euro chapter 23-24
Great Britain chose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century because it
feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, causing it to lose future economic opportunities.
What was the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?
It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers.
After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia
imposed a harsh peace on France
The Meiji Restoration restored the Japanese emperor to power in 1867 and
initiated a series of measures to reform Japan along modern lines.
Why did Giuseppe Garibaldi pose a problem for Count Camillo Benso di Cavour's effort to unify Italy?
???
What was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia?
Abolition of serfdom
Based on Map 23.2: The Unification of Germany, 1864-1871, which new areas were added to the German Empire in 1871?
Alsace and Lorraine
Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?
As a response to U.S. military pressure
Why did socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s?
As socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members, they looked more toward gradual change and less toward revolution.
Based on Map 23.2: The Unification of Germany, 1864-1871, which German states did not become part of the North German Confederation in 1867?
Baden, Württemberg, and Bavaria
What happened in 1898 at Fashoda?
British and French troops encountered on another and set off a serious diplomatic crisis that only ended when the French backed bown
How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century?
By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port
Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?
Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belonged to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state.
What did the notorious forgery "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" suggest Jewish elders were planning to do?
Dominate the globe
What was the principle by which the European powers established their claim to an African territory after the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885?
Effective occupation
How did Muhammad Ali finance his modernization of Egyptian society?
He forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture.
What was "nativism" in the nineteenth century?
beliefs and policies that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants
Why did loyalty to the national state grow in the late nineteenth century?
??
What new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?
A combination of military force, political domination, and an ideology of beneficial reform
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China
What was crucial to the success of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour's plan to unify northern Italy in the nineteenth century?
A secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria
What is "Orientalism"?
A term used by modern scholars to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures
According to Map 24.2: The Partition of Africa, which European states acquired their first colonies after 1878?
Belgium, Germany, and Italy
What was Britain's decisive advantage in its war with China?
Britain had control of the seas.
How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government?
By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people
According to Map 24.1: European Investment to 1914, which areas appear to be receiving the bulk of French and German investments?
European countries, including Russia
In the 1890s, how did Sergei Witte seek to transform Russia?
He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening its power and greatness and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.
Who were the Red Shirts in the nineteenth century?
Giuseppe Garibaldi's guerrilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily in 1860
How did Ismail transform Egypt in the nineteenth century?
He promoted large irrigation networks for cotton production and export.
Why did the conservative Bismarck pioneer the creation of an expansive system of social welfare?
He sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system.
What effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late-nineteenth-century France?
It revived republican distrust of Catholicism.
What was China required to do in the Treaty of Nanking (1842) that ended the first Opium War?
Open up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs
What did the British use to break China's self-imposed isolation?
Opium
How did the British obtain the opium that they smuggled into China?
Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.
Unlike other political parties, Marxist socialists
Organized themselves into an international organization
How did the expanding right to vote in the late nineteenth century affect national politics across Europe?
Politicians and parties became more responsive to the people they represented.
What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?
Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856
Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms in the nineteenth century known as the
Tanzimat.
Which of the following is an accurate characterization of a socialist party in Europe prior to 1914?
The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism.
According to Map 24.3: Asia in 1914, which Western power had the latest date of colonization in Asia?
The Japanese Empire
In the nineteenth century, what country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia?
The Netherlands
According to Map 24.1: European Investment to 1914, which areas appear to be receiving the largest amount of British investments?
The United States and Canada
In the early twentieth century, why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain?
The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs.
To what extent did the New Imperialism result in economic gains and why?
The economic gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few immediately profitable investments.
Who was Theodore Herzl?
The founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement
What was the Russian zemstvo?
The institution for local government established by the Great Reforms
What did the Western world hope to achieve through the global economic system?
The largest share of gains from trade, technology, and migration would flow to the West and its propertied classes.
What was the primary factor that influenced whether European immigrants returned to their native lands?
The possibility of buying land in the home country
What belief drove native opponents to European colonial rule?
The nationalist assertion that every people had a right to control their destiny
How did the Ottoman Empire's efforts at reform in the latter half of the nineteenth century undermine the empire's stability?
The reforms created equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religious disputes and split Muslims into secularist and traditionalist camps.
How did labor unions in Germany change in the early 1900s?
They increasingly focused on bread-and-butter issues rather than dissemination of socialist doctrine.
What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France?
To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values
According to Map 23.1: The Unification of Italy, 1859-1870, which areas did Italy gain in 1866?
Venetia and the Papal States
What was the long-established customs union among the German states?
Zollverein
The October Manifesto in the Russian Revolution of 1905 granted full civil rights and promised
a popularly elected Duma or parliament.
