EVERYTHING FOR MIDTERM
Coincidentally, in what country did Wellington attend military school?
- France
State some of the military innovations that Wellington made, which play a role in his success as a general?
- Intelligence (gathering information on enemies, spying) - Strict guidelines for soldiers welfare - Supplying his troops
At age 21, Wellington served in the Parliament of what country?
- Ireland
ON what island was Wellington born?
- Ireland
French participation in the American Revolution had what economic effect on France after the war?
- It bankrupted France leaving the country unable to provide for the starving poor - Had to greatly raise taxes on the poor and their food
Louis XVI was encouraged to call of meeting of what French "parliamentary" body in 1789?
- Estates General
Great Northern War
1700-1721, began after charles XII's attack on russians beseiging the swedan fortress of narva b/c of the alliance formed between peter and denmark and poland, peter wanted port to baltic sea
The first year of the republican calendar began in what year on ours
1792
Year (on our calendar) in which the 2nd Revolution begins
1792 - FR declares war on AU
King of Austria/Holy Roman Emperor who resisted the French Revolution for his entire reign
1792-1806 - Francis II
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Book written by Copernicus about heliocentric theory
Is Russia Western (European) or non-Western (Asian)?
Both- differs from West in fundamental ways, though its history has paralleled Western aspects
Jan Hus
Catholic laymen, leader of Hussite Church in Bohemia
1642- 1649
English Civil War (Cromwell)
Francis Bacon
English politician and writer who was the earliest propagandist for the experimental method. He argued that new knowledge had to be found with research.
Newton
English scientist who proved universal laws of motion (gravitation) using mathematics
Newton
English scientist who proved universal laws of motion (gravitational) using mathematics
Pale
English-controlled part of Ireland surrounding Dublin
Henry II
French king who was accidentally shot in the face at a tournament celebrating the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
French philosopher who invented renecoordinate geometry Discourse on Method (1637)- "cogito ergo sum" (I think, therefore, I am) science can answer half
Rene Descartes
French philosopher who made first discoveries in mathematics.
Kepler (1571-1630)
German scientists who proposed 3 laws of planetary motion (did what Brahe couldn't); elliptical
Royalists/Cavaliers
Leader: Charles I Who did they support: the King Their side of the issue: absolute monarchy
Roundheads/Puritans
Leader: Oliver Cromwell Who did they support: Parliament Their side of the issue: "republican gov."
architecture renaissance and late middle ages
Renaissance -rounded archest -Greco-roman columns -domes in Roman style -symmetry Late Middle Ages -gothic style -pointed
the impact of the Renaissance had on the Reformation and vice-versa
Renaissance encouraged more literature and the spread of ideas (why not religious ideas) and the challenging of authority from the Reformation leads to changes in Renaissance.
Decline of Spain
Revolt in Netherlands = Dutch Independence
The Tilsit negotiations between Napoleon and Alexander I took place in what European state at that time
River Nieman, the border between Prussian and Russian territory in Poland.
Revolutionary leader of the de-Christianization movement
Robespierre
476
Roman Empire collapses
Peter was a member of what royal family of Russia?
Romanov
1577
Rubens (Baroque painter) begins painting
Valois
Ruling family in France, replaced by the Bourbons after the French Civil War
new monarchies
a new order where the monarch demonstrates more power than ever before. New Monarchs included Henry Tudor (Henry VII), Louis XI, and Ferdinand and Isabella.
Teresa de Avila
Spanish leader of the reform movement for monasteries and convents. Believed an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation reform movements and mysticism)
jacobin club
a political club in revolutionary france whose members were well-educated radical republicans
Pragmatic Sanction
This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler. It was between Prussia and the Habsburgs and guaranteed her succession.
Parlements
a provincial appellate court in France, Parlement of Paris is most important court in France
Munster
a radical Anabaptist community that was led by John Leyden; polygamy
Peace of Utrecht
a series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the war of the Spanish succession, ended French expansion in Europe and marked the rise of the British Empire
The Fronde
a series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation
The Fronde
a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism
John Knox
a minister who studied in Geneva with Calvin and was instrumental in getting the Scottish Parliament to establish a Calvinist church as the official state church of Scotland (Presbyterianism) -brought Calvinism to Scotland
girondists
a moderate group that fought for control of the french national convention and did not wish to put louis XVI to death
What was the "London Times" reaction to this massacre?
- It criticized the actions of the French people and proclaimed that the French were like savage animals - opens debate of how to set up a civil society with equality - synthesis: federalists vs. democratic republicans
Why is it ironic that before Wellington returned to Great Britain he stopped on the island of St. Helena?
- It is the island where Napoleon is imprisoned after being abdicated the second time - Where he dies - Wellington is said to have stayed in the same house where Napoleon stayed until his house was finished being built
What was the name of the debating club made up of many of the revolutionary leaders named for the building in which they met?
- Jacobin club (represents more radical revolutionaries)
Bourgeoisie
- Wealthy, educated middle class in France - They made up the National Assembly, or Third Estate
What were the socio-political results of Pugachev's rebellion in Russia?
- stopped Catherine the Great from reforming social class system - nobles had absolute power over serfs - extended serfdom into new places
Why did Prussia propose the Partitions of Poland, and what were the results of this process?
-Prussia, Russia, and Austria got pieces of Poland -left Turkey alone
Louis XV
-grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 -led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774) -hired maupeou to make parlements reasonably unbiased
civic humanism
-humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society
What were Catherine the Great's three main goals after gaining power in Russia?
1. Bring culture of Western Europe to Russia 2. Reform domestic laws 3. Expand Russian territory
State the three estates of French society in the 18th century?
1. Clergy 2. Nobles 3. Everyone else (97%)
In May of 1660, Charles II, eldest son of Charles I, returned to London to restore the monarchy... He ruled from: Time period known as: Nickname:
1660-1685 Restoration Merry Monarch
English bill of rights
1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament
Reformation
16th century religious, political, intellectual, and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era
Razin's serf rebellion become fairly common in Russia...
and usually resulted in the government crackdowns and serfdom becoming more and more like slavery
In March of 1697, Peter left Moscow to travel throughout Europe, not as a czar, but...
anonymously; he wanted to see the technologies of the western world not as a ruler, as this would have been too intimidating to commoners, but just as a man with his 250 companions.
what was parliament's reaction to charles II policy of relaxing anti-Catholic laws?
anti-catholic fear
What sciences were "revolutionized"?
astronomy/physics
What was Cromwell's policy concerning ireland?
attack them bc they are catholic. the english banned catholicism in ireland, executed priests, and confiscated their land.
What was Oliver Cromwell's policy concerning Ireland?
banned catholicism in ireland, executed priests and confiscated land from catholics
Intendants
commissioners for each of France's 32 districts who were appointed directly by the monarch; recruited men for army, supervised tax collection and local law, checked up on nobility and regulated economy
What type of government might be advocated by Baron de Montesquieu?
constitutional monarchy
Stenka Razin
cossack who led a large rebellion that killed landlords and government officials and proclaimed freedom from oppression, rebellion was defeated
Describe the changes Louis XIV made to the French military.
created a professional army in which the french state employed soldiers rather then nobles. uniforms and weapons were standardized, rational system of training was established and promotion was devised
How did the Protectorate come to an end?
cromwell died and his ineffective son succeeded him. English were fed up with military rule and longed for civilian government.
Mary Stuart and William of Orange
crowned king and queen of England in 1689
Adam Smith argued that government should limit itself to what 3 duties?
defense, civil order, public works
When Charles II died in 1685, James II does succeed to the throne. He angered Parliament by...
defying Parliament and therefore the Test Act, attempting to rule as absolute monarch
Sir Francis Drake
first Englishman to sail around the world -England World Late 16th Century
George I
first monarch of House of Hanover, transitioned to a cabinet government
Thirty Years War
first war that involved all major European countries. There were several phases of the Thirty Years War. These were the Bohemian Phases, the Danish Phase, the Swedish Phase, and the French-Swedish (sometimes called International) Phase.
how did the black death actually spread?
fleas and rats
Northern Renaissance
focusing more on literature and including ancient church texts in their works
guerrilla warfare
form or warfare that rebels in spain waged against napoleon's forces, resisted french imperialism
Catholic League
formed in retaliation to the formation of the Protestant Union
Economically speaking, Enlightenment ideals called into question the existence of the ___________ system.
guild
st. helena
island napoleon was imprisoned on after his defeat at waterloo
elba
island off the coast of italy that the allies granted to napoleon, allowing him to keep his imperial title and france had to pay a yearly income of 2 million francs
constitutional charter
issued by louis XVIII which accepted many of france's revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberty; attempt to gain support of the people
declaration of the rights of man and citizen
issued by national assembly, guaranteed liberty before law, representative government for a sovereign people, and individual freedom; spread throughout france, the rest of europe and around the world
Edict of Restitution
issued by the Holy Roman emperor; said that all Catholic properties lost to Protestants since 1552 were to be restored, and only Catholics and Lutherans were granted religious tolerance -1629 ordered all Catholic properties to be restored to the Church
Ferninand II
king of austria who drastically reduced the power of bohemian estates and the largely protestant representative assembly; also confiscated lands of protestants and gave them to catholics and mercenaries
Charles XII
king of sweden who defeated denmark quickly and then turned on russia- attacked unsuspecting russians beseiging the swedish fortress of narva on the baltic coast
962
king otto the great crowned holy roman empire (germany)
Because they are based on the principles of mathematics, what sciences were "revolutionized" in the Scientific Revolution?
microcosm of the body
What was Peter the Great's main goal in war with Sweden?
securing access to the Baltic Sea and opportunities for Westward expansion (see map)
Louis XIII
son and heir to Henry IV, reign: 1510-1643, supervised Siege of La Rochelle, worked to repress Protestantism
Charles II
son of Charles I who restored the English monarchy in 1660, entered a secret agreement with Louis XIV
Maximilian I
son of Frederick III who married Mary of Burgundy, which led to conflict between Hapsburgs and Valois
Frederick III (I)
son of Frederick William, became first king of Prussia as a reward for aiding HRE in the war of spanish succession
Charles I
son of James I--> similar beliefs to him that "monarch has divine right to his authority"
Joseph II (in general) (1741-1790)
son of Maria Theresa who believed in Enlightenment ideals and was called "revolutionary emperor". -Though reforms did not last reforms were enlightened. *most enlightened
James II
successor to Charles II, very catholic and promoted catholicism
Holy Office
the official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy
What was Peter the Great's main goal in his war with Sweden
to secure access to the baltic sea and opportunities for western expansion
mary wollenstonecraft
young london writer who wrote a vindication of the rights of man and a vindication of the rights of woman
Maximilien Robespierre
- 1758-1794 - A young provincial lawyer who led the Mountain - Eventually becomes the face of the revolution
Explain the "March on Versailles" by stating who was involved, their goals, and the results.
- 7,000 Parisians (mostly women) - Their goal was to force the Royal Family to return and live Paris where they could directly deal with the economic crises/ wanted to protest the price of bread - Resulted in return of Royal Family to Paris
At what age was Napoleon sent to military school in France?
- 9
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
- A 2 page long document issued by the National Assembly on August 27, 1789 - It guaranteed the equality of all people before the law
Jacobin Club
- A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated middle class radicals
Thermidorian Reaction
- A right-ward reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror - Resulted in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic control
Bastille
- A royal prison in Paris that housed the political prisoners of France - It was stormed by several hundred Parisians on July 14, 1789 in order to obtain weapons to defend Paris from Louis' massing forces - Its attack symbolized the destroying of medieval France's ways
George Danton
- A young lawyer who led the Mountain with Robespierre
Napoleon is said to be the greatest military general since who?
- Alexander the Great
Napoleon read the military campaigns of what generals of history?
- Alexander the Great - Hannibal
IN what mountain range did Napoleon lead an army against the Austrians in 1796?
- Alps
What 2 German states went to war with France in 1792 and why?
- Austria and Prussia - They were trying to get Louis back into power because if the French revolution was successful the same thing might happen to them in their country
Troops on horseback are known by what terminology?
- Cavalry
What were the results of the first "real" election held in French history in 1797? Despite these results, how were the revolutionaries able to maintain what they considered the accomplishments of the revolution from 1795-1799?
- Consetvatives more partial to monarchy were elected - The revolutionaries overthrew the results of he elections and could do this because they had the support of the military, who did not want to lose all of the land, fame, and victories they'd gained in the revolution which would be taken away with conservative rulers who would put an end to the fighting
1795
- Constitution of Year III - The new Constitution sets up an executive branch as a 5 man group called the Directory
The new republican government of France in 1792 was the National ______________.
- Convention
Results
- Explosion: French Revolution
Committee of Public Safety
- Formed in 1793 by the National Convention (dominated by the Mountain) to deal with threats from within and outside France - Led by Robespierre - Held dictatorial power to use whatever force necessary to defend the Revolution
Treaty of Paris (1763)
- France ceded all territory in North America east of the Mississippi to Great Britain - France ceded all territory west of Mississippi to Spain - France thereby abandoned the North American continent, except for a few important economic holdings which allowed France to continue prosperous trade with America and Asia
Emigres
- French nobles who opposed the revolution and fled France because of it
What were some of the factors which led to Napoleon's rise to power?
- He was a successful lieutenant for the French army in Italy that won many brilliant victories - People revered him for his heroism - People were angry and fed up with the Directory which was doing nothing to further the revolution
Why was Napoleon so attractive to the people of France?
- He was able to appeal to a broad amount of people from both sides of the political spectrum - Left: codify laws, abolish serfdom, promoted enlightenment ideals - Right: made deal with the pope, declared himself emperor, married a Hapsburg - Appealed to many kinds of people because fought on the battlefield with average peasants, but could go to swanky parties and discuss the enlightenment
A revolutionary tribunal formed a 12 man Committee of Public ____________, which served a collective dictatorship led by Maximilian Robespierre.
