a. whistle blowers

The concept of hedonistic calculus is associated with: a. Beccaria b. Bentham c. Hirschi d. Sutherland

b. Bentham

The question of whether police should use immoral means to reach a desired moral end is addressed by the term: a. Clint dilemma b. Dirty Harry problem c. Abu Ghraib curse d. the Robocop problem

b. Dirty Harry problem

Which case below established the legal standard that offices have the right to use reasonable force in any interaction with the public if deemed necessary. a. Miss vs. Davis b. Graham vs. Conner c. Bryan vs. Mcpherson d. Terry vs. Ohio

b. Graham vs. Conner

_____ can be defined as the individual feelings of competence, and this sense is developed by comparing the self to others. a. cognitive dissonance b. self-efficacy c. Euphemistic morality d. self-adequacy

b. Self-efficacy

the approach in which each case is: treated as one of many is called a. assembly line justice b. bureaucratic justice c. rational justice d. wedding-cake illustration justice

b. bureaucratic justice

Substantive justice and procedural justice are components of: a. distributive justice b. corrective justice c. punitive justice d. rectificatory justice

b. corrective justice

Which below is not one of the three themes of justice: a. fairness b. ethics c. equality d. impartiality

b. ethics

Items of value received by an individual because of his or her role or position rather than because of a personal relationship with the giver are called: a. freebies b. gratuities c. bribes d. rewards

b. gratuities

Which part of the brain is associated with empathy? a. frontal lobes b. inferior parietal lobe c. left hemisphere d. right hemisphere

b. inferior parietal lobe

civilians who are used to obtain information about criminal activity and/or participate in it so evidence cna be obtained for an arrest are called: a. snitch b. informants c. tattlers d. witness

b. informants

Legal moralism refers to: a. laws that protect children against their parents. b. law that protect societal morals c. laws that protect individual from hurting themselves d. laws that guarantee the rights of the father.

b. law that protect societal morals

The idea that there are fundamental truths that may dictate different definitions of what is moral in different situations. a. a situational ethics b. moral pluralism c. cultural relativism d. principles of forfeiture

b. moral pluralism

the ____ approach examines the government's participation and wheter it has exceeded accepted leagl standards to determine if entrapment occurred a. secondary b. objective c. subjective d. primary

b. objective

Rawls's veil of ignorance states that: a. Welfare should be given to the least advantaged of ignorant in our society. b. one must be ignorant of their own position in society in order to make just decisions. c. Ignorance results in unfairness d. Because we are ignorant of God's plan, equal distribution of goods is the most just.

b. one must be ignorant of their own position in society in order to make just decisions.

Lack of background checks, poor internal discipline procedures, and poor supervision are all examples of what type of explanations for police deviance? a. societal b. organizational c. individual d. philosophical

b. organizational

In his "corruption continuum" Trautmen argues that organizations create unethical employees through several steps. which of the following is not one of these steps? a. ignoring obvious ethical problems b. perceived sense of victimization c. survival of the fittest d. hypocrisy and fear-dominated culture

b. perceived sense of victimization

Fyfe and Kane discuss three types of police misconduct including all of the following except: a. police crime b. police corruption c. abuse of power d. abuse of authority

b. police corruption

During Kohlberg's _____ level, a person moves beyond the norms and law of a society to determine universal good, that is, what is good for all of society. a. pre-conventional b. post-conventional c. un-conventional d. conventional

b. post-conventional

The idea that on gives up one's rights to be treated with respect when they disrespected or interfere with the rights of others. a. Principle of golden mean b. principle of forfeiture c. Egoism d. Ethics of care

b. principle of forfeiture

An ancient right based on church power which allowed a person respite from punishment as long as he or she was within the confines of church grounds is called: a. refuge b. sanctuary c. asylum d. haven

b. sanctuary

Which part of the country has the highest incident of police use of force: a. north b. south c. east d. west

b. south

In Shaffer and Cochran's typology, the guru: a. engages the client in moral dialogue and tries to convince client of proper course of action b: controls the client with his own moral compass as a guide c. promotes client's interest above all others. d. does what the client wants

b: controls the client with his own moral compass as a guide

which below is not one of the four elements involved in making an ethical judgment: a. an act b. only human acts c. belief in god d. freewill

