Ethics Mid Term

Religion

a set of beliefs about a transcendent God (god)

Opinion

a statement that is based only on a feeling rather than on fact

Descriptive Ethics

Aims to discover and describe the moral belief of a given society.

Metaphysics

Branch of philosophy concerned with the study of the nature of reality, including what it means to be human.

Begging the question

Capital Punishment is morally acceptable because murderers should be put to eath

Appeal to authority

Catherine Zeta Jones says to use T-Mobile because that phone company is the best

Conscience is broken into two parts: Cognitive and Defective: True or False

False

Cultural Relativism is logical : True or False

False

Cultural relativism can be viewed as nothing more than socially disapproved customs: True or False

False

Cultural relativism is a universalist theory: True or False

False

Cultural relativism is the same as cultural diversity: True or False

False

Ethics primarily deals with descriptive views at the same time is what type of distraction? True or False

False

In determinism, there is free will? True or False

False

In emotivism there are moral truths: True or False

False

In emotivism, all moral statements are not meaningless : True or False

False

In ethical subjectivism, we can know with certainty whether or not objective moral standards exist: True or False

False

In universalist theories, morality is created rather than discovered : True or False

False

Morality is dependent on or relative to God and morality does exist independently of God's will: True or False

False

People act more morally when others are around: True or False

False

Prescriptive statements deal with what ought to be in nonmoral values: True or False

False

The study of ethics must not take into account relevant facts about human nature: True or False

False

Virtue Ethics

Focuses on the virtues produced in individuals and not the morality of specific acts

Normative Ethics

Gives us practical guideline or behavioral norms

Plain Folks

I know tax increases are a bad idea...I pay taxes also just like everyone else. I have a dog named Fido and I drive a minivan. i like to shop at Food Lion and eat at Hardee's every morning.

Hasty generalization

I support racial profiling and the questioning of all Arabs by security officers in airports. Remember, it was Arabs who blew up the Twin Trade Towers.

Ignorance

I support the oil sanctions Obama and the European Union placed on Iran. After all, Iran has not proven that they aren't in the process of enriching uranium for nuclear weapons.

Abusive Fallacy

I'm not surprised you're arguing that hate speech should not be banned on college campus. After all, you're one of the most hateful, racist, and insensitive people I've ever met.

Non-Sequitur

If we can land on the Moon and Mars, then we can cure all diseases

Red Herring

In regard to my recent indictment for corruption, let's talk about what's really important instead...terrorists are out there, and if we don't stop them we're all gonna die!

Metaethics

Is concerned with appraising the logical foundations and internal consistencies of ethical systems

Ethical Subjectivism

Moral right and wrong are relative to the individual person, it is matter of individual opinion

Cultural Relativism

Morality is created collectively by groups of human and that it differs from society to society

Fallacy of Equivocation

My parents used to get into arguments all the time and they ended up getting divorced. Logic teaches people how to make arguments. Therefore, if you want a happy marriage, you should stay away from logic.

Appeal to tradition

Of course this mode of government is the best. We have had this government for over 200 years and no one has talked about changing it in all this time.

False Clause

Oh, hi mom...The arctic expedition was a remarkable success, I'm all but certain there's a Nobel Prize in my future. Actually, I shouldn't say that. I'm entirely certain. No, mother, I could not feel your church group praying for my safety. The fact that I'm home safe is not proof that it worked,...No I'm not sassing you in Eskimo talk.

Morality

Refers to the actual content of right and wrong

Ethics

Refers to the process of determining right and wrong

Plato defined conscience as an activity of the soul that directs us toward the good: True or False

True

Civil religion is a mix of Divine Command and Cultural Relativism: True or False

True

Cultural Relativist claim that it is arrogant to judge other cultures: True or False

True

Cultural relativism creates a divisive mentality: True or False

True

Cultural relativism does not correctly describe how we make moral judgements: True or False

True

Cultural relativism says that public opinion determines right and wrong: True or False

True

Descriptive statements are just about the facts. True or False

True

Herodotus said that conceptions of right and wrong differ from culture to culture: True or False

True

In ethical subjectivism moral statements are based on personal opinion: True or False

True

In ethical subjectivism, individual opinions must provide the standard of moral truth: True or False

True

Metaphysical dualism deals with that our bodies are made up of two parts: True or False

True

Slippery Slope

We've got to stop them from banning pornography. Once they start banning one form of literature, they will never stop. Next, thing you know, they will be burning all the books

Divine Command

What is moral is relative to God, there are no universal moral principles that are binding on all people, morality is dependent on God's will and may differ from person to person or from religion to religion

Ethical subjectivism

a type of ethical relativism that claims that morality is relative to each individual person