The following is an excerpt from Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden" (Evaluating the Evidence 24.2): "Take up the White Man's Burden-Send forth the best ye breed-Go, bind your sons to exileTo serve your captive's need;To wait, in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild -Your new-caught sullen peoples,Half devil and half child."Kipling's poem implies that non-Europeans are
not human at all.???
Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden" referred to
the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races.
Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf refers to his
attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire.
What was the all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration?
To meet the threat posed by outside powers
Who were the Young Turks?
?? Fervent patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire
Why did Louis Napoleon, who had no previous political experience, win election as president of France in 1848?
?? beliefs that the government should rpresent people and help them economically
The following is an excerpt from Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden" (Evaluating the Evidence 24.2): "Take up the White Man's burden,And reap his old reward-The blame of those ye betterThe hate of those ye guard-The cry of those ye humor(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-'Why brought ye us from bondage,Our loved Egyptian night?'"Kipling's poem implies that non-Europeans are likely to
??? A benefit very little from efforts to help them. B resent efforts to help them. C embrace efforts to help them. D worship those who try to help them.
How did the tsar undermine the success of the 1905 revolution in Russia?
??? created trust w/ community; stopped obeying the Duma,???
According to Map 23.1: The Unification of Italy, 1859-1870, what areas did Sardinia-Piedmont lose in 1860?
???? Savoy and Nice
The following is an excerpt from Adelheid Popp's The Autobiography of a Working Woman (Evaluating the Evidence 23.3): "In the factory I became another woman. . . . I told my [female] comrades all that I had read of the workers' movement. Formerly I had often told stories when they had begged me for them. But instead of narrating . . . the fate of some queen, I now held forth on oppression and exploitation. I told of accumulated wealth in the hands of a few, and introduced as a contrast the shoemakers who had no shoes and the tailors who had no clothes. On breaks I read aloud the articles in the Social Democratic paper and explained what Socialism was as far as I understood it. . . . [While I was reading] it often happened that one of the clerks passing by shook his head and said to another clerk: 'The girl speaks like a man.'"The passage suggests that Popp
????????
Why did the possibility of a federation of Italian states under the presidency of a progressive pope disappear after the revolutions of 1848?
?????????The cautious support for unification that Pius IX had offered before 1848 turned into hostility after he was temporarily driven from Rome during the revolutions of 1848.
The following is an excerpt from a speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on immigration reform (Evaluating the Evidence 24.1): "[I]t is on the moral qualities of the English-speaking race that our history, our victories, and all our future rest. There is only one way in which you can lower those qualities or weaken those characteristics, and that is by breeding them out. If a lower race mixes with a higher in sufficient numbers, history teaches us that the lower race will prevail. . . . The lowering of a great race means not only its own decline, but that of civilization. . . ."Lodge believed that moral qualities
?were inherent characteristics of each race.
In most European countries, how was emigration related to population growth in the late nineteenth century?
Emigration increased about twenty years after a rapid growth in population, as land became scarce.
Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy included which of the following?
Encouraging new investment banks and railroad construction
The largest share of European foreign investment went to
European states and North America.
After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China until near the end of the century?
Europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations.
What pattern did migration out of Europe often follow in the nineteenth century?
Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land.
How did Muhammad Ali reorganize the Egyptian army?
He drafted illiterate peasants and hired French and Italian army officers to train the recruits and their Turkish officers.
Why did Bismarck enact high tariffs on grain from the United States, Canada, and Russia in 1878?
He sought to win support from both the Catholic Center and the Protestants Junkers, who had large land holdings.
What was the result of the Mexican War of 1848?
It exacerbated tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico.
How did the Union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa?
It functioned as a largely "self-governing" colony.
By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion?
It selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition.
The following is an excerpt from Henry Labouchère's "The Brown Man's Burden" (Evaluating the Evidence 24.3): "Pile on the brown man's burden;And if ye rouse his hate,Meet his old-fashioned reasonsWith Maxims up to date.With shells and dumdum bulletsA hundred times made plainThe brown man's loss must everImply the white man's gain."What does the passage imply is the true advantage of Westerners over non-Europeans?
Military technology???
What medication proved to be effective in controlling malaria and allowing Europeans to venture into the mosquito-infested interior of Africa?
Quinine
How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?
Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.
What was the greatest impediment to nation building in the United States?
Regional differences exacerbated by slavery
When Hungary gained an independent status in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, how did it organize its domestic politics?
The Magyar nobility dominated both the peasantry and minority populations through the parliament.
How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian emperor?
The emperor controlled the army and foreign affairs, and universal male suffrage permitted him to go directly to the people if middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature.
How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy?
The nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia, despite the displeasure of the Great Powers.
How were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century?
They encouraged the masses to savor foreign triumphs as examples of national glory and prestige.
How did German Social Democrats recover their losses in the 1907 election and become the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912?
They took on a more patriotic tone and broadened their base.
What did Heinrich von Treitschke believe was the significance of colonies?
They were essential to great nations.
How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century?
They worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to Western standards through education and legislation.
What was the goal of the New Imperialism of the late nineteenth century?
To create large political empires
What was the goal of the Prussian parliament in the 1850s and 1860s?
To establish that it held final political authority and that the army was responsible to it
Upon his election as president, why did Louis Napoleon sign conservative legislation increasing the power of the Catholic Church and depriving poor men of the right to vote?
To get the National Assembly to pay his personal debts and change the constitution so he could run for a second term
How did Sardinia and its monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of being liberal and progressive?
Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitution-and its substantial civil liberties-that was forced on his father in 1848.
Why were Jewish immigrants in the nineteenth century unlikely to return to their native land?
Violent anti-Semitism in eastern Europe
The typical European immigrant was
a small farmer or rural craftsperson.
The United States between 1815 and 1932
absorbed the largest overall number of European emigrants
In On the Inequality of the Human Races (1854), Count Arthur de Gobineau divided humanity into the white, black, and yellow races and
championed the "Aryan race" for its supposedly superior qualities.
The following is an excerpt from Giuseppe Mazzini's The Duties of Man (Evaluating the Evidence 23.1). Mazzini's words were addressed to Italian workingmen: "God gave you the means of multiplying your forces and your powers of action indefinitely when he gave you a Country, when, like a wise overseer of labor, who distributes the different parts of the work according to the capacity of the workmen, he divided Humanity into distinct groups upon the face of our globe, and thus planted the seeds of nations. Evil governments have disfigured the design of God, which you may see clearly marked out, as far, at least, as regards Europe, by the courses of the great rivers, by the lines of the lofty mountains, and by other geographical conditions; they have disfigured it by conquest, by greed, by jealousy of the just sovereignty of others; disfigured it so much that today there is perhaps no nation except England and France whose confines correspond to this design."In Mazzini's view, the Europe of his day
had been disfigured by evil rulers.
The Homestead Act, enacted during the Civil War, gave western land to settlers and reinforced the idea
of free labor in a market economy.
The following is an excerpt from Giuseppe Mazzini's The Duties of Man (Evaluating the Evidence 23.1). Mazzini's words were addressed to Italian workingmen: "God gave you the means of multiplying your forces and your powers of action indefinitely when he gave you a Country, when, like a wise overseer of labor, who distributes the different parts of the work according to the capacity of the workmen, he divided Humanity into distinct groups upon the face of our globe, and thus planted the seeds of nations. Evil governments have disfigured the design of God, which you may see clearly marked out, as far, at least, as regards Europe, by the courses of the great rivers, by the lines of the lofty mountains, and by other geographical conditions; they have disfigured it by conquest, by greed, by jealousy of the just sovereignty of others; disfigured it so much that today there is perhaps no nation except England and France whose confines correspond to this design."According to Mazzini, nations are
part of God's design.
In nineteenth-century Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi was a
romantic nationalist.
The Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism
signaled the coming decay and collapse of capitalist society.
The following is an excerpt from a speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on immigration reform (Evaluating the Evidence 24.1): "[I]t is on the moral qualities of the English-speaking race that our history, our victories, and all our future rest. There is only one way in which you can lower those qualities or weaken those characteristics, and that is by breeding them out. If a lower race mixes with a higher in sufficient numbers, history teaches us that the lower race will prevail. . . . The lowering of a great race means not only its own decline, but that of civilization. . . ."Lodge believed that unrestricted interracial sexual relations would result in
the decline of civilization.
The following is an excerpt from an eyewitness account of Bloody Sunday, one of the events that sparked the Russian Revolution of 1905 (Evaluating the Evidence 23.2): "The soldiers of the Preobrazhensky regiment, without any summons to disperse, shoot down the unfortunate people as if they were playing at bloodshed. Several hundred fall; more than a hundred and fifty are killed. They are almost all children, women, and young people. It is terrible. Blood flows on all sides. At 5 o'clock the crowd is driven back, cut down and repelled on all sides. The people, terror-stricken, fly in every direction. Scared women and children slip, fall, rise to their feet, only to fall again farther on. At this moment a sharp word of command is heard and the victims fall en masse. There had been no disturbances to speak of. The whole crowd is unarmed and has not uttered a single threat."The author of this account was determined to make the point that
the protestors were peaceful and had done nothing to provoke the soldiers' attack.