Evans

Huntington's arguments for institutionalization

-too much participation- a bad thing if the political system can't handle demands -better to have strong central institutions -supports centralization of power. favors autonomy -

Callaghy

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Chalmers Johnson

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Developing States

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Leonard Binder

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Luciani

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Rentier states

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Samuel Huntington

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Seven major issues of the theory of capitalist development

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Four types of social action

1. Purposive/Instrumental: is related to expectations about the behaviors of others or objects. individuals are trying to rationally pursue ends through strategy. 2. Value/Belief: action taken by intrinsic reasons, independent of whether they lead to success 3. Affectual: actions driven by an actor's specific feelings or emotions 4. Traditional: based on ingrained habituation

Criticisms of the modernist school

1. emphasis on industrialization 2. uni-linear view of history 3. overlooks traditional roles and institutions 4. process of bureaucratization might be more important that parties 5. inequalities and conflicts are often glossed over 6. Who benefits from economic growth? 7. International dimensions often unaddressed

four elements of rentier states

1. if rent situations predominate 2. if the economy relies on a substantial external rent and doesn't require a strong domestic productive sector 3. if only a small proportion of the working population is actually involved in the generation of the rent 4. the state's government is the principle recipient of the external rent

Modernization theory revisions

1. is not a zero-sum game (traditional structures can coexist 2. assumption that traditional attitudes and institutions are irrational is wrong 3. modernization is not linear

Primary Institutions of importance

1. parties, favor strong single parties 2. bureaucracies 3. militaries (source of state's coercive power

Weber's six key elements to rationalization and the economy

1. private appropriation by entrepreneurs of all means of production and separation of workers from the means of production 2. formerly free labor but compelled to sell its labor 3. rational technology based on calculation of knowledge 4. market exchange not burdened by irrational restraints 5. calculable law 6. rational monetary system and commercialization of economic life

four fold structural model of east Asian high growth systems

1. stable rule by a political-bureaucratic elite 2. cooperation between public and private sectors 3. heavy and continuing investment in education for everyone and even distribution of wealth 4. the government understands the need to use and respect methods of economic intervention

Luciani's 3 types of taxation systems

1. taxes on international trade 2. taxes on property 3. taxes on domestic goods and services

Important values and factors in making capitalism interpersonal include...

1.calculability 2.increasing significance of specialized knowledge 3.erosion of traditional restraints on behavior 4.regulation of social life through abstract general norms 5.devotion of impersonal purposes that define the ethic of the vocation 6. development of increasingly powerful techniques for controlling men and nature

What should the political elites do according to Johnson?

A developmental elite creates political stability over the long term, maintains sufficient equality in distribution to prevent class or sectoral exploitation, sets national goals and standards that are internationally orientated.

Differentiation

As economies and societies grow, they grow increasingly specialized in their division of labor

Six Crisis of Development

Crisis of Identity: problem of creating a common nationalist outlook Crisis of Legitimacy: building a national consensus on the legitimate exercise of authority Crisis of Participation: too much leads to increased political demands Crisis of Penetration: allowing the infrastructure of the star to penetrate the territory Crisis of Distribution: balancing public demands for goods and services with the government's responsibility to provide them Crisis of Integration

Rothchild and Curry add two crisis to Binder's list. They are

Crisis of national survival: ensuring the survival of the territory integrity of the state as originally constructed at independence Crisis of Foreign Control: Securing the economic, social, political freedom from external control

Major Trends In Modernization?

Democratization: What are the central problems for democratization, democratic consolidation, rotation of political elites, manipulation by political leaders Civil Society: How to increase the variety and role of civil associations, political parties, labor organizations, women's groups, religious groups

Foster long-term entrepreneurial perspectives among private elites by increasing incentives to engage in transformative investments and lowering risk. Their actions on the whole promote rather than impede transformation. They choose strategic industries and invest in bureaucracy.

Developmental States

modernization goals

Economically: industrialization, mechanization, grow national GDP Socially: promote individual social mobility, urbanization, education Politically: institutional expansion, rationalization of govt, creation of modern rational states. democratization

Formal vs. substantive rationality

Formal: orders actions purely on the basis of means-ends calculus with regard to universally applied abstract principles, laws, and rules Substantive: orders action in relation to specific value preferences the existence of both creates tensions and conflicts that shape development

More ambiguous cases such as Brazil and India, that have enjoyed inconsistent but occasional success in promoting industrial transformation

Intermediate States

__________ argues that there is a tug of war between the state and society with each trying to penetrate the other. weak states are highly penetrated, and serve social forces. strong states are highly autonomous of society.

Joel Migdal

how do we account for quick developmental growth (specifically in Asia) and soft authoritarianism?