- Safety
What name was given to the gatherings in which the elite of France discussed the enlightened topics of the day?
- Salons
Napoleon's empire was considered to be the greatest since what empire?
- The Roman Empire
In order to continue the terror in France after the successes of the revolutionary armies, Maximilian Robespierre wanted to change French society, and he began to associate terror with _________________.
- Virtue
What was Maximilian Robespierre's nickname?
- incorruptible
For French citizens, the tearing down of the Bastille was like tearing down the _______________.
- past
Role of prime minister in English politics:
- power over legislative and executive - like the President - in charge of Parliament
Thomas Kempis
-(1380-1471) -wrote the Imitation of Christ -urges Christians to live a simple life like Christ
rableis
-French writer -Gargantua and Pantagruel satirized French society
durer
-German woodcuts Knight, Death, and the Devil
Vernacular
-everyday language -renaissance
Niccolo Machiavelli
-political philosopher who wrote "The Prince" -believes that politics are amoral -leaders can do anything for power -modeled on Cesare Borgia (Pope Alexander's son)
Shakespeare
-popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century -reflected Renaissance ideas and classical themes
cisneros
-reformed Spanish clergy
The Council of Trent
1) reaffirmed church doctrine, approved the Index of Forbidden Books, and reformed some doctrine that was being abused (indulgences)
What were Catherine the Great's 3 main goals after gaining power in Russia?
1. Bring culture of Western Europe to Russia 2. Reform domestic laws 3. Expand Russian territory
In what year was Peter named czar of Russia?
1682
Martin Luther
German professor & priest who wrote the 95 Theses and subsequently led the Protestant Reformation -the ultimate authority for the interpretation of Christian doctrine is the bible -inspired the German peasants to revolt in 1525
The reign of Henry IV prepared a way for French ________ in the 17th century by helping restore internal peace in France.
absolutism
How are Renaissance artist able to learn and practice their craft
academies
virtu'
being able to shape the world according to ones will
deism
belief in the existence of a supreme being/creator/god
St. Petersburg
capital of Russia built by Peter the Great
civil constitution of the clergy
catholic church established a national church with priests chosen by voters
de-christianization
caused by terror, aimed to eliminate catholic symbols and beliefs
Cesare Beccaria
central figure in Northern Italy. He wrote On Crimes and Punishments
list and explain some of the ways that the new republican government attempted to implement the principals of the Enlightenment
chased princes, abolished feudalism, and found support among peasants and middle class people, tried to focus on education
Thomas Wolsey
chief advisor to Henry VIII, also a catholic cardinal, had lots of power in both the state and the church -tried to get the divorce, but failed; dies
emigres
counterrevolutionaries who fled france during the revolution; napoleon granted amnesty to them if they returned to france and took an oath of loyalty
What etiquette rituals were established in the court of Louis XIV and why?
courtiers did rituals for waking up, dressing and undressing, choosing the chair he would sit on
Book of Common Prayer
created by Thomas Cranmer, included the order for all services and prayers of the Church of England in stately, dignified English
Tetzel and Eck
indulgences and debated Luther
marie antoinette
queen of france who was executed by guillotine, known for hats and not caring about nation
Salamanca
university in Spain at which Loyola studied
Mary Wollstonecraft
- 1759-1797 - A young writer in London who supported the revolution in France - Author of "A Vindication of the Rights of Man" and "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"
Coincidentally, in what year were both Napoleon and Wellington born?
- 1769
1775-1783
- American Revolution - France takes a direct role in helping the colonists to beat Great Britian (French are only involved in the war for revenge)
What is Napoleon's birthday?
- August 15th, 1769
Explain the political motivations and concerns of those who wanted to spare the life of Louis XVI and those who wanted to execute him.
- Girondists: 1. More moderate 2. Wanted to peacefully resolve the issue - The Mountains: 1. Radical Republicans 2. Determined to completely erase medieval monarchy
1789
- Great Fear - Period where the nobles fear for peasant uprisings and the peasants fear the nobles will crack down on them
The marriage of Prince Louis and Princess Marie was a political union between what 2 European royal families who were traditional enemies?
- Hapsburgs and Bourbons
How was Napoleon able to "defeat" the armies of the King of France on his way to Paris?
- He addressed the troops, showed them his Emperor badge, and when they saw the badge, they joined him in excitement
What happened to the son of Louis XVI?
- He was taken away from Marie, and died from abuse in captivity
During Napoleon's youth, what gives it away that he is not a French native?
- His Corsican accent - His inflated pride
What did Napoleon call the Peninsular War, and why?
- His Spanish Ulcer - It is the war that begins the end of his demise - It would continue for the rest of his reign and would continue to bug him and destroy his forces
Name for slightly left?
- Liberal
What "economic" nickname was given to Marie Antoinette?
- Madame Defficet
Who became Napoleon's new wife, and where was she from?
- Marie Louise (Hapsburg) - Austria
Name for left?
- Radical - Revolutionary
What do the red, white, and blue colors represent on the French revolutionary flag?
- Red and Blue: colors of Paris - White: color of the Bourbon house
State and explain the main political and social domestic policy goals of Cardinal Richelieu
- Revised Edict of Nantes to reduce toleration of Calvinism - French monarchy acted to repress Protestantism - Main foreign policy goal was to destroy Catholic Hapsburgs' grip on territories that surrounded France, he supported Hapsburg enemies (Protestants) - Interests of state outweighed religious considerations
1792
- September Massacres - The violent purge of any suspected counter-revolutionaries
To what island was Napoleon banished on June 22, 1815?
- St. Helena
What was Napoleon's opinion of Wellington as a general?
- Underestimated him - Thought he was not a good general - Had no respect for Wellington
Where did the French Estates General meet in 1789?
- Versailles
1792
- War with Austria and Prussia - Other European countries begin to step in and help restore the French monarchy so the same thing does not happen in their countries
How did monarchs increase power?
- building large armies - increasing taxation - suppressing representative institutions
What was the essence of Peter the Great's "tour" of Western Europe?
- eager to gain support against ottoman empire - continue Russian territorial expansion - considered how Russia could benefit from example of Western countries (technology, military, culture)
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
- foremost philosopher of Italian Enlightenment - calls for legal and penal reforms in Northern Italy
The core participants in the March on Versailles were __________________. What were the results of the march?
- women - They forced Louis XVI and the royal family to return to Paris
John Locke (1632- 1704)- born clean slate
- wrote Two Treatises of Government (1690) - believed that in the "state of nature" humans had the gift of reason. humans are or can be educated to be rational and responsible, and therefore can and should be free - believed governments are formed to protect the natural rights of "life, liberty, and property" - argued that the people must be reasonable, but that if the government abused these rights, the people could rebel - these ideas are the political manifestations of his environmental philosophy. the belief that evil in human actions was due to bad social institutions, and that improvement in human society would improve human behavior - Restoration/Glorious Rev.
Leonardo Da Vinci
-(1452-1519) -renaissance man, good in many fields -famous for the Mona Lisa (1505; pyramid configuration) and last supper paintings
Michelangelo
-(1475-1564) -Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. -Famous works: ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, sculpture of the biblical character David, Pieta and the Last Judgement, Battle of Centaurs
Thomas More
-(1478-1535) -Northern humanist -famous for writing Utopia -becomes Saint in 20th-century for choosing execution over oath to henry VIII
Raphael
-(1483-1520) -Italian Renaissance painter -he painted frescos -The School of Athens -Painted 'renaissance hall of fame' in the library of pope Julius II, and School of Athens
Vasari
-(1511-1574) -wrote the lives of artists (are historian) -contemporary Renaissance art historian
painting secular
-Greek/roman -perspective -more emotions -princes -Renaissance
Johann Gutenberg
-Invented the printing press (replaced late middle ages scribes) -Reformation and increased European literacy + ideas
Rome controlled by who during renaissance + explain
-Renaissance popes -center of the "High Renaissance" -The Church again became the major patron of art (Julius II)
Medici
-banking family that ruled Florence for three centuries -creation of art in Florence -hired artists and their practices
List some of the reforms enacted by Maria Theresa that would confirm her as an "enlightened" despot.
-limited papacy -taxed everyone (not just serfs) -reduced power of lords over serfs
scholasticism
-philosophical and theological system -associated with Thomas Aquinas -devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy + Roman Catholic theology -thirteenth century -Late Middle Ages
Newton's Laws
1- an object at rest will stay at rest. and a object in motion will stay in motion unless something interferes within its path. 2- the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. 3- every action has a opposite and equal reaction.
Adam Smith's 3 natural laws of economics
1. Law of self-interest: people work for their own good 2. Law of competition: forces people to make better products 3. Law of supply and demand: if quantity goes up, prices goes down. If quantity goes down (more people buying), price goes up.
3 Plebiscites of Napoleons time in power 1. 1799 2. 1802 3. 1804
1. Napoleon created a new constitution that set up a consulate, or executive branch including 3 people, with 2 other consulates and himself. People approve this 2. Napoleon offers himself consult for life, while the other 2 must be elected. People approve this 3. Napoleon becomes the emperor of France, therefore destroying the republic and making the rulers of France continue through his bloodline. People approve this
Principia Mathematica
Book written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russel about the foundations of mathematics.
Advancement of Learning
Book written by Sir Francis Bacon in 1623. In it he continued the discussion of inductive method and empiricism and, especially, he insisted that true knowledge was USEFUL knowledge. In other words he extolled the practicality of science. Thus, usefulness of knowledge is another major element in the Baconian tradition. Should be noted that he saw no sharp distinction between pure and applied science(the two being often practiced separately in modern (20th century) science.
Ferdinand III
Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia who signed the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War (1608-1657) - continued to build state power; centralized gov. in empire's German speaking provinces which formed core Hapsburg holdings
Frederick III
Holy Roman Emperor who acquired only a small amount of territory but a great deal of money with marriage to Princess Eleonore of Portugal in 1452
Who wins?
Parliamentary forces win. Charles I's unwillingness to compromise and accept limitation and a constitutional monarchy results in his execution. This will not only impact the future of English political history, but the rest of the Continent as well.
Immanuel Kant
a professor in East Prussia who was the greatest German philosopher of his day. He said that if intellectuals were granted the freedom to excercise their reason publicly, enlightenment would follow.
thermidorian reaction
a reaction to the violence of the reign of terror, resulting in the execution of robespierre and the loosening of economic controls
treaty of chaumont
austria, prussia, russia and great britain pledged allegiance to defeat the french emperor
describe the various responses of the non-french europeans to napoleonic takeover and occupation
austria, russia, and sweden joined with britain to form an alliance called 3rd coalition believing napoleon was a threat to balance of power. northern italy and western/northern germany joined napoleon's army and fought enthusiastically
Economically speaking, Enlightenment ideals called into question the existence of the ___ system.
capitalist
as a result of napoleon's first abdication, what type of government resulted in france? as a result of his second abdication?
constitutional monarchy both times
When Oliver Cromwell dies in 1658, his son Richard will briefly hold power but...
did not command the same respect
Wycliff (Lollards) and Hus (Hussites)
early critics of the Church
In modern world history, Russia has evolved into a huge, multi- ______________ empire.
ethnic
septermber massacres
following louis XVI's imprisonment. angry crowds stormed the prisons and killed jail priests and aristocrats in fear of invasion by the prussians and rumors about counterrevolutionaries
universal gravitation
force of attraction that acts on all objects in the universe
Artemesia Gentilleschi
influenced by the Renaissance art; became an artist in her own right
Boyne River
location of battle fought in ireland between William III and James II- William won
Du Chatelet
long time companion of Voltaire who published science articles and translations
Protestant women
lost opportunities in church service and lost rights to manage own properties or make legal transactions less rights than Catholic ones (no convents)
laypeople
members of the church who are not clergy
louis XVIII
new monarch restored to throne by the allies in 1814 after napoleon forced to abdicate; issued constitutional charter; lacked napoleon's magnetism; returned to the throne after napoleon's imprisonment at st. helena
Sun King
nickname acquired by Louis XIV while dancing in the court ballet dressed as the sun to symbolize his central role in the divine order
tennis court oath
oath in which the national assembly pledged not to disband until they had been recognized as a national assembly and had written a new constitution
Charles I dissolves Parliament and
rules without them for 11 years (1629- 1640)
Boyars
the highest ranking members of russian nobility who helped the muscovite princes consolidate their power
Elector
title that gave its holder the privilege of being one of only 7 princes or archbishops entitled to elect holy roman emperor, had little real power
where did the french estates general meet in 1789?
versailles
Katharina von Bora
wife of Martin Luther & former nun; symbolized of the nonexistent emphasis on celibacy in Protestantism and set an example of a pastor's wife
The praise of folly
witty satire poking fun at institutions
The Persian Letters
written by the baron de Montesquieu about the amusing letters between two Persian travelers who saw Europe's customs differently. Criticized beliefs and was the first work of the French Enlightenment.
Who was involved in the War of the Three Henrys?
*Henry of Navarre* (Bourbon, Huguenot) Henry III (Protestant, current king, son of Henry II & Catherine de Medici) Henry of Guise (Roman Catholic)
Edmund Burke
- 1729-1797 - Conservative - Founder of philosophical conservatism (modernized conservatism) 1. The landowning interest in a society should govern because they have something to lose therefore they will make responsible choices 2. A parliamentary body should be independent and responsible for the entire society, not necessarily mathematically representative because a person in it for a particular group will not have interest in what's best for nation 3. A representative in a parliamentary body should follow their own best judgment of the country's interest - Author of "Reflections on the Revolution in France"
In what year did Louis XVI become King of France?