Who said, "we must believe that conscience of man is not a product of nature?" a) C.S. Lewis b) Plato c) Freud d) Nietzsche

a) C.S. Lewis

Which of the following statements would you hear from someone who is engaged in doublethink? a) I agree with both sides of the argument b) the ends justify the means c) I'll have to rethink this now that you've brought up a new point d) do unto others as you would have them do unto you

a) I agree with both sides of the argument

What event led to a general disillusionment with the theory of cultural relativism? a) Nazi Holocaust b) Increased use of fieldwork among anthropologists c) United Nations d) Development of social Darwinism

a) Nazi Holocaust

Ethical skepticism is closely related to the idea of what? a) agnosticism b) antinomianism c) altruism d) atheism

a) agnosticism

Where does resistance come in relation to the 3-tiered approach to critical thinking? a) at the end of interpretation b) at the beginning of interpretation c) at the beginning of analysis d) at the end of experience

a) at the end of interpretation

Which type of defense mechanism allows us to work through challenges to our worldview while maintaining our integrity? a) coping b) struggling c) anger d) resistance

a) coping

Holding two contradictory views at the same time is what type of distraction? a) double think b) I'm struggling c) superficial tolerance d) coping

a) double think

Which of the following is an example of a non cognitive ethical theory? a) emotivism b) epistemology c) universalist theories d) ethical relativism

a) emotivism

Moral knowledge is also known as what a) epistemology b) metaphysics c) metaethics d) normative ethics

a) epistemology

Ethical subjectivism is sometimes called what? a) individual relativism b) individual idea c) individual choice d) individual thought

a) individual relativism

Another way to look at tolerance is through which phrase? a) Live and let live b) Live and let's get along c) Live and let die d) live and let's love

a) live and let live

Which category of moral actions states that acts are either mandated or prohibited? a) morally obligatory b) morally supererogatory c) morally permissible

a) morally obligatory

Which category of moral actions states that acts are neither mandated nor forbidden? a) morally permissible b) morally supererogatory c) morally obligatory

a) morally permissible

Cultural relativism is concerned with the, what? a) ought to be b) can be c) needs to be d) has to be

a) ought to be

Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud identified the conscience with the a) superego b) heart c) big ego d) ego

a) superego

What is the funny phrase surrounding the making of excuses, especially as it relates to our environment? a) twinkie defense b) snickers defense c) krispy kreme defense d) oreo defense

a) twinkie defense

Conscience

an inner sense of right and wrong

Moral sentiments

are emotions that move us to feel moral approval or disapproval

Why did Nazi Adolf Eichmann argue, at his trial, that he had nothing wrong? a) he believed morality was a private choice b) He did not break any laws of his country c) He was being falsely accused of committing acts that he had not committed d) he was coerced (lacked free will) into doing what he had done because his family would have been sent to prison or exterminated if he had not followed orders

b) He did not break any laws of his country

At which level of critical thinking would you look at your experience and interpretation? a) interpretation b) analysis c) experience d) praxis

b) analysis

Opinions are a) never true b) based on feeling rather than on reason c) the foundation of moral thinking and ought to be respected d) most likely to be found at the level of moral analysis

b) based on feeling rather than on reason

Cultural relativism confuses morality with what? a) rituals b) customs c) thoughts d) ways of life

b) customs

Divine command theory is a type of what? a) emotivist theory b) ethical relativism c) universal moral theory d) ethical atheism

b) ethical relativism

Which of the following is NOT one of the parts of morality? a) serving proper goals b) group consideration c) internal d) external

b) group consideration

What are the two traditional subdivisions of moral philosophy? a) metaphysics and mataethics b) normative ethics and metaethics c) divine command theory and natural law theory d) subjectivism and cultural relativism

b) normative ethics and metaethics

Which metaethical side states that morality is different for different people? a) cultural relativism b) relativist c) ethical egoism d) universalist

b) relativist

Which answer best fists the following statement: "simply the observation that there are disagreement among cultures regarding moral behavior?" a) pluralism b) sociological relativism c) cultural relativism d) darwinism

b) sociological relativism

values clarification

based on nonjudgmental and non directive discussion of moral issues

Nihilism

believes that values are not real, people might have various moral beliefs but really nothing is good or bad or right or wrong

Who said, "The heart has its reasons which reason does not know....It is the heart which experiences God, and not the reason?" a) C.S. Lewis b) Bertrand Russel c) Blaise Pascal d) Emil Brunner

c) Blaise Pascal

Which of the falling is not considered part of the Divine Command Theory? a) Islam b) Christianity c) Buddhism d) Judaism

c) Buddhism

"I don't see a problem" is what type of defense mechanism? a) cliches b) doublethink c) denial d) I'm struggling

c) denial

Which type of defense mechanism would be not wanting to learn about something because I do not want to? a) coping b) distraction c) ignorance d) anger

c) ignorance

At which level of critical thinking would you try to make sense of the world around us? a) praxis b) experience c) interpretation d) analysis