Johnson's question

the post colonial world needs more modernization to catch up to Europe and the US, and should follow western steps

Modernization theory of economic development

extract a large amount of otherwise investable surplus while providing little in the way of collective goods in return that they impede economic transformation. Those in control plunder without any regard for the welfare of the citizenry. Zaire as model

Predatory States

Typology of States: 3 varieties

Predatory States Developmental States Intermediate

a return in excess of the resource owner's opportunity cost, excess returns above normal levels

Rents

Two basis for rationalization of economic activity are lacking in unpredictable patrimonial states

The basis for the calculability of obligations the extent of freedom which will be allowed to private enterprise

Less Developed States

These states are often poor, have little democratization, suffer significant political violence and civil war, inequality, and low levels of development

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

a hierarchy of power exists and shapes politics within and between states

Donald Rothchild and Robert Curry

address challenges raised by dependency theorists that emphasize the inclusion of the role of international political economy and hostile exogenous environment

Intermediate states have some semblance of ______ coherence but not quite the corporate coherence found in developed states. May suffer from clientelism or the inability to construct joint projects with potential industrial elites. Inconsistency in policy

bureaucratic coherence

The ___________ and ______________ between states and societies is of central importance to leading to a developmental state

bureaucratic structure, institutional relationship

different variations in internal state organization and state society relations create different degrees of developmental _________.

capacity

The natural resource curse involves a broader range of negative consequences including...

conflict as groups fight for a share taxation is lower, which reduces state accountability to the people on government spending revenue volatility due to market price excessive borrowing because of expected future income corruption

the world operates as a global hierarchy with post-colonial states being in a subordinate position

critical approaches to economic development

The resource curse happens due to the....

decline in the competitiveness of other economic sectors and vulnerability due to the global commodity market swings, which bring a change in revenue

____________ produce organized industrial classes that are needed as counterparts. __________ lead to disorganized and divided civil societies incapable of resisting predation. _________ develop more complex social relations.

developmental states, predatory states, intermediate cases

________ combines bureaucratic insulation with intense connection to the surrounding social structure, offering a concrete problem to state-society relations. It is in a concrete set of social ties that bind the state to society, and provide channels for continual negotiation of goals and policies

embedded autonomy

Needs an _________ system in which the state plays a role in manipulating and steering the private sector toward developmental goals, but not taking on those tasks itself. It must reconcile its ambitions with that of the _______.

embedded, private sector

Muslim __________ is the idea that the Mulsim world has been resistant to the spread of democratization because they forego the _________ that make democracy possible.

exceptionalism, norms and values

Regimes with access to ______, in amounts that may be small in absolute terms but still quite substantial relative to the country's size, population, standard of living and economic opportunities, enjoy an important advantage in sustaining their rule

external rents

Different types of ________ or _______ may shape different patterns of state administration. Luciani connects this to the possibilities of democratization.

extraction, extractive capacity

The resource curse is less a consequence of resources but...

how dependent the economy is on those resources

Problems for embedded autonomy in intermediate states

less internal capacity more difficult environments/complex and divided social structures less carefully defined agendas

The abidance of revenue from natural resources tends to discourage ____ that would support a more diverse economy, increasing the negative impact of sudden resource price-drops.

long-term investment

Callaghy says that patrimonial capitalism could go either way, either ________ in a state of perverted capitalism or move toward the development of ________

maintain, rational capitalism

The booming resource sector essentially undermines a lagging but essential _______ sector

manufacturing

States engaged in patterns of _____________ or _______________ intervention rather than the practice of market repressing. States create structural conditions for development, but don't play to heavy of a role economic transformation. (let private elite)

market conforming, market sustaining

_________ are not welfare states but rather serve the interests of those who rule, not society at large

mercantilist

There is little in the way of __________ in Africa, and the state is hindering its development.

modern capitalism

organic vs. mechanical solidarity

organic: division of labor presumes differences in individuals, having a sphere of action of personality. creates capacity for collective movement Mechanical: individual personality is absorbed into the collective personality

Historical cases of ___________ abound where the state became the easiest avenue of extraction and access to power

patrimonial capitalism

In Africa

personalization and patrimonial bureaucracy, monetary system and financial systems are unsophisticated, formal markets undeveloped.

Mercantilism is against laissez faire or autonomous capitalism, but favors _______, by which economics are politically regulated and controlled.

political capitalism

Africa suffers from the duel crisis of economic decline and the weakness of the state, which is above all a ________.

political crisis

Huntington favors _______________, stating modernization does not lead to democracy and stability but may lead to increased political disorder. Democracy is neither a natural nor direct result of modernization nor should it be the goal.

political order through institutionalization

States that do not face fiscal crisis and enjoy exogenous rents are likely to _____________ and prevent political participation that might generate _____ or unstable short-lived participatory institutions.

postpone democratization indefinitely, unstable majorities

___________ happens in the mid 19th century with roots in early modern Europe.

rational capitalism

States that derive much of their rents from _____ or from taxing foreign companies might forego taxation in other ways to avoid building of expensive infrastructures and to avoid the demands for greater participation.

rents on international trade

________ share similar assumptions with more traditional modernists including desirability to have a strong voting electorate, idea to promote equality and participation in developing societies, belief in political participation.

revisionists

an extremely strong and comparatively unsupervised state administration

soft authoritarianism

According to Evans, the variation in states is a result of...

state structures and state-society relations

Gabriel Almond develops a ____________ approach to developing world that promotes ______ that exist in all governments

structural-functionalist, common government functions

Secularization

this meant that societies become more rationalized and individuals perceive the conditions around them are changeable based on human intervention. moving past the fatalism in religion

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

those states that have managed to industrialize and are moving toward democratization, and generally aspire to become advanced industrial and perhaps advanced democratic states.

patrimonial and mercantilist capitalism

those who play a leading role draw a higher level of benefit, public and private sector are generally blended

Modernization and structural-functionalism are ideally __________. They are based on three assumptions

value neutral 3 assumptions: ethnic loyalties and affiliations may hinder development industrialization is the ideal government requires similar forms

state capacity is not only in scarce supply in intermediate states, it is a ______ . It is either build your bureaucratic capacity or lose it.

wasting resource