- 1774
A Vindication of the Rights of Man
- 1790 - A book that attacked Edmund Burke's opposition towards the revolution in France
Reflections on the Revolutions in France
- 1790 - A book that defended inherited privileges (monarchy), and predicted that the revolution in France would lead to chaos in tyranny
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
- 1790 - The National Assembly's document which established a national Church with priests chosen by vote - It forced all Catholic clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the new government
Declaration of Pillnitz
- 1791 - A declaration by the Kings of Austria and Prussia that they would intervene in France to restore Louis XVI's rule
First Coalition
- 1792-1795 - Austria and Prussia vs. France - Results in the Polish Partitions between Austria, Prussia, and Russia in which they split Poland to prevent the French Revolution from spreading there - Fails miserably and fuels the revolution
Reign of Terror
- 1793-1794 - Period where Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason - Killed any suspected counter-revolutionary
Battle of Leipzig
- 1814 - Quadruple Alliance wins - This victory by the allies forces Napoleon to abdicate and results of the Restoration of the French Monarchy through Louis XVIII
What event during Napoleon's time in power may have promoted him to sell "Louisiana" to the United States? Why?
- A French military failure in Haiti - It was costing too much to keep the people in Haiti at peace and selling Louisiana would give him money
Battle of Valmy
- A battle in which French forces (radical forces) stop the Prussians - After this, the French continue on to invade Savoy, capture Nice, move into the German Rhineland, and occupy the Austrian Netherlands
France leading up to revolution
- A boiling pot of water with a tightly clamped lid over the water waiting to explode - Lid: entrenched nobility and medieval absolutist monarchy - Pot: France - Heat from stove: Enlightenment fueling the explosion
As a result of Napoleon's first abdication, what type of government resulted in France? As a result of his second?
- A constitutional monarchy for both
Abbe' Emanuel Joseph Sieyes
- A member of the First Estate who believed that the Third Estate should possess the same number of delegates as the first two estates combined and that all estates should sit as a single body - Author of "What is the Third Estate"
Estates General
- A parliamentary body made up of representatives from each of the 3 classes in France - First Estate: Clergy - Second Estate: Nobles - Third Estate: Commoners - Called into session for the first time since 1614 in 1789 to discuss the tax changes that Louis XVI wanted to make
Treaty of Tilst
- A peace negotiation between Napoleon and Austria + Prussia in 1807 - Forced Russia to accept the reorganization of Western Europe and to enforce Napoleon's blockade of British goods
September Massacres
- A period of time after Louis XVI's arrest where angry crowds stormed prisons and killed jailed priest and aristocrats because they feared invasion by the Prussians and had heard the counter-revolutionaries would aid the Prussians - Stepping stone to France becoming a republic - Violent overthrow of existing Legislative Assembly
Elba
- A small island off the coast of Italy - After Napoleon abdicated, he was forced into imprisonment hear
St. Helena
- A small island off the coast western coast of Africa - Napoleon is imprisoned for the rest of his life after losing at the Battle of Waterloo
What caused a delay in the battle between the French and British at Waterloo?
- A torrential rain storm
What was the reaction of the National Assembly to the storming of the Bastille and what effect did this have on the future of the revolution?
- Accepted the violence, did not condemn violence because there cause benefitted from the violence - Set a norm of using violence to achieve matters that could easily be settled by negotiation
How did Napoleon earn the title "Savoir of the Revolution" in the 1790's?
- Again and again he won key victories on the battle front that were key in helping the revolution win - When royalists came to invade the National Convention, Napoleon fought to protect it
Why was Peter's son tried for treason and executed?
- Alexis is given the option to die, or live but not inherit the throne - He is imprisoned and Peter later finds out that his son planned to sink the navy and abandon St. Petersburg - When Alexis is under the threat of torture, he admits that he told a priest that he wished his father were dead, and he would have joined a revolt
Concordat of 1801
- An agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon - It re-established a relationship between France and the Catholic Church by giving the pope the right for French Catholics to practice their religion while Napoleon gained political power from involvement in the Catholic Church
Besides soldiers, what other type of "army" did Napoleon take with him on this campaign?
- Army of scientists
IN what area of military did Napoleon become an expert, helping him in his later victories and rise to power?
- Artillery (firearms)
What two German powers went to war with France in 1792, and why? What impact did this have on the French Revolution?
- Austria and Prussia - By going to war, the Prussians and Austrians created a crisis which legitimizes everything the radicals were warning the others of - This allows moderates to support the radical agenda
Klemens von Metternich
- Austrian foreign minister - Marries off Austrian princess to Napoleon to improve Austria's position on the continent - "If you can't beat them, join them."
Why was artillery ineffective in the early stages of the battle of Waterloo?
- Because the ground was marshy, artillery stuck to the ground when it hit and did not roll and divide troops like it was supposed to
What composer dedicated a symphony to Napoleon and why?
- Beethoven - He saw Napoleon as a hero/savoir of the just ideals of the Enlgithenment
A new Grand Alliance of European troops formed in what present day country to invade France?
- Belgium
In what present day country did the battle of Waterloo take place?
- Belgium
Concerning voting rights, what is meant by "stake in society" principle?
- Belief that voting should be restricted to men who owned property/land
Coup d'etat
- Blow of state - A sudden military seizure of power from the government - Napoleon ended the Directory through this
Shortages of what product due to poor harvests and inflation led to violence in France in the 1780's?
- Bread (flour)
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
- British economic philosopher (physiocrat) who wrote "The Wealth of Nations" (1776) - believed tariffs and gov. regulation of trade interfered with wealth- advocated free trade - believed a free economy could produce far more wealth than one regulated by government laws- advocated market economy
1792
- Brunswick Manifesto - A statement made by the leader of the foreign forces to the French people that they were coming and would unleash hell if the people in the royal family were harmed
Why did Prussia propose the Partitions of Poland, and what were the results?
- Catherine was going to Ottoman empire, Prussia Austria say we'll divide Poland for you to stop - If she tried to get Ottoman, they would go to war
What is the spectrum measured in?
- Change: L: more R: less - Time: L: future R: past - World View: L: world is group of people R: world is individuals with differences - Economics: L: government regulation R: free economy
1793
- Committee of Public Safety - It was a group created by Robespierre and other revolution leaders to save the radicals from counter-revolutionaries
Name for slightly right?
- Conservatives
1791
- Constitution of 1791 - The Constitution written by the National Assembly which creates a new parliamentary body in the French government called the Legislative Assembly - This officially makes France a constitutional monarchy
On paper, what type of government did France have as a result of the completion of the new Constitution of 1791, and what name was given to the new French parliamentary body created by this new Constitution?
- Constitutional Monarchy - Legislative Assembly
Napoleon Bonaparte was born on what Mediterranean island?
- Corsica
What document conceived by the National Assembly declared that sovereignty in France belonged to the people?
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
1789
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen - A document written by the National Assembly which laid out the great principles of the Enlightenment - Wanted to call each other "citizen" because it means that everyone is equal
Marie Antoinette hoped that she would suffer what fate rather then execution?
- Deportation
1795-1799
- Directory - The new Constitution set up this new executive branch to help stabilize France's situation - Many people opposed the Directory because it was inefficient and reminded them too much of a medieval monarchy
Constitutional Charter
- Document issued by Louis XVIII - Louis' attempt to gain the support of the French people by keeping many of France's revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties
To what British private school was Wellington sent in 1781?
- Eden
What North African country did Napoleon invade in 1798?
- Egypt
Napoleon's first exile was to what island?
- Elba
The Thermadorian Reaction was precipitated by Maximilian Robespierre's claim to have a new list of what?
- Enemies of the Republic - After killing of his good friend Georges Danton, the other National Convention leaders were afraid they might be on the list
The French Revolution was fueled by the political ideas derived from the Age of ______________________.
- Enlightenment
1789
- Estates General is called - It is a parliamentary body in France that did not meet regularly - It usually resulted in a 2-1 vote with the clergy and nobles outvoting the commoners
Confederation of the Rhine
- Formed as a result of Napoleon's victory over Austria in the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805 - It is a union of all the German states, excluding Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, which was controlled by Napoleon - Replaced the Holy Roman Empire
Napoleonic Code
- French civil code established in 1804 - It reasserted the principles of equality of all male citizens before the law and the security of wealth and private property from 1789 - It restricted rights given to women by previous revolutionary laws
describe how jean-baptist colbert modernized the French economy along mercantilist lines.
- French industry should produce everything needed to support French people to decrease purchase of goods outside France - He supported old industries and created new ones, enacted new production regulation, created guilds, and encouraged foreign craftsmen to immigrate to France
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
- French political philosopher who wrote "The Spirit of laws" - believed that in order to insure the liberty of the people, the power of government needed to be divided (advocated three branches of government). -believe those of higher rank should influence elections, and therefore elections should be public, not secret - each branch should have the power to check or limit the power of the other two, thus a branch, and therefore the gov. as whole as well, would not become a threat to liberty - becomes the basis of US constitution
Describe the changes Louis XIV made to the French military.
- French state employed soldiers - standardized weapons and uniforms - standardized training
"The People's _____________" was the popular newspaper of the French revolution, and its publication was led by what revolutionary leader?
- Friend - Jean Paul Marat
What French revolutionary leader was instrumental in recruiting the French people to mobilize against the invading counter-revolutionary armies?
- George Danton
What popular revolutionary leader was arrested and executed for his opposition to Robespierre's continuation of the Reign of Terror?
- George Danton (he is a Girodin)
What was the name of the moderate faction of the National Convention and what did they support?
- Girondists, still radicals just more moderate then the Jacobins - Supported not killing the King, even though they found him guilty of all his crimes
How and why did Napoleon's political status change in 1804?
- He became the emperor by using the "emergency" to gain more power
Explain what the abbe' Sieyes meant when he said, "Confidence from below, authority from above."
- He is explaining the evolution in thinking for revolutionaries - This evolution emphasized the idea that firm rule was much more appealing then liberty and popular politics
What was unusual about Napoleon's coronation as Emperor of France?
- He took the crown and placed it on his own head instead of the pope placing it on his head
Napoleon's elite forces were known by what terminology?
- Imperial Guard
Explain the process of how Napoleon took power in France in 1799.
- In 1798, the military is in control of France and Napoleon uses the military to invade Egypt - By doing this, Napoleon was creating an "emergency" by provoking the other European powers to declare war on him therefore allowing him to gain more power - When he returns from Egypt, he marches through the streets of Paris and through a coup d'etat he takes control of the French government
Where were Napoleon's forces most welcomed?
- In modern places that liked the Enlightenment - Not welcome on the Iberian Peninsula because it is medieval and Catholic there
Wellington fought for the British in what country, which would have a major impact on his life?
- India
What revolutionary leader led the de-Christianization effort to destroy the power of the Catholic Church in France?
- Jacque Rene Herbert
Louis XVI was executed by guillotine when?
- January 21, 1793
Who was responsible for giving the guillotine its name?
- Jean Paul Marat
What revolutionary leader was assassinated in 1793 and what were the results of this assassination?
- Jean Paul Marat - The voice spurring violence was dead but he becomes like a god to revolutionaries
Whom does Napoleon marry on March 9, 1796?
- Josephine DeBardoa
When Napoleon returned to France to try to regain power, how was he received?
- Jubilant people greeted him and helped him to get to Paris
Maximilian Robespierre was executed by guillotine when?
- July 28, 1794
The battle of Waterloo took place on what date?
- June 18th, 1815
Versailles was the masterpiece of what French King?
- King Louis XIV
Francis II
- King of Austria during Napoleon's rule - Believed Napoleon was a threat to the balance of power in Europe
Louis XVI
- King of France (1774-1792) -1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed -Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793 -hired enlightened minister names turgot -un-did Maupeou parlements
State examples as to how Napoleon was able to appeal to both sides of the political spectrum.
- Left: codify laws, abolished serfdom, promoted enlightenment ideals, kept all men equal before the ;aw - Right: cut a deal with the pope, declared himself emperor, married a Hapsburg
After the Thermidorian Reaction, the new Constitution of 1795 established what type of government in France? How was it different from the one established by the members of the National Convention in 1792?
- Liberal republic? - The executive branch was a group of men, called the Directory, instead of just a single person
State the famous 3 part motto of the French Revolution.
- Liberty, equality, fraternity!
Battle of Austerlitz
- Located in Austrian empire - 1805 - Napoleon wins - It is the defeat in combined Austrian and Russian forces that leads to the official end of the Holy Roman Empire - It results in Napoleon making peace with Austria and establishing the Confederation of the Rhine - Russia flees
Battle of Jeral/Auerstadt
- Located in northeastern Prussia - 1806 - Napoleon wins - Napoleon defeats the Prussian army and occupies Berlin forcing the Prussian King and government to flee east
Battle of Ulm
- Located in southern Germany, in Bavaria - 1805 - Napoleon wins - It forced Austrian force of 50,000 to surrender
Who was the King of France during the French loss of the Seven Years War and what were the results of this war domestically for France?
- Louis XV - Bankrupted France of money and prestige which resulted in a starving population
What event in June of 1791 led many in France to believe that further revolutionary action was necessary, despite the creation of a new Constitution?
- Louis XVI and the Royal family tried to escape France but were caught and returned to Paris
1791
- Louis XVI attempts to escape - He is looking to gain support and help from other European monarchs to help him crush the Revolution - His actions further inflame the revolution by getting more people to support the National Assembly because Louis' actions have supported the claims of the National Assembly that monarchs cannot be trusted and that he did not support the new Constitution
1774
- Louis XVI becomes the King of France - His decision making process and reactions will greatly effect how the French Revolution unfolds - Makes half-decisions which offend and inflame the revolution further
1792-1793
- Louis XVI is tried and executed - This is the moment of no return for the radicals
On what date did Napoleon become Emperor of France again?
- March 20th, 1815
1789
- March on Versailles - Revolt by the citizens of Paris, especially women, to demand that the distant government return to Paris and deal directly with the economic issues that are effecting the people
Marie Antoinette was the daughter of what Austrian Empress?