c) interpretation

Which category of moral actions states that acts go beyond the call of duty? a) morally permissible b) morally obligatory c) morally supererogatory

c) morally supererogatory

Cultural relativism does not work in what kind of society? a) conventional b) alien c) pluralist d) communist

c) pluralist

If there is no God then according to divine command theory a) morality would still exist b) each person should decide individually what is right or wrong from him or her c) there would be no morality d) morality would be relative to each culture

c) there would be no morality

Which of the following is not one of the three factors related to conscience? a) Biological factors b) heredity c) environment factors d) work skills

d) work skills

Which of the following questions would you be most likely to hear from someone, in both Kohlberg's and Gilligan's pre conventional stage of moral reasoning, when they are confronted with a moral issue? a) "What will others think?" b) "Will you accept responsibility?" c) "Is this going to harm anyone?" d) "What's in it for me?"

d) "What's in it for me?"

Who said, "We recognize that morality differs in every society, and is a convenient term for socially approved habits?" a) Ibn Khaldun b) Jean-Jacques Rousseau c) Barack Obama d) Ruth Benedict

d) Ruth Benedict

In constructing a moral argument, we should begin by a) coming up with a conclusion b) engaging in rhetoric c) checking for fallacies d) compiling a list of premises

d) compiling a list of premises

Which of the following is not a relative ethical theory? a) divine command b) cultural relativism c) ethical subjectivism d) emotivism

d) emotivism

What did Plato suggest for those whose souls are incurably evil? a) time-out b) torture c) jail d) execution

d) execution

At which level of critical thinking would you consider your all that you have been a part of? a) praxis b) interpretation c) analysis d) experience

d) experience

To the heart of ethical subjectivism moral opinions are based solely on what? a) ideas b) facts c) fear d) feelings

d) feelings

In resolving a moral dillema, we should first a) make a list of the moral duties and values involved b) come up with a possible solution c) make a list of all the alternative courses of action d) get our facts right

d) get our facts right

Which of the following is not one of the claims made be cultural relativists? a) the moral code of our own society has no special status, it is but one among many b) there is no objective standard that can be used to judge one's society's code as better than another's. There are no moral truths that hold for all people at all times c) different societies do not have different moral codes d) it is arrogant for us to judge other cultures. We should always be tolerant of them

d) it is arrogant for us to judge other cultures. We should always be tolerant of them

Which of the following is true according to divine command theory? a) God does not exist because an all-loving God is incompatible with the existence of evil in the world b) the moral code embodied in the Ten Commandments are morally binding on all people, including atheists, at all times c) God would not command a person to commit an act of terror because it is morally wrong to target innocent people d) it was morally acceptable for the terrorists to bomb the World Trade Center on 9/11, if the command to do so came from God

d) it was morally acceptable for the terrorists to bomb the World Trade Center on 9/11, if the command to do so came from God

What is the most common type of evidence that we might use? a) expert opinion b) eyewitness testimony c) survey d) personal experience

d) personal experience

Which of the following is most likely to follow as a result of adopting cultural relativism? a) respect and tolerance for the norms and values of different cultures b) the disappearance of disagreement in a pluralist society regarding moral values c) greater acceptance of constructive criticism of one's own cultural norms d) suspicion and distrust of the norms and values of different cultures

d) suspicion and distrust of the norms and values of different cultures

guilt

feeling that arises when we violate a moral norm

Moral outrage

happens when we witness a violation or transgression of the boundaries of moral decency

Civil religion

is a blend of religion and cultural relativism

Spirituality

is an inner attitude of reverence for the ultimate moral worth and belief in God

Moral indignation

is the anger we feel at the sight of others being harmed

Religious

is the social aspect involving that institution of beliefs

Moral responsibility

is the status of morally deserving praise, blame, reward, or punishment for an act or omission in accordance with one's moral obligations

Ethical skepticism

it is impossible to know whether moral truths exist or the nature of these truths

Natural Law

maintains that morality is universal and unchanging and that God commands something because it is right prior to the command

Emotivism

moral statements are neither true nor false but simply expressions of feeling

Divine Command

morality is dependent on or relative to God's Commands and therefor can change from time to time and person to person

Determinism

says there is no such thing as conscious moral direction, we are the product of our environment or genetic inheritance

Moral reasoning

the application of logical analysis to moral issues

Moral sensitivity

the awareness of how our actions affect others

Altruistic behavior

the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others

Sympathy

the capacity for and inclination to imagine the feelings of others

Moral Character

the integration of moral reasoning, moral sensitivity, and moral motivation into ones personality

moral motivation

the placing of moral value above nonmoral values

Emotivism

there are no moral truths and that moral standards are neither true or false but simply expressions or outbursts of feelings

Tolerance

this has the idea of tolerance and respect for other's lifestyles

Metaphysical materialism has with it the idea that morality is based on our biological drives: True or False

true