c. Belief in god

The use of physical force to obtain a convention become illegal with: a. Diaz vs. Texas b. Bartley vs. Montana c. Brown vs. Mississippi d. Miranda vs. Conneticut

c. Brown vs. Mississippi

According to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the due process model operates? a. efficiency is a top priority b. there is a presumption of guilt c. Protection of process is as important as protection of innocents d. emphasis is on speed and finality

c. Protection of process is as important as protection of innocents

Retributive justice is best described by what term? a. balance b. deterrence c. vengeance d. rehabilitation

c. Vengeance

In may 2010, Arizona passed a controversial law requiring police officers in the state to: a. ask for proof of citizenship or residency from everyone they stopped b. ask for proof of citizenship or residency from all motorists c. ask for proof of citizenship of residency if there was reasonable suspicion that the person was a illegal immigrant d. ask for proof of citizenship or residency if the person looked Hispanic

c. ask for proof of citizenship of residency if there was reasonable suspicion that the person was a illegal immigrant

These are required behaviors of actions, the responsibilities that are attached to a specific role: a. Imperfect duties b. values c. Duties d. Superogatories

c. duties

According to Kant. What is the key to morality when we examine one's action in deontological ethics? a. greatest good for the greatest number of people b. happiness c. human will or intention d. calculation of pleasure verses pain

c. human will or intention

Which below are laws put in place in place to protect individuals from hurting themselves: a. repressive law b. legal moralism c. legal paternalism d. civil law

c. legal paternalism

According to learning theorist: a. behavior arises from moral beliefs b. moral behavior arises through reason c. moral beliefs arise from a habit of moral behavior that is the product of reinforcement d. behavior has biological origins

c. moral beliefs arise from a habit of moral behavior that is the product of reinforcement

The idea that principles of morals and rights are inherent in nature: a. legal paternalism b. positive law c. natural law d. criminal law

c. natural law

According to Kohlberg, which is the second level of moral development? a. Punishment and obedience orientation b. instrument and relativity orientation c. people see themselves as members of society d. law and order orientation

c. people see themselves as members of society

crime control is an approach that is consistent with the following except: a. criminals are the enemey b. police officers are soldiers in a war c. police officers serve all people d. efficiency is a top priority

c. police officers serve all the people

Which below refers to human made law: a. natural law b. legal moralism c. positivist law d. harm principle

c. positivist law

the practice of ticketing an officer who is stopped for speeding or for other driving violations is called: a. blue gratuity b. professional gift c. professional courtesy d. blue graft

c. professional courtesy

In Shaffer and Cochran's typology, the godfather. a. engages the client in moral dialogue and tries to convince client of proper course of action b. controls the client with his own moral compass as guide c. promotes client interest above all others d. does what the client wants

c. promotes client interest above all others

The concept that humans naturally and inherently seek self interest, because it is in our nature: a. egoism b. enlightened egoism c. psychological egoism d. situational ethics

c. psychological egoism

Which of the following is a type of test that measures an individual's ability to recognize and/of agree with more terms? a. memory test b. spatial skill test c. recognition test d. intelligence test

c. recognition test

Which of the strategies below terms of ethical leadership may cause a decrease in police misconduct: a. indifference toward integrity b. two men patrols, instead of one c. role modeling d. low supervision

c. role modeling

Ethics is best defined by which of the following: a. Study of one's values b. study of ones religion c. study of god and evil and defining moral duties d. both a and c

c. study of god and evil and defining moral duties

According to the text, explanations of corruption include all of the following except: a. individual explanations b. organizational explanations c. sub-cultural explanations d. societal explanations

c. sub-cultural explanations

Deterrence is the central theme of what theory of corrective justice? a. utilitarian b. retributive c. substantive d. compensatory

c. substantive

The idea that most people have similar beliefs, values, and goals and that societal laws reflect the majority view is most consistent with: a. the pluralist paradigm b. the conflict paradigm c. the consensus paradigm d. the repressive paradigm

c. the consensus

Which below is not one of the three parts of peacemaking: a. connectedness b. mindfulness c. virtue d. caring

c. virtue

Which of the following statement is false? a. some studies indicate that blacks express more unfair treatment from the police that whites b. In some studies higher income blacks express a more negative attitude of police that lower income black c. Blacks report more excessive use of force complaints d. Hispanics are more likely that blacks to report feelings that the police would treat the fairly.

d. Hispanics are more likely that blacks to report feelings that the police would treat the fairly.