- Maria Theresa
Who became the main leader of the French Revolution after this massacre?
- Maximilian Robespierre
ON what date did Napoleon die?
- May 5th, 1821
1794
- Military Success - The French forces beat the foreign armies through the use of an uncivilized type of fighting - Although this victory saved the revolution, it shuts off the emergency which was causing people to give all the power to the government (makes people think straight)
1789
- Military build-up - Louis XVI begins to build-up troops around Paris and Versailles - Louis hopes that the show of force will get the National Assembly to step down
Name for middle?
- Moderates
De-Christianization
- Movement which aimed to eliminate Catholic symbols and beliefs
What 2 religious influences were enemies of the British and Wellington in India?
- Muslim and Hindu
What did Napoleon name his son?
- Napoleon
What leader took control of France and the revolution 5 years later?
- Napoleon Bonaparte
What military leader was responsible for many of the successes of the French revolutionary armies?
- Napoleon Bonaparte
1799-1815
- Napoleon Bonaparte - He takes control of France through a coup d'etat
Continental System
- Napoleon's economic embargo on Great Britain - It was imposed to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain - Supposed to weaken the British economy and military but really weakened the countries in the Grand Empire
The 3rd Estate declared itself the ____________ Assembly and, after being locked out of the Estates General, met at a local _______________ court to declare an oath that they would continue to meet until they wrote a new ___________________ for France.
- National - tennis - Constitution
1789
- National Assembly - The Third Estate refused to meet in the Estates General in the medieval way - Thought that with the change in ideals during the Enlightenment, each estate would not meet desperately and get 1 vote but that all the estates would meet in one body and vote as individuals - Thought this because the Third Estate represented 95% of the French population and therefore should be making the decisions concerning the masses
1789
- National Assembly is locked out of the room where the Estates General is being held and they are not allowed to return
1792
- National Convention - This is the new government put into place instead of the Legislative Assembly - It is put in place for the new republic
Battle of Trafalgar
- Naval battle is west Atlantic near the Strait of Gibraltar - 1805 - Great Britain won - It was a naval victory that ends Napoleon's hope for an invasion of Great Britain - It establishes the British naval supremacy for decades to come
National Convention
- New popularly-elected replacement for the Legislative Assembly - Members were mostly from the Jacobin Club - It proclaimed France a republic or nation where the people, not monarch, help sovereign power
Parliament challenges the authority of Charles I with the Petition of Right:
- No imprisonment without just cause- King can't just lock someone up because he doesn't like them - No loans or taxes without Parliament - No housing of soldiers in private homes - No martial law in peacetime- can only change in war
Guerrilla Warfare
- Non-traditional fighting style that Napoleon used to beat his enemies - Includes hit + run tactics and ambushes
1789
- Oath of the Tennis Court - The National Assembly members, locked out of the Estates General, meet on a tennis court nearby - They make a promise to one another that they will continue to meet until they write a new Constitution
Describe political principles that W and M agreed to when they took the throne.
- Once law is made by Parliament, crown could not stop it - Parliament had to be called at least once every 3 years - Protestants could possess arms and Catholic couldn't (didn't want them to gain power) - No catholic could ever inherit throne - Independence of judiciary established - No standing army in peacetime King and Queen don't really have power
What is the Third Estate
- Outlined the idea that there should be a assembly dominated by the Third Estate instead of individual assemblies with one vote - Believed it was unfair because the Third Estate was always outvoted
What was the purpose and results of the "escape" attempt by Louis XVI in 1791?
- P: to seek help from other monarchs in in Europe to help reclaim his throne - R: Louis and his family are arrested and taken back to Paris and imprisoned
Many in 1789 believed that the accomplishments of the National Assembly were ______________ victories and that the King would gather forces against them.
- Paper
Since it appeared that the King was prepared to use violence to stabilize the situation, what drastic action did the French citizens take in response?
- Parisians stormed the Bastille to obtain weapons to defend Paris from Louis' forces
Hundred Days
- Period in 1815 where Napoleon re-takes France and becomes emperor again after escaping from Elba
Great Fear
- Period where nobles feared of peasant uprisings and peasants feared of the nobles cracking down on them
paradox concerning Peter the Great's Russia
- Peter is known for being great in Russian history by modernizing Russia into a Western-European looking nation - However, only 5% of this population (nobles) really modernize. The other 95% (serfs/enslaved) are still very medieval
What were the overall results of the "Wars of Louis XIV"
- Philip remained king as long as French and Spanish crowns will never be unified - France surrendered a lot of land to England
What important job in Great Britain did Wellington assume later in his career?
- Prime Minister
Results of War of Austrian Succession
- Prussians keep Silesia - Austrians keep "Belgium" (Austrian Netherlands) - Demonstrated weakness of French position between European and overseas ambition - Hapsburg empire remains intact (Hungary + Bohemia) - Husband of Maris is elected HRE - Leads to "Diplomatic Rev."
Name for right?
- Reactionary - Counter-revolutionary
During the Age of Enlightenment, ___________ and ______________ began to challenge the medieval concepts of European civilization.
- Reason - Science
1793-1794
- Reign of Terror - The period where Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety terrorize counter-revolutionaries through public guillotining - People began to rat each other out for fear they were next/ had to prove they were radical by doing more radical actions - Used the guillotine as the murder weapon because it was an Enlightenment device used to kill everyone (equality)
As a result of the September Massacres, and the overthrow of the Legislative Assembly and the Constitution of 1791, and the establishment of the National Convention, on paper, what type of government was France?
- Republic
1794
- Robespierre executed - When the emergency is shut off, people, who support the revolution, begin to think straight and realize they might be the next killed - His execution is a right-ward reaction by the French people - Executed in July (Thermador)
What important archaeological discovery was made during this campaign?
- Rosetta Stone
1792
- Royal Family imprisonment - This is the purely emotional, not logical, response by the French people to the Brunswick Manifesto
Louis XVIII
- Ruled: 1814-1824 - Chosen by the Allies to become the French King in the Restoration of the French monarchy - Bourbon
The "emergency" of the invading foreign armies led many revolutionaries in France to kill hundreds of suspected counter-revolutionaries, which became known as what event of 1792?
- September Massacres
July 14, 1789
- Storm the Bastille! - Parisians take the side of the National Assembly and storm the prison in Paris that houses the political prisoners - It is symbolic place to begin the Revolution
Part of the French Revolution's de-Christianization process was Robespierre's creation of the "Cult of ____________ _____________"
- Supreme Being
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
- Swiss/French philosopher who wrote "the Social contract" - a man of "feeling" in an age of logic and science, due to his "poetic" approach, some view him as a look ahead to the eventual Age of Romanticism - believed that liberty and justice would thrive in a state where the "general will" of the people was sovereign
1789
- Tax the nobility - King Louis XVI wants to put an end to the "Old Bargain" in order to raise more money to pay for the vast amount of debt France is in - Nobles agree to new tax, but only if it approved by the Estates General
Marie Antoinette
- The Austrian princess married off to Louis XVI for a public alliance between Austria and France - She was murdered by the guillotine later in 1793 after Louis was killed by it on January 21, 1793
What position in France did Wellington receive after the first fall of Napoleon?
- The British Ambassador
Explain the connection between the American Revolution and the French Revolution.
- The French fought in the American Revolution in order to get revenge at Britian, even though France was already very far in debt and could not afford the war - France was far in debt because it could not tax the nobility and could not use modern capitalistic techniques to raise money to pay debt because the economy and government were very medieval - France is driven even further into debt and conflict during the 1780's through the growing wealth gap and bad harvest - The Revolution in America inspired people in France who were into Enlightenment ideals but did not know they were applicable - Ex: marquis de Lafayette
Why was it that the new leader was unpopular and unable to control the people of France?
- The French people were still attached to the ideals of the revolution and still hated the monarchy and the oldness it stood for
1792
- The Paris Commune - It is the municipal government that governs Paris - The radicals of Paris take over the Paris Commune and set it up as a rival to the Legislative Assembly because the radicals believed the Legislative Assembly was too moderate
Grand Empire
- The empire in which Napoleon ruled over by 1807 - It included the French Empire and the Dependent Sates (countries not part of France but were controlled by Paris), virtually all of Europe
Directory
- The executive branch in the new government created to prevent another Robespierre from taking over - A group of 5 men
National Assembly
- The first French revolutionary legislative body - Made up of members from mostly the Third Estate
Besides battle losses, half of Napoleon's troops were lost in the Russian campaign due to what?
- The harsh Russian winter
Sans-culottes
- The laboring poor of Paris - Named after the trousers the men wore instead of the long-kneed breeches the aristocracy wore - Word came to refer to militant radicals in Paris
What about war seemed to affect Wellington more so then Napoleon?
- The melancholy felt for the losses after victory
What are some of the reasons that for the failure of the Continental System?
- The people Napoleon were forcing to follow the system were more hurt by it then Great Britain
Tennis Court Oath
- The pledge made by members of the National Assembly at a tennis court near the meeting place of the Estates General where the delegates promised to continue meeting until they had written a new Constitution
What changed in 1794, taking away the emergency that was fueling the radicals in the French government and therefore the Reign of Terror?
- The radical forces successfully stop the Prussians/foreign forces from advancing
What "legislative" action did the National Assembly take on the night of August 4, 1789?
- They decreed all noble privileges (feudalism) were abolished along with tithes paid to the church - Noble privileges include: 1. Peasant serfdom 2. Special hunting rights 3. Fees for legal cases in Lord's court 4. Right to make peasants work
Describe the various responses of the non-French Europeans to Napoleonic takeover and occupation.
- They form the First, Second, and Third Coalition to try and control the balance of power in Europe - However, they fail in the first 3 coalitions
Why did many of the other European monarchs join in a coalition to attack France in the early 1790's?
- They wanted to restore the French monarchy because they feared if the monarchy were destroyed in France the same thing would happen in their nations
What was the de-Christianization purpose of the revolutionary creation of the ten-day week in France?
- To eliminate the religious day of the week, Sunday
Why did Napoleon have his marriage annulled in 1809?
- To marry a younger women who could produce heirs for him
Alexander I
- Tsar of Russia during Napoleon's rule - Believed Napoleon was a threat to the balance of power in Europe
Due to the economic crises in the 1780's in France, many called for an end to what "Old Bargain"? What was the reaction of the French nobility to this proposal?
- Wanted to end the "Old Bargain" where the King would not tax the nobility as long as the nobles remained loyal and supported the King - The French nobles agree to this, but say the Estates General must vote to approve it
Joseph II reforms
- abolished serfdom - decreed absolute equality of taxation - decreed equal punishments for equal crimes regardless of class - established freedom of press - toleration of all religions - granted equal rights/duties to Jewish population - Jewish military service - created Jewish nobles - clashed openly with Pope, establishing independent control of Austrian Catholic Church - Established East india company - "Germanization of Austria"
Describe the structure of Prussian militaristic society
- army expansion achieved through forced conscription - all Prussian men would undergo military training/serve as reservists in army - policies of Frederick William I combined with harsh peasant bondage and Junker tyranny
List some of the policies and achievements of Henry IV during his reign
- became king bc of war of 3 henrys - sort of politique, wants to build stability after religious wars - edict of nantes - lowered taxes - kept france at peace - improved infrastructure
Gabrielle-Emelie le Tonnelier de Bretuil marquis du Cathelet (1706-49)
- companion of Voltaire despite major academic achievements, excluded from Royal society as woman - believed that women's role in science was due to unequal education - "I would make women participate in all the rights of humankind, and above all in those of intellect"
The French Constitution of 1791 established what type of government for France?
- constitutional monarchy
The Bastille by the 18th century was a symbol of royal _________________.
- despotism
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
- foremost philosopher of the German enlightenment - advocated freedom to exercise reason in public which would lead to enlightenment - man is unable to make use of his understanding without direction from another - dare to know
David Hume (1711-76)
- foremost philosopher of the scottish enlightenment - considered enlightened due to his religious skepticism (like most enlightened thinkers) however he undermines the obsession with reason during the period by concluding that our ideas reflect only our sensory experiences and reason can't ell us anything about the questions that cannot be verified by sensory experience - philosophy devoted to the rule of law (like hobbes) concluding passion rather than reason governs behavior
Catherine the Great reforms
- imported Western architects, musicians, intellectuals - bought Western art - supported philosophes financially - published philosophe writing - established Legislative Common to codify Russian law - restricted torture - improved education and local gov - allowed religious toleration
Maria Theresa reforms
- limited papacy/Church - taxed everyone (not just serfs) - codification of Austrian law - reduced power of lords over serfs
Denis Diderot (1713-84)
- main author of the "Encyclopedia" in which he wanted to change the general way of thinking and secularize learning
Voltaire (1694-1778)
- most famous of all enlightened philosophes. -thought the war at his time was irrational. -fought against superstition, intolerance, and fanaticism - his admiration of England brought English scientific and philosophical achievement - less concerned with political freedom, he saw the power of government as a means to enlighten society - first to present purely secular conceptions of history - ecrasez l'infam
How did the construction of Versailles allow Louis XIV to gain more control of the French nobility?
- moves government outside of Parisian rebellions - awes population into submission - requires all great nobles to spend at least part of the year in attendance on him there, so he could keep an eye on their activities. Since he controlled distribution of state power/wealth, nobles had no choice but to obey/compete for his favor.
Frederick II the Great's reforms
- religious toleration - encouraged immigration - expansion/improvements in education - simplification of laws - torture abolished - impartial judges - agricultural/industrial expansion - lived modestly * does not touch serfdom because that's how the nobles allowed him to rule
The Brunswick Manifesto resulted in an enraged French public who imprisoned the royal family, disposed of Louis XVI, and declared France a ______________.
- republic
List and explain some of the social changes Peter the Great imposed
- required all nobles to serve in army or civil administration for life - created new schools; required every young nobleman to spend 5 years - military-civilian bureaucracy--> 14 ranks, work bottom to top, allowed non-nobles to jump positions - increased service requirements of commoners
Napoleon is said to have revolutionized the ____________ of war.
- rules
what "etiquette rituals" were established in the court of Louis XIV and why?
- shows power by creating ceremonies for every aspect of life - the dressing and undressing of the King - what chair to sit in - how nobles enter and are seated in the church allowed important people access to the King and special treatment
With the "emergency" of the invading armies fueling fear in France, the revolutionaries began the Reign of _______________.
- terror
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)- born bad
- wrote the book Leviathan (1651) - believed life in the "state of nature" (without government) was "solitary, poor, nasty..." - believed that in order to have a civilized society, people needed to come to an agreement by which they surrendered - believed that questioning the government would open the way to chaos - therefore advancing secular argument for absolute monarchy - English Civil War
charles VII
-(1422-1461) -revived monarchy in France -reconciled burgundy -created army -invaded italy repeatedly
Montaigne
-(1533-1592) -skepticism and tolerance -finest representative of early modern skepticism -Created a new genre, the essay.
Elizabeth I
-(1533-1603) -Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603 -absolute monarch -considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time
Bruegel
--pictures of peasants in the north -Famous Flemish painter who depicted landscapes with the central focus on human peasant life.
Late Middle Ages politics
-Church is supreme to the state -Late Middle Ages
Realism and Expression
-Creates a 3-D appearance -Parallel lines move towards a focal point on the horizon to create dimension -Objects get smaller as one moves farther back
perspective
-Creates a 3-D appearance -Parallel lines move towards a focal point on the horizon to create dimension -Objects get smaller as one moves farther back
Birthplace of the Italian Renaissance + big idea
-Florence -centered on individualism and on the glorification of human achievements -in the spirit of the classical Greeks and Romans -rejected the "pagans" and their myths (Greeks)
Francesco Petrarch
-Florentine poet and scholar who thought that society should go back to the renaissance -father of humanism -wrote sonnets and labeled the Middle Ages the Dark Ages
Ghiberti
-Florentine sculptor -the doors for the Baptistry in Florence after winning a contest in 1401
Hundred Years War + effects
-France v. England -series of conflicts representing a French succession dispute -England attempts to take advantage of a politically divided France -France: national taxes; standing army; stronger monarchy -England: strengthen national identity with French Hatred -France became unified
Results of Thirty Years War
-Germany physically devastated, as much as 1/3 entire population perished -Germany was further divided by the decline of the HRE -ended wars of religion -Beginning of the rise of France as dominant European power, also accelerated the continued rise of Britain and the Netherlands -Balance of power of diplomacy emerged in Europe
1517
-Martin Luther publishes the 95 Theses -Johann Tetzel begins selling indulgences in Saxony
Although significant advancements will not come in biology and chemistry until the 19th century, list some of the 16th and 17th century contributions to advancements in biology and chemistry, along with some of their achievements.
-Paracelsus: used drugs/chemicals to heal illness -Versalius: studied anatomy by dissecting dead bodies -Harvey: discovered circulation of blood
Describe the characteristics of renaissance art as compared to medieval art
-Renaissance -- classical themes, people-like facial features in Gods, individual portraits, showed human ideals, more realistic, mannerism, lifelike with interaction, prayer, depth and reality, nudity, celebrating what it means to be human - Medieval -- reflected spiritual ideas, more traditional, one-dimensional/flat, does to portray world, conservative
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
-SPAIN Rulers who launched Spain's rise as a major European power -in control of a vast overseas empire/funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus -United spain, drove out the moors
Savanarola
-a religious dictator in Florence -seized power from the Medici -French invasions were God's punishment -burned at the stake
List some of the reforms enacted by Joseph II that would confirm him as an "enlightened" despot.
-abolished serfdom -peasants pay lords in cash, rather than labor
marriage
-based on some romance -woman has to please husband -Renaissance
Mysticism
-call for reform, brothers and sisters of the common life -a mystic -Luther posts his 95 Theses
Women in the Renaissance
-change since gender roles are being discussed -some women can become artists but are limited to what they can do -began to read and write in larger numbers Most famous female writer: Christine de Pizan who wrote, The City of Ladies.
what can explain why the renaissance started in Italy?
-cities centers of trade because of their positioning -cities were isolated from each other they converged on ideas -This led to competition and growth. Ex: Genoa, Venice (republic), and Milan (Sforza)
Renaissance politics
-city states: (unified king and wealthy families taking control) -state is supreme to the Church
Mary Tudor
-daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558 -she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England -many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics
What were the results of Joseph II's attempt to "enlighten" Austrian society, and as based on these results, what might you be able to conclude about "enlightened absolutism" in general?
-expanded role of states -didn't think of peasants and serfs -made reforms, but weren't always good
Cortes and the Spanish defeat the Aztecs
-faster ships -more ammo
Painting late middle ages
-gothic/byzantine styles -religious -stiff -lacks emotion -church
Fugger Family
-great deal of money due to international banking, and they used there pull to patronize art of the Northern Renaissance -the Medici of the North
List some of the reforms enacted by Catherine the Great that would confirm her as an "enlightened" despot.
-imported Western architects, musicians, and intellectuals -bought Western art -patronized philosophes -published Encyclopedia -restricted torture -wrote plays -allowed religious toleration
List some of the ways in which the Scientific Revolution was sustained in the 17th century.
-international scientific community -did not involve church -artisans became scientists/helped out in experiments of scientists
State Adam Smith's three "natural laws" of economics.
-law of self-interest: people work for their own good -law of competition: competition forces people to make better products -law of supply and demand: enough goods would be produced at a low price
List some of the reforms enacted by Fredrick the Great that would confirm him as an "enlightened" despot.
-let people choose religion -promoted advancements of knowledge -simplified laws -abolished torture -judges decided cases quickly and impartially -Prussians became known for hard work
Marriage in late middle ages
-no divorce -marriages arranged -paternal care -men please women in manners -more gender equality
Secular
-non-religious -related to concerns of the world -renaissance
although many early modern Italian city states demonstrated republican characteristics, the merger of the northern Italian nobility and the commercial elite created a powerful ???
-oligarchy -- a small group (of nobles) that ruled the city and surrounding countryside -often fought each other -no unification
List and explain the consequences of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes under Louis XIV.
-ordered Catholic baptism of Huguenots, destruction of Huguenot churches, closing of schools, and the exile of Huguenot pastors who refused to renounce their faith Result: departure of some of King's most loyal and skilled subjects
sculpture in late middle ages
-part of building celebrates god/church
Condottieri
-private armies -leaders of bands of mercenary soldiers in Renaissance Italy who sold their services to the highest bidder
star chamber
-secret English court used to deal with aristocrats who threatened royal power - dealt with property disputes and infractions of the public peace
What were the socio-political results of Pugachev's rebellion in Russia?
-stopped Catherine the Great from reforming social class system -nobles had absolute power over serfs -extended serfdom into new places
Phillip II's Armanda
-was known as the "most Catholic king" of Spain defeated by Elizabeth; however, Phillip had other concerns in the Spanish Netherlands where the Protestants rebelled.
Catherine de Medicis
-wife of Henry II (1547-1559) of France -who exercised political influence after the death of her husband + during the rule of her weak sons (1547-1589)
Catholic Reformation (or Counter Reformation)
1) an effort to reform the Catholic Church. The Council of Trent was where this happened, but in actuality the Church reformed itself without admitting any issues brought up by Martin Luther were accurate. For example, the ended the practice of selling indulgences, but said that they could if they wanted to. -A council that continually met at Trent -The Index of Prohibited Books -A focus on biblical and moral discipline -WAS NOT Intense reform of ALL practices
Elizabeth I
1) of England was a POLITIQUE. This meant that she was more interested in politics than religion. She was protestant, but she did not condemn Catholics. Many plots were in place during her reign, primarily led by her Catholic cousin, Mary Queen of Scots. Elizabeth kills Mary, but when Elizabeth dies she names Mary's Presbyterian son, James VI of Scotland, as her heir. England and Scotland have had the same monarch ever since.
Protestants normally supported Protestants and Catholics normally supported Catholics. The exception was Catholic France who
1) under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu supported the Protestant princes in Germany. France wanted to end the power of the Habsburgs and so they supported the enemy of the Habsburgs (the enemy of my enemy is my friend).
During the reign of James II, there are 3 issues that unite Parliament against him
1. Appoints Catholics to positions 2. Creates standing army for personal protection 3. The two parties realize he has a son and it will continue unless they stop it (Whigs sway Tories)
List the four phases of the Thirty Years' War and describe the events and results of each.
1. In Bohemia, Ferdinand and and *CATHOLICS* vs. Bohemian Protestants 2. In Denmark, Ferdinand and and *CATHOLICS* vs. Danish Protestants 3. Involved successful intervention by Sweden on *PROTESTANT* side; France helped to limit Hapsburg power 4. Direct French intervention on *PROTESTANT* side
What was the reaction of the representatives of the Third Estate in France, when they learned that the Estates General would be conducted in the old "medieval" way? How did the King, clergy, and nobles respond? Response of Third Estates? King's response to this?
1. The Third Estate formed the National Assembly and refused to meet at the Estates General till all estates sat in one body 2. Reacted by locking the National Assembly (Third Estate) out of the Estates General 3. The National Assembly takes the tennis court oath in which they pledge to one another that they will continue to meet until they draft a new Constitution 4. Louis XVI begins to build-up military forces around Paris and Versailles in hopes to make the National Assembly step down
In what year did the Dutch gain their permanent independence from the Spanish?
1648
"Leviathan"
1651 treatise by Hobbes; only solution to his philosophies. Social contract in which all members of society placed themselves under rule of the sovereign
How many provinces made up the Netherlands in the 16th century?
17
Encyclopedia
17 volumes written by philosophes that was made to "change the general way of thinking".
George I
1700's was a German Protestant prince who spoke no English, therefore completely let Parliament have control and started the Cabinet, which was a handful of Parliament advisers
In what year did Peter die?
1725
George II
1727-1760, king of great britain and ireland, discontinued cabinet meetings, rule marked a peaceful time in england, parliament constantly fought with him and forced his mentor to resign and reinstall their own choice of prime minister
What event marked the ascension of Prussia as a great power of Europe and why?
???????????? War of Austrian Succession; in one stroke Prussia had doubled its population to 6 million people
Treaty of Tordesillas
A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Monument in Paris which began to be constructed during Napoleon rule, finished years later, honoring him and his victories
Arc de Triomphe
From what port did Peter launch his new navy in 1693?
Archangel, high on the northern coast
Thomas Cranmer
Archbishop of Canterbury first archbishop of the Church of England, wrote The Book of Common Prayer more protestant
James II
Catholic king of England after Charles II who granted religious freedom and appointed Roman Catholics to positions in army/gov.; defied parliament
Sir Francis Drake
England, world, late 16th century, frrst ENGLISHMAN to circumnavigate the globe, victory against spanish armada
Henry Hudson
England/Holland, Northeast North America, early 17th century
Harvey
English 1578-1657: discovered circulation of the blood
Puritans
English Calvinists; wanted to purify Roman Catholic elements
How and why did Aristotle's and Ptolemy's science fit neatly with Christian doctrines?
Established a home for God and a place for Christian souls. Earth was at the center like hell and beyond the 10th sphere was Heaven.
Kepler
German scientist who proposed the 3 laws of planetary motion
Catherine of Aragon
Henry VIII's first wife, mother of Mary Henry VIII wanted their marriage to be annulled so he could marry Anne Boleyn and have a son; Pope denied request because of Catherine's relationship with Holy Roman Emperor -1) Realize that Henry was a devout Catholic who called for the swift death of both Luther and Galileo. Henry was given the title Defender of the Faith by the pope before wanting a divorce. Also understand that Catherine of Aragon was the daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain and that Catherine was the aunt of Charles V - the Holy Roman Emperor and without question that most powerful man of the age. Catherine's connections kept the Pope from granting the divorce.
Describe the social and political impact that the English Reformation had on English society and government.
Henry seized monasteries and distributed their lands to the upper classes, which strengthened them and tied them to both the Tudor dynasty and the English Church Royal government reformed and centralized New departments of state Surplus funds from all departments were applied to those with deficits Greater efficiency and economy
Philip's contempt for Elizabeth
Her support of the Dutch Her order of execution of Mary Stuart Her rejection to his proposal
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor who held his first diet in Worms, Germany and summoned Luther to it sought to stop Protestantism -presided over the Diet of Worms when Luther stood trial
What were the results of the German religious war of the 16th century for the Holy Roman Empire (Peace of Augsburg) and personally for the emperor Charles V?
In general, Lutheranism was recognized in the Holy Roman Empire. For Charles V personally, he became a monk and decided to divide Germany from his non-German territories. His brother, Ferdinand I, inherited Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, and his son, Philip II, inherited Spain.
Fredrick II
Known as Fredrick the Great of Prussia (1740-1786). He ruled through the War of Austrian Succession, and brought many ideals from the Age of Enlightenment to Prussia.
Seven Years' War
Maria Theresa forms an alliance with France and Russia to regain Silesia from Prussia. Fredrick II fought them off until Peter III called off the war as the new Russian monarch in 1762.
Why was there no Russian navy before the reign of Peter?
Moscow was so far from the coast that no Tsar had called for a navy or waged war at sea. Peter thought that if the rest of the world was mastering waves, then so would he.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Novum Organum (New Method) 1620 - Emphasized the inductive method
1648
Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War... Protestant victory
Copernicus (1473-1543)
Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. (died before it)
What form of government did the Dutch establish after gaining independence from Spain?
Republic (no monarch)
What name is given to the southern Dutch counties that remain part of the Spanish empire after the Dutch revolt? What is this region of Europe called today?
Spanish Netherlands Belgium
Isabella of Castile (1451-1504)
Spanish monarch who, along with her husband Ferdinand of Aragon, who funded Christopher Columbus' voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, which led to his discovery of the West Indies
Spanish Armada
Spanish naval fleet sent by Philip II in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Defeated due to weather and the English fleet
Until the Scientific Revolution, Europeans relied on what combination for an understanding of motion and matter? Thinkers in the Scientific Revolution then brought what combination to their experiment?
They relied on an understanding of motion and matter drawn from ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle and adapted to Christian theology. They then brought magic, astrology, alchemy
Besides those Germans that supported Luther due to religious agreement with him, what other reasons might have drawn certain Germans to his cause?
They used him as a symbol and a weapon of not only religious, but also social and political revolution.
Indulgences and purgatory
Those who were not baptized but did not deserve hell (dead babies) or simply didn't deserve heaven either went here (Limbo). By giving money to the Catholic Church, you could get time off for dead relatives. This was one of Martin Luther's complaints, since it was kind of a scam.
medici
aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century
Upon inheriting the throne, Fredrick the Great was determined to use what that he had inherited from his father?
army
Describe the structure of Prussian militaristic society.
army- precise, skillful, disciplined civil society- rigid and highly disciplined, live for the military
Baroque Art
art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit
What is meant when it is said that the Glorious Revolution began the age of "aristocratic gov." in England?
basic rights given to all ppl bc they all have the ability to reason
Catherine de Medici's order of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
beginning of religious conflict in France. With the death of the last of Catherine's sons, the War of the Three Henrys begins with Henry of Navarre agreeing to convert to Catholicism (Paris is Worth a Mass).
Compare and contrast the status of France and Spain in 17th century European history.
beginning-- French weak, Spain powerful by the end-- roles reversed
militarism
belief that government should maintain a strong military, glorification of war
What did Russian leaders mean when they referred to Russia as the Third Rome?
believed they were the successor to the legacy of ancient rome
continental system
blockade imposed by napoleon to halt all trade between continental europe and britain, thereby weakening the british economy and military
List the 3 main geographic parts of the House of Austria
bohemia- (bohemia, silesia, moravia) habsburgs established direct rule, peasantry conditions worsened, protestantism stomped out hungary- rebellions against austrian absolutism failed, never fully integrated in a centralized habsburg state austria- oldest provinces, fully integrated centralized state
Slavery in the New World
bonded labor, initial push to enslave natives, eventual turn to African slave trade
In the Age of Enlightenment the production, consumption, and variety or ___ grew drastically.
books
In the Age of Enlightenment, the production, consumption, and variety of _________ grew dramatically
books
edmund burke
british statesman who published reflections on the revolution in france; glorified britain's unpresentative parliament and predicted that reform like that occurring in france would lead to chaos and tyranny
David Hume
central figure in the Scottish Enlightenment who had an emphasis on civic morality and religious skepticism. He built off of Locke's teachings and argued that the human mind is nothing but a bundle of impressions from sensory experiences and habits.
Time of Trouble
chaotic time period after ivan and his successors death; ivan's relatives struggled for power and ordinary people suffered drought, crop failure and plague; cossacks rebelled against nobles
Cardinal Richelieu
chief minister of French crown during Louis XIII's reign, established administrative system to strengthen royal control, fought to repress Protestantism and destroy Hapsburg power in Europe
Cardinal Mazarin
chief minister successor to Richelieu, struggled to increase royal revenues to meet costs of war which led to the Fronde uprising
Charles II
childless Spanish king who's death opened a struggle for control of Spain and its colonies
German Princes
chose to leave the Catholic faith because for political and economic reasons rather than religious ones. -1) formed the League of Schmalkalden to defend themselves from Charles
William III of Orange
chosen by parliament to become king, arrival sparked riots across the British isles and North America, victory at the Battle of Boyne and the Treaty of Limerick sealed his accession to power
Peter used the bells from Russian ________ for new weapons of war
churches; Peter was against the church's traditional ways. Perhaps this action would show the church that change could be good
St. Petersburg
city designed to reflect western europe, peter made it the capital of russia
What city became a model Calvinist community in the 16th century, and what type of lifestyle would be emphasized by Calvinist leaders?
city: Geneva lifestyle: theocratic government; Protestant work ethic
Although humanist academies were not open to women, a few women did become educated in the _____.
classics -- Greek and Roman
Instrument of Government
constitution prepared by army that invested executive power in a lord protector (cromwell) and a council of state; gave all Christians except roman catholic the right to practice faith
on paper, what type of government did france have as a result of the completion of the new constitution of 1791, and what name was given to the new french parliamentary body created by this new constitution?
constitutional government; legislative assembly
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
controller general of Louis XIV who's central principle was that the wealth and economy of France should serve the state, applied mercantilist policies to France
Jean Babptiste Cobert
controller general of Louis XIV, in charge of money and economy
napoleon was born on what mediterranean island?
corsica
Anabaptists
denied infant baptism and very liberal for the time women were allowed to preach in Anabaptists communities
Test Act of 1673
deny rights to non-anglicans
iconoclasm
destruction of religious images and relics (which were regarded as sacrilegious by Protestants) as a means of purifying the church
after the thermidorian reaction, the new constitution of 1795 established what type of government in france? how was it different from the one established by the members of the national convention in 1792?
dictatorship heavily backed by nobility; bicameral legislature with council of 500 (lower house), council of elders (upper house, 250 members over age of 40) that approved new laws...called the directory
What was the reaction of the Catholic Church to the conclusions of Galileo? What resulted from this controversy?
did NOT approve; put works on list of forbidden books
Charles II of Spain
died in 1700 with no children, death started war of Spanish succession
Explain the socio-economic differences between Eastern and Western Europe
east- relied on commercial agriculture, sold surpluses from peasants to merchants who exported them to the west, peasants are slaves, decrease of middle class west- benefitted from grain in the east, peasants have more rights and can own land
what changed in 1794, taking away the emergency that was fueling the radicals in the french government and therefore the reign of terror?
economic reforms such as setting prices for key products, putting people to work, told craftsmen what to produce, rationalized small workshops and requistioned raw materials
what three concepts in 14th century Italy were interconnected and therefore all contributed to the renaissance?
economics, politics, and culture
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
edited the Encyclopedia with Denis Diderot, and later believed all philosophes were after him. So he left the group and moved to a different civilization. He attacked rationalism and civilization as destroying individuals; also believed in division of genders and gender roles.
Denis Diderot
edited the Encyclopedia with Jean le Rond d' Alembert; wanted to teach people how to think critically/objectively.
Describe Puritan rule in England socially and culturally.
england divided into 12 military districts each governed by a major general, forbade sports, closed theaters, censored the press
Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli did not agree on very much
especially the concept of transubstantiation. Zwingli denied all sacraments while Luther and Calvin agreed that only baptism and communion were supported by Biblical records
Describe the doctrinal practices of the Church of England.
essentially the same as the Catholic doctrine
How and why did Aristotle's and Ptolemy's science fit neatly with Christian doctrines?
established a home for god and a place for christian souls; put humans at center
In modern world history, Russia has evolved into a huge, multi_________ empire.
ethnic
Slavic
ethnic group in Europe including Czechs, Slovaks, Serps, Croats, Poles, Ukrainians
Glorious Revolution
events of 1688 and 1689 in england after James II was driven out and replaced with William III and Mary II
State and explain the main political and social domestic policy goals of Cardinal Richelieu.
extended the use of intendants, repressed Protestantism, destroy Hapsburg power
House of Orange
family that held the office of stadholder in several of the UPN
Cardinal Richelieu
focused on administration and regulation of people, led during reign of Louis XIII with three point plan: break power of nobility, humble house of Austria, control Protestants
royal society of london
followers of Bacon; met weekly to conduct experiments and discuss latest findings of scholars across Europe
Part of the resistance to Catholic Rome was fueled by nationalistic resentment by those who saw church leaders in their regions as _________.
foreign
klemens von metternich
foreign minister of austria who proposed to napoleon that he reduce france to its historical size
Medieval philosophers acquired some independence from theologians and therefore some sense of _____ inquiry.
free
Medieval philosophers acquired some independence from theologians and therefore some sense of _________ inquiry.
free
Cossacks
free groups and outlaw armies originally compromising runaway peasants living on the borders of the russian territory from the 14thC onward, end of 16thC- formed an alliance with the russian state
sculpture in renaissance
free standing and celebrates humanity
napoleonic code
french civil code that reasserted principles of equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, restricted rights of women by previous revolutionary laws
What impact did the Age of Louis XIV have on the rest of European culture
french culture grew in international prestige. it became the language of polite society and international diplomacy, replacing latin
enlightened bourgeoisie
french nobility and educated commoners
Instrument of the Government
gave all Christians except the roman catholics the right to practice their faiths
elector
gave holder the privilege of being 1 of 1 princes or archbishops entitled to elect the Holy Roman emperor, but electors had little real power
Anabaptists
general name given to several Protestant groups who believed that only adults could make an informed decision about baptism (and thus entry into the Christian community) and who therefore refused to have their children baptized. Because of their belief in pacifism and that the Christian could not participate in civil affairs (by implication the separation of church and state) Luther, Calvin, and Catholics condemned and persecuted them
Rousseau believed that the ____ _____ in a society was sovereign.
general will
Rousseau believed that the _________ ________ in a society was sovereign
general will
explain the political motivations and concerns of those who wanted to spare the life of louis XVI and those who wanted him executed?
girondists accepted his guilt but did not wish to put him to death. the mountain wanted him executed. both groups wanted to continue war against tyranny
florin
gold coins of florence
The Enlightenment is based on the principle that knowledge, above all scientific knowledge, was ____, and made possible by what type of human progress?
happiness; economic, political, and social progress
How did Frederick III become the first King of Prussia?
he aided the HRE in the war of spanish succession
explain the process of how napoleon took power in france in 1799.
he and his conspirators ousted the directors and disbanded the legislature at bayonet point the next day.he was named first consul of the republic and new constitution consolidating his position was approved nationwide
Describe James I's political philosophy.
he believed that a monarch had a divine right to his authority and is responsible only to god. said "there are not privileges and immunities which can stand against a divinely appointed king"
Why would Louis XIV prefer to work with the recently ennobled or the middle class?
he believed that the public should know, based on the rank of those chosen to serve him, that he had no intention of sharing power with them
How did Frederick William I transform Prussia politics and culture?
he established an absolutist military state
What was Charles I's response when this Parliament would not support his war efforts? Response would lead to English Civil War
he recruited an army drawn from nobility and its cavalry staff, the rural gentry, and mercenaries-- caused parliament to form its own army (the new model army)
Why did Charles I rule without Parliament from 1629-1640? Why was he compelled to call for a Parliament in 1640?
he ruled without parliament b/c of previous problems between the crown and house of commons. he wanted to finance an army to put down the scots.
how and why did napoleon's political status change in 1804?
he was proclaimed emperor by using wartime atmosphere of the recent defeat of 2nd coalition, redrew map of germany to weaken austria and hoped to invade britain
Explain the role of prime minister in English politics.
head of english cabinet who formulate common policy and conduct business of country
Peter the Great
heir to romanov efforts at state building who embarked on a tremendous campaign to accelerate and complete expansion to the east, determined to build army and navy, westernized russia
How did Peter the Great fund and find labor for his modernization of the Russian military and society?
increased taxes on peasants and had peasants work in a growing number of factories and mines that supply the military
In the Netherlands, what began as a movement for the reformation of the church, developed into a struggle for Dutch __________.
independence
Bacon's and Descartes' philosophical contributions combined to form the basis of the modern _____ method in the 17th century.
inductive
liberty (enlightenment philosophy)
inspired by English Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights, the philosophes believed that through reason, society could be free
Disappointed with the status quo, an army general, George Monck, recalls Parliament in 1659. Parliament votes to:
invite Charles II to return and restore the Stuart monarchy/line.
List some of the policies and achievements of Henry IV during his reign.
issued the Edict of Nantes, lowered taxes and charged royal officials an annual fee to guarantee right to pass positions to heirs, improved infrastructure of the country
what were some of the non-scientific explanations of the black plague?
it was a punishment by God, caused by the planets and comets, comes from the depths of earth (earthquakes, gas)
What religious minority in Europe was blamed for the black death?
jewish people
Margaret of Valois
king of France's sister who married Henry of Navarre in an attempt to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots
Ferninand III
king of austria who continued to build state power, centralized the government in the empire's german speaking provinces (forming hapsburg holdings)
The philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment believed that the scientific method was capable of discovering the ___ of human society as well as those of nature, and armed with this proper method, they believed that human beings could make ___.
laws; better society/people
georges danton
leader of the mountain and revolution, executed by robespierre
maximilien robespierre
leader of the mountain and the revolution, eventually executed
Duke of Alva
leader of the twenty thousand Spanish troops sent by Philip II to pacify the Low countries
William I
led a Dutch rebellion during the reign of Philip II
Until the Scientific Revolution, Europeans relied on what combination for an understanding of motion and matter? Thinkers in the Scientific Revolution then brought what combination to their experiment?
magic, astrology, alchemy; old beliefs to new experiments
Adam Smith
major figure in Scottish Enlightenment who argued that increase in commercial life created civic virtue through competition
Colloquy of Marburg
meeting/discussion summoned in 1529 to unite Protestants, but failed to resolve the difference in views on transubstantiation -Philip of Hesse attempted to unite the protestants in a colloquy in this German city
abbe emmanuel joseph sieyes
member of the first estate who wrote the pamphlet What is the Third Estate?
Oliver Cromwell
member of the house of commons and devout puritan whose forces captured Charles and dismissed anti Cromwell members of parliament, created military dictatorship and established a commonwealth or republican government, known as protectorate
Puritans
members of a 16th and 17th century reform movement within the church of england that advocated purifying it of Roman catholic elements like bishops, elaborate ceremonials and wedding rings
Jesuits
members of the Society of Jesus; tightly-knit, highly centralized organization that vowed to chastity, poverty, and obedience to the pope
what were some of the factors which led to napoleons rise to power in france?
members of the legislature were unsatisfied and were plotting against the directory, the enlightenment, the revolution
state examples as to how napoleon was able to appeal to both sides of the political spectrum
middle class and peasants- napoleonic code, established bank of france and defended gains in land and status won during the revolution nobility and clergy- formed network of ministers, prefects, mayors, new imperial nobility
treaty of tilsit
negotiations after napoleon won another victory; prussia lost half its population while russia accepted napoleon's reorganization of western and central europe and promised to enforce napoleon's economic blockade against british goods
List and explain the consequences of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes under Louis XIV.
new law ordered the Catholic baptism of Huguenots, the destruction of Huguenot schools, the closing of schools and exile of Huguenot pastors--led to departure of the King's most loyal and skilled subjects
did michelangelo come from a family of artists?
no, he had talent of his own
What political atmosphere in 17th century France allowed Louis XIV to assume absolute power?
people of France wanted peace and a strong monarchy to impose order
reign of terror
period when robespierre's committee of public safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed
What was the essence of Peter the Great's tour of Western Europe
peter's determination to build an army and continue expansion as well as adopt western cultures
Voltaire
philosophe named Francois Marie Arouet who wrote over 70 novels under the name Voltaire
Baron de Montesquieu
philosophe who wrote The Persian Letters who focused on government and science.
Thomas Hobbes
philosopher who held a pessimistic view of human nature and believed that humans would compete violently for wealth and power, outlined solutions in Leviathon, believed society could not rise up against king
Thomas Hobbes
philosopher; held pessimistic view of human nature and believed that, left to themselves, humans would compete violently for power and wealth
John Locke
political philosopher, wrote second treatise of civil government and two treatises of government as justification for the glorious revolution; said that when a government oversteps its proper function it becomes a tyranny
Henry IV
politique king of France who lead France out of religious turmoil
Rapidly reproducing and making known his ideas, Luther's fame and success can be somewhat attributed to the invention of the _________ _____. -most influential in the spread of Protestantism
printing press
Privateer
private sailors that are individual but are loyal to their country
Rubens
prolific Flemish baroque painter
what two german powers went to war with france in 1792 and why? what impact did this have on the french revolution?
prussia and austria b/c they wanted to restore Louis XVI's rule. caused france to declare war on francis II (the habsburg manor)
Index of Prohibited Books
published by Holy Office; catalog of forbidden reading including works by Christian humanists like Erasmus, and Protestants
To whom was James I responding when he declared, "No bishop, no king," and what did he mean?
puritans who believed the protestant reformation had no gone far enough. he meant that he would not get ride of catholicism since bishops were chief supporters of his throne.
Elizabeth I
queen of england who was able to maintain control over her realm in part by refusing to marry and submit to her husband
Catherine the Great (in general) (1729-1796)
related to Romanovs so she married Peter III for power. She used her power to get Peter killed and she took the throne. -personally enlightened, but die to domestic uprising had to continue strict use (and abuse) of serfdom. -friends and patron to philosophes like Voltaire
What kind of intolerance did Voltaire hate above all?
religious
What kind of intolerance did Voltaire hate above all?
religious intolerance
Robert Walpole
royal minister who led the cabinet from 1721 to 1742, during his administration the idea developed that the cabinet was responsible to the House of Commons
bastille
royal prison that was stormed by several hundred people to obtain weapons for the city's defense against the king's troops
alexander I
ruler of russia who believed napoleon was a threat to balance of power and joined third coalition; pulled back during battle of austerlitz
list at least three reasons for napoleon's failure in the russian military campaign of 1812
russian winter, starvation, 1/3 of army was french (not loyal)
St. Bart's Day Massacre
savage Catholic attack on Calvinists in Paris during the celebration of the marriage of Margaret of Valois to the Henry of Navarre
Bacon's and Descartes' philosophical contributions combined to form the basis of the modern _____ method in the 17th century.
scientific
since it appeared that the king was prepared to use violence to stabilize the situation, what drastic action did the french citizens take in response?
several hundred people stormed bastille to obtain weapons for defense against king's army
Peter challenged Russian Orthodox church tradition by forcing men to _________ their beards and forcing people to dress in ______________ style.
shave; European (cut sleeves)
What is the legacy of Joan of arc in French history
she is a symbol of deep religious piety, a political symbol of French nationalism
Describe the status of serfdom during the reign of Peter the Great
significant increase in the bonds of serfdom and gap between peasantry and nobility increased
corruption in the Catholic Church
simony, nepotism, immoral popes and bishops. Also understand that the average clergy were uneducated and ill equipped to deal with a changing world.
Contrary to the principles of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, some still believed in what medieval principles that concluded that nothing can ever be truly known, and who could say what was right vs. wrong?
sin and salvation; god?
Contrary to the principles of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, some still believed in what medieval principles that concluded that nothing can ever be truly known, and who could say what was right vs. wrong?
skepticism/relativism (knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute)
Leviathon
social contract written by Thomas Hobbes which said all members of society placed themselves under the absolute rule of the sovereign who would maintain peace and order
progress (enlightenment philosophy)
society and humankind can be perfected if people use the scientific approach
Charles I
son of James I, ruled England without parliament, formed own army causing English civil war
The Battle of Trafalgar took place in what body of water
southwest coast of Spain near Cadiz/ Straight of Gibraltar/Atlantic Ocean
The Imitation of Christ
spiritual classic authored by Thomas a Kempis (c. 1380-1471) urging Christ as the model of Christian life and simplicity in living; widely read by laypeople, as well as by clergy.
coup d'etat
sudden and forced seizure of a state; napoleon ended directory and took power in a coup d'etat
New Model Army
the parliament-formed army composed of the militia of the city of london and country squires with business connections
committee of public safety
under robespierre's command, goal was to impose republican unity across nation; established a planned economy with egalitarian social overtones (set maximum prices for key products)
The attachment to their individual city states hindered the Italian peninsula from developing into one ??? state, while the others states of northern Europe were moving towards ???
unified, centralization
confederation of the rhine
union of fifteen german states minus austria, prussia, and saxony; established by napoleon; named himself protector and firmly controlled western germany
Jacquerie
uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy tax
The Enlightenment is based on the principle that knowledge, above all scientific knowledge, was ____________ and made possible what types of human progress?
useful; economical, social, political
Elizabeth I
very popular ruler of England who never married
Despite lacking many rights, many of the most celebrated salons were hosted by ___.
women
Utopia
work by Thomas more, described a utopia on an island with good education and no poverty
...Wealth of Nations
written by Adam Smith attacking the laws/regulations that prevented commerce from reaching its full capacity.
On Crimes and Punishments
written by Cesar Beccaria and was a plea for reforms of the penal system
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
written by John Locke about his theory on how human beings learn and form ideas. He thinks ideas are derived from experiences.
Two Treaties of Civil Government
written by John Locke saying that Parliament should have power over monarchy.
The Social Contract
written by Rosseau about the general will and popular sovereignty.
what is the third estate?
written by Sieyes which argued the nobility was a tiny, over privileged minority and that the third estate constituted the true strength of the french nation
...on the revolutions in france
written by burke in which he defended inherited privileges
Divine Comedy
written by dante, describes heaven and hell, comments of affairs of people
Two Treatises of Government
written by john locke
declaration of the rights of woman
written by olympe de gouges, echoed its predecessor, the declaration of man and citizen. "woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights"
...rights of woman
written by wollenstonecraft; demanded equal rights for women, advocated education believing it would make women better; became a founding text of the feminism movement
Chaucer
wrote the "Canterbury Tales" which is a panorama of english social life, official in english administration, written in english vernacular so it is easily understood, changed literary style in england
Louisiana
North American area named for Louis XIV
Christian humanism
Northern humanists in terms of religious traditions
Cathedral in Paris in which Napoleon's coronation ceremony took place
Notre Dame in Paris
intendants
French government agents who collected taxes and administered justice
Copernicus
Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory in the 16th century
Politiques
Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse
As a result of the English Reformation, Henry VII became the supreme head of the Church of _____.
England
War of Austrian Succession
Prussia breaks from Pragmatic Sanction and fights the Hapsburgs for Silesia
fortuna
fate in italian, fortune is a woman
Isabella d'Este
female ruler of Mantua and Caterina Sforza in Milan
Petrarch
(1304-1374) learned latin was fascinated with the classical world, copied ancient works, first humanist
Mary I
"Bloody Mary". Super-Catholic. Married PHILIP II of Spain. KILLED PROTESTANTS, or exiled them. 1) daughter of Catherine of Aragon and the wife of Phillip II of Spain, begins to demand that England reconvert to Catholicism. She is called "Bloody Mary" for her efforts.
John Wycliffe
(1330-1384) English religious leader, questioned the power of the Catholic Church, translated the Bible to English first so people could read it. Followers are called "lollards"
Jan Hus
(1372-1415) bohemian religious and political leader, questioned authority of church, resisted german rule, executed in 1415, translated bible into czech
"Sapere Aude"
"Dare to know"
Frederick II
"Frederick the Great," uses military, conquers Silesia
Motives
"God, Glory, Gold"
Frederick William
"Great Elector"; determined to unify 3 provinces and enlarge his holdings
Frederick William
"Great Elector," led Brandenberg out of the turmoil of 30 years war; determined to unite 3 provinces and enlarge holdings, expanded army
Donatello
(1386-1466) -Large nude humans (David in bronze) -Sculptor -Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo -statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature
The Spirit of Laws
written by the baron de Montesquieu to criticize the government and its problems.
Ivan III
"Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia; Drove out Mongols (1462-1505)
Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. -Portugal NW Africa 15th Century
Masaccio
(1401-1428) perfected depth and and perspective in his art, painted The Holy Trinity
Ivan IV
"The Terrible"; Russian ruler; cruel and tyrannical; murdered nobility; extremely paranoid (killed his own son); taxed people heavily; took title of "czar" (1533-1584)
bosch
(1450-1516) -focused his works on symbolism, fantasy, confusion, death and the (weird) -Most famous work = "Death and the Miser" (1490)
Why would Catholic King of France support the Protestant side in the 16th century German civil war?
"The enemy of my enemy is my friend" French foreign policy is to keep Germany divided to prevent the Hapsburgs from obtaining too much power
Louis XIV
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. Louis le Grand
Long parliament
(1640 - 1660) English Parliament which met off and on for twenty years due to religious and civil problems. Occurs during the English Civil War.
Ivan III
"ivan the great," successfully expanded the principality of moscow toward the baltic sea, strong enough to defy mongol control and declare the autonomy of moscow
Ivan IV
"ivan the terrible," rose to thrown at age 3, defeated remnants of mongol power and added new territories and laid foundations for russian empire-- persecuted those he believed opposed him
Frederick William I
"the Soldier's King," son of Frederick III (I), completed Frederick William's work, truly established Prussian absolutism and transformed Prussia into a military state
Why did Cardinal Richelieu support the Protestant side in the Thirty Years War?
"the enemy of my enemy is my friend"
Frederick William I
"the soldiers' king"; completed his grand father's work by eliminating last traces of parliamentary estates and local self-government. Truly established Prussian absolutism and turned it into a military state.
Dante
(1265-1321) poet famous for writing the divine comedy, represents a change in literary arts to more entertaining, comments on political events, religion, and the worldly renaissance
Giotto
(1267-1337) -represented a major revolution in art -first to use chiaroscuro -created realistic interactions (known as mannerism) -first renaissance artist
English civil war
(1642-1649) Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy
Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam
(1466-1536) -most significant northern humanist -praise of folly (handbook of a Christian knight) satirized political social and religious institutions - Latin and letters Gradual moral reform of RCC Works -biblical knowledge to Enlighted thought
Machiavelli
(1469-1527) -political philosopher -established theory: politics are amoral, means can achieve political power (have success with fear) -his ideas are portrayed in the prince -"better to be feared than loved"
Ignatius of Loyola
(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation. -Spanish nobleman who founded the Society of Jesus
Michel de Montaigne
(1533-1592), introduced early modern skepticism, developed the essay to express his thoughts and ideas
"On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"
(1543) A book by Copernicus about heliocentric universe, angered the church's ideas.
Time of Troubles
(1604-1613) Ivan IV left no heir-- Russian nobles elected series of tsars a tried to demand their liberties. Contending factions and civil war. Finally in 1613 national assembly elected a 17 year old boy as tsar - start of Romanov dynasty. Succession Dispute
Thirty Years' War
(1618-1648) war between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire triggered by a Bohemian revolt against the Holy Roman Emperor's officials
Peter the Great
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
"Principia Mathmatica"
(1687) Book written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russel about the foundations of mathematics/set forth law of universal gravitation
War of the Austrian Succession
(1740-1748) Prussia breaks the Pragmatic Sanction and fights the Hapsburgs for Silesia
a vindication of the rights of man
written by wollenstonecraft, a blistering attack on burke that denounced his beliefs
Due Process
(law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles
Second Coalition
- 1799-1802 - Great European Powers (Russia, Austria, Prussia, Great Britain) vs. France - Created when Napoleon invades Egypt - Fails again and fuels the revolution by creating an "emergency" that allows Napoleon to return to Paris and take charge of the government through a coup d'etat
Third Coalition
- 1805-1807 - Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Great Britain vs. France - Created when Napoleon declared himself Emperor - Miserably fails and results in Napoleon taking over the whole continent of Europe (except G.B)
Battle of Friedland
- 1807 - Napoleon wins - It forces Russians to negotiate with Napoleon and ends the Third Coalition
Peninsula War Begins
- 1808 - Duke of Wellington wins (GB, Spain, Portugal) - It takes places over 5 years of hard guerrilla warfare and results in a catastrophic failure for Napoleon
Battle of Wagram
- 1809 - Napoleon wins - Napoleon defeats the Austrian attempt to drive out the French forces - Results in Napoleon receiving Hyrian and Polish land from Austria
IN what year did Napoleon invade Russia?