According to Barry human beings can know god's will in which ways: a. Individual conscience b. religious authorities c. holy scriptures d. all the above

d. all the above

Which below is a problem with informants a. credibility b. officers getting to close with them c. officers giving them drugs for their help d. all the above

d. all the above

Which below is associated with the conflict paradigm? The idea that groups in society have fundamental differences and that those in power control societial elements, including law, is most consistent with: a. law is repressive b. law is a tool for the powerful c. law is not value neutral d. all the above

d. all the above

which of the following is true according to data about about individual predictors of police misconduct: a. women are less likely than men to engage in police misconduct b. college educated officers receive fewer citizen complaints c. prior poor conduct predicts future bad conduct d. all the above

d. all the above

Lies that are used to control the person or to make the job easier in situations where force could be used are called: a. deviant lies b. blue lies c. tolerated lies d. accepted lies

d. blue lies

According to Metz. Which below is a way police administrators can encourage ethical conduct among officers: a. set realistic goals and objectives for the department b. provide ethical leadership c. hire more officers without a college education d. both a and b

d. both a and b

All criminal justice professional face different dilemmas, but all have which of the common elements below: a. discretion b. a duty to enforce the law c. good judgment d. both a and b

d. both a and b

which below are psychological traits of police officers that use excessive force according to Worden and Catlin 2002: a. lack of empathy b. inability to learn form experience c. tendency to take responsibility for their actions d. both a and b

d. both a and b

According to Balez. Which below is a characteristic of an ethical belief system: a. They are prescriptive b. most have values c. not self serving d. both a and c

d. both a and c

which below is a factor associated with morality: a. age b. ethnicity c. strong religious belief d. both a and c

d. both a and c

The voluntary braking of established laws based on one's moral beliefs is called: a. due process b. moral exception c. ethical justice d. civil disobedience

d. civil disobedience

A model of law enforcement that creates partnerships with the community and addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred to as: a. crime control policing b. proactive policing c. traditional policing d. community policing

d. community policing

Sanitizing language, such as "wasting" or "wacking" instead of killing is an example of: a. behavioral classification b. metaphorical cataloging c. cognitive adage d. euphemistic labeling

d. euphemistic labeling

John Stuart Mill proposed the "harm principle" which basically is the idea that every individual should: a. limit their behavior to that which is not harmful to any living thing. b. be controlled by social institutions at all times to limit his/her ability to do harm c. be imprisoned for life if they harm others or themselves d. have the utmost freedom over thir own actions unless they harm others

d. have the utmost freedom over thir own actions unless they harm others

Another name for the code of silence or the practice of police officers to remain silent when fellow officers commit unethical actions is: a. the blue wall b. the blue curtain of secrecy c. the green wall of silence d. the blue code

d. the blue code

Graft is defined as: a. the exploitation of one's role by utilizing excessive force while arresting someone. b. the exploitation of one's role by utilizing excessive force to obtain a confession c. the exploitation of one's role by accepting free coffee from convenience stores d. the exploitation of one's role by accepting bribes or protection money

d. the exploitation of one's role by accepting bribes or protection money

Authority is defined as: a. the right inherent in a role to used any means to overcome resistance b. the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance c. the use of words and arguments to induce compliance d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

In Barker and Carter's proposed typology of lies, deviant lies are: a. those that are necessary evils b. used to control the person c. those used during undercover investigations d. those used in the courtroom to make a case or cover up a wrongdoing

d. those used in the courtroom to make a case or cover up a wrongdoing

Which below is not a goal for studying ethics according to Braswell: a. To become more aware and open to ethical issues b. Become more personally responsible c. develop whole sight d. understanding that criminal justice is not all about force or coercion

d. understanding that criminal justice is not all about force or coercion

the model of justice in which the largest portion of criminal cases forms the bottom layers and the serious cases form the top layer is called: a. assembly line justice b. bureaucratic justice c. rational justice d. wedding-cake illustration justice

d. wedding-cake illustration justice