- 1812
Battle of Borodino
- 1812 - Napoleon wins? - This victory precedes Napoleons entry into Moscow where he finds the city burning - Because of the harsh Russian winter and inability for Napoleon to supply his forces in Moscow, most of his army dies
IN what year was Napoleon deposed as Emperor of France for the first time, and who took power in France as a result?
- 1814 - Louis XVIII
Treaty of Chaumont -- "Quadruple Alliance"
- 1814-1815 - Pledge made by Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain to defeat Napoleon - Succeeded and resulted in forcing Napoleon to abdict to Elba
Battle of Waterloo
- 1815 - Duke of Wellington wins (GB and Prussia) - It forces Napoleons second and final abdication
Why did Napoleon invade Russia in 1812?
- Russia did not enforce the Continental System and Napoleon needed a scapegoat to blame its failure on
Why did many in the 18th century not equate representative government with democracy?
- 18th century liberals equated democracy with mob (uneducated masses/peasants) rule
At what age did Napoleon become a brigadier general?
- 24
How old was Napoleon when he became Emperor of France?
- 35
How old were Napoleon and Wellington when they met in battle at Waterloo?
- 46
Approximately how many casualties did the French suffer at the battle of Waterloo?
- 50,000
Declaration of the Rights of Women
- 1791 - Much like the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" - It argued that women were born free and argued equality for them with men - This work found little sympathy among Revolution leaders
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
- 1792 - A book that demanded equal rights for women out of the belief that it would make them better wives/mothers, better citizens, and more economically independent - Founding text of the feminist movement
1793
- Rise of Maximilian Robespierre - He becomes the "dictator" of the radicals and becomes the face of the revolution
Frederick William--> Frederick III--> Frederick William I
(see family tree) ???
Henry VIII
)" King of England who formally parted from Rome and established the Anglican Church as the official church of England, making himself the head 6 wives (Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn, wanted a son so there would be a legitimate male heir to the throne -England's break with the Catholic Church occurred under the reign because of His concerns about succession -"Defender of the Faith" acquire from the Catholic Church after he publicly denounced Luther
Girondists
- 1/2 of Jacobin Club - A moderate group that fought for control of the National Convention - Believed Louis XVI guilty, but did not want to kill him
The Mountain
- 1/2 of Jacobin Club - Led by Robespierre and Danton - National Convention's radical faction which seized all legislative power - Executed Louis XVI by guillotine
Olympe de Gouges
- 1748-1793 - A self-taught writer who protested slavery and injustices done to women - Author of "Declaration of the Rights of Women"
After his defeat in Russia, Napoleon's forces were defeated by a Grand Alliance at a battle in what German city?
- Leipzig
On what date did Napoleon seize political power in France?
- November 9th, 1799
classicism
-Emphasis on Greek and Roman Sources -Inspired by antiquity -Humanism -Secularism
Bruni
-First modern historian -Used less bias with more facts/sources -Logical order through division of past -first to use the term humanist
Van Eyck
-Flemish painter -Arnolfini and his Wife painting
cervantes
-Spanish writer -best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)
Botticelli
-The Birth of Venus -One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance -developed a highly personal style
1520
-Thomas Munzer begins Anabaptist Movement -Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther
Flemish Style Art
-influenced by the Italian Renaissance in style -more details -more emotions -lots of death
Wars of the roses +effects
-struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) -ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII Effects: -brought England from bankruptcy to prosperity -built up royal navy -unified England politically by eliminating competitors -pacifying Yorkist resistance by marrying Elizabeth of York -checking power of nobility
Humanism
-study of latin classics -Renaissance intellectual movement -thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements -encourage well-rounded people; education, development of individualism -see life as opportunity rather than to endure place in heaven
Late Middle Ages religion
-very religious
mirandola
-wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man -Places man as the loftiest creation.
List at least 3 reasons for Napoleon's failure in the Russian military campaign of 1812.
1. Russian army tactics of burning Moscow 2. Harsh Russian winter 3. Starvation from the inability to bring in supplies
Adam Smith argued that government should limit itself to what three duties?
1. consumer works 2. protecting the environment 3. creating competition in the workplace
How many days were there in a revolutionary calendar week
10
By the death of Henry II in 1559, what percentage of the French population was Calvinist?
10%
quattrocento
1400s
Church Corruption
1400s -started with the Renaissance popes, primarily Alexander VI -Led to Reformation. Simony, nepotism, absenteeism, uneducated priests, sale of indulgences
Council at pisa
1409, dismissed the two popes, selected another (alexander v), caused a three way schism
Council at constance
1414 to 1418, ended schism of popes, reformed church, chose martin v as new pope
granada
1492 incorporated into Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella
German peasant revolt
1525, peasants revolted because they thought that the nobles were unjust: taking land, making peasants give up animals, etc., said that the scriptures supported them and that Luther could vouch for them. Luther didn't want the revolt, didn't think scriptures supported, didn't want to oppose secular legal powers, etc.
Edict of Nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
Nepotism
15th c. Catholic Church abuses means "to favor friends/family members?"
Micheal Romanov
16 year old grandnephew of ivan IV brought to throne after cossack rebellion, successfully reconsolidated central authority but failed to improve the lot of common people
French-Swedish Phase
1635-1648; most destructive phase; kills 8 million people; Protestants start 2 win but Adolphus is killed
English Civil War
1642 to 1649, pitted the power of the king against PArliament. parliament's new model army defeated charles I's army at the battles of naseby and longport. charles refused to accept defeat and was eventually executed for treason.
What were the results of the English Civil War by 1647? By 1649?
1647- Cromwell's forces captured Charles and dismissed anti Cromwell members of the parliament 1649- Charles put on trial for treason, found guilty and beheaded
The Coalition Napoleon was defending France against in 1799 in his campaign in Egypt
2nd Coalition
How many workers died in the construction of this city?
30, 000
how many people died in the black death? what percentage of the european population?
40 million, 50%?
Hapsburg-Valois Wars
5 Wars between 1521 and 1555 between France and the Hapsburgs France tried to keep Germany divided, which played an important role in retarding unification of the German states. Charles V was victorious over the league in 1547, but Lutheranism had spread across central Europe
Nickname that Napoleon gave to the Peninsular War
5 Year - Spanish Ulcer
an infected victim of the plague would most likely die within how many days of contracting the disease?
5 days
Explain Aristotle's distinction between the laws of motion in space and on earth.
5 elements in Earth, 4 in space
explain the march on versailles by stating who was involved, their goals and the results.
7000 women marched 12 miles from paris to versailles to demand action, invaded the national assembly, killed royal body guards and searched for marie antoinette
Russia's expansion into what eastern region, paralleled the Western powers exploration and conquest of the Atlantic world?
??
"invisible hand"
????
List and explain some of the ways that the new republican government attempted to implement the principals of the Enlightenment?
????
Partitions of Poland
???????
Savonarola
A Dominican friar that predicted the French invasion of Florence from the paganism and the moral vice of the city
Constitutional Monarchy
A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution. William and Mary are joint sovereigns in 1689
explain the debate about women that emerged during the renaissance
A debate about woman's character and nature, many works on the topic emerged during the renaissance
Pragmatic Sanction
A diplomatic agreement between Prussia and the Hapsburgs that guaranteed Maria Theresa's succession.
Elizabethan Age
A golden age of English history when Elizabeth I was queen
Royal Society of London
A group in which the British government supported scientific investigations.
philospohers
A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
Cabinet
A group of advisers to the leader
George II
A king of Britain who knew little of the workings of the British government and relied on Walpole
versailles
A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
militarism
A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
Peace of Utrecht
A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire.
Pyramid configuration
A symmetrical composition that builds to a climax at the center (forms shape)
What type of government might be advocated by the Baron de Montesquieu?
ASK IN CLASS????
James I: political philosophy
Absolutist belief that "monarch has divine right to his authority and is responsible only to God"
Name the treaty that declared Dutch independence from Spain.
Act of Abjuration
1534
Act of Supremacy passed in England - Henry VIII becomes head of the Anglican Church
Military Leaders- British admiral who defeated the French navy at Trafalgar
Admiral Lord Nelson
Ptolemy
Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD)
What was the name of Peter's son?
Alexis
What Western city did Peter seem most anxious to see because of its great wealth and beauty?
Amsterdam; it's fleet of 4,000 trading ships, which was more than every other European country combined, was it's secret to great wealth
Test Act
An act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions
mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Drama (subject matter and changes in theater)
Art can often reflect political, social, economic, and/or philosophical characteristics of society "Comedy" became more popular; plays poke more fun at morals and women are allowed on stage
The Duke of Wellington's real name
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
Month, day, year of Napoleon's birth
Aug 15 1769
When Napoleon is given his first military command in 1796, he defeats what nation's forces, in what present day nation state
Austria from northern Italy
Sides in the War of Austrian Succession
Austria, (Bohemia + Hungary), Great Britain vs. Prussia (French puppet state in germany), Spain, France
Habsburgs land
Austria, Spain, The Netherlands NOT DENMARK Catholic
Maria Theresa (in general) (1717-1780)
Austrian empress who unified her nation after her father's (Charles VI) death; Silesia was taken from her from Frederick II the Great. -required serfs be publicly registered so as to lessen their abuse. -made moderate reforms regarding enlightening and centralized a nation of diversity, making it more rational
1605
Bacon published The Advancement of Learning
constitutionalism
Basic principle that government and those who govern must obey the law; the rule of law
Napoleonic battle which forces a peace settlement with Austria and the eventual end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1805/06
Battle of Austerlitz
Napoleonic battle which results in Napoleon's entry into Moscow
Battle of Borodino
Napoleonic battle which forces a peace settlement with Russia in 1807
Battle of Friedland
1066
Battle of Hastings
Name the Germans gave to the Battle of Leipzig
Battle of the Nations
Name of the battle which results in Napoleon's conquest of Egypt
Battle of the Pyramids
Napoleon's defeat of Austrian forces in the Battle of Ulm in 1805, took place in what German state
Bavaria
What are the characteristics of the ideal renaissance man
Be well-rounded, perfect, good at everything
987
Beginning of Capetian dynasty in France
1347
Black Death
Peter fought a war with the Tartars of present day southern Russia in an attempt to secure a port on the...
Black sea
Describe the 3 disconnected masses of Brandenberg-Prussia in the early modern era
Brandenberg, Prussia (inherited in 1614) and scattered territories along the Rhine river (inherited in 1618), each inhabited by german speakers but had own estates- taxes could not be levied w/o their consent
Leopold II
Brother of Joseph II who took over when he died. He was against everything Joseph did and worked to get rid of all of it.
Name of the coup-de-etat that puts Napoleon in power in 1799
Brumaire
Waterloo is located near what present day capital city of Belgium
Brussels
although more complicated, the hundred years war was a conflict involving what two European countries
England and France
Gallican Church
Catholic Church in France
What two names are given to the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation?
Catholic Reformation & Counter Reformation
Sir Walter Raleigh
England, Virginia, 1585
1541
Calvin establishes a theocracy in Geneva John Knox begins Calvinist movement in Scotland
1536
Calvin establishes reformed faith in Geneva John Calvin published, Institutes of the Christian Religion -reformer placed emphasis on predestination
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism
The Dutch in the 16th century mainly followed what version of Protestantism?
Calvinism
Puritans
Calvinists in England
Huguenots
Calvinists in France
Presbyterians
Calvinists in Scotland
Maria Theresa
Came into Hapsburg power after father Charles VI died; Silesia was taken from her by Fredrick II
When Louis XIII is king, who runs the government and what does he do?
Cardinal Richelieu turns the French Government into an absolute monarchy in order to eliminate chaos and establish stability (full extent of Machiavellianism)
The failure of the Italian city-states to unify resulted in what unfortunate consequence for the peninsula?
Centuries of invasion from outsiders
800
Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor
Wars of Spanish Succession
Charles II died leaving Spanish empire to Philip IV, violated treaty that divided Spanish possessions between King of France and HRE in order to keep Spain and France from uniting, Louis accepted will causing other European powers to form an alliance against Louis XIV, ended with the Peace of Utrecht
Religious Question (what Charles II wants and want Parliament grants)
Charles II wants religious toleration of Catholics to appoint his loyal Catholic friends to power Parliament responds with the Test Act (you need to be Anglican)
What king of Sweden did Peter battle with for a port on the Baltic Sea?
Charles the 12th
Assassin of Jean Paul Marat
Charlotte Corday
Thomas Cromwell
Chief minister (political advisor) of Henry VIII
in the 15th century, how did the relationship of Italian city-states "anticipate" future relations among competing European states?
City states tried to balance power and invented modern diplomacy
1492
Columbus sailed the ocean blue
Pope Paul III
Commissioned "The Last Jugement" on papacy wall from Michaelangelo
Term you better use instead of Madam and Monsieur
Comrade
Spain Exploration
Conquistadors conquered America, Mexico, Spain, & Peru, in search of Gold and serving God -took Native Americans as slaves
Title Napoleon attains as a result of the plebiscite of 1802
Consul for Life
Name given to Napoleon's European embargo against Great Britain
Continental System
Type of government established by the 2nd Revolution
Convention - joint dictatorship
1543
Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory, start of Scientific Revolution
In the early 16th century, critics of the Catholic clergy concentrated on what problems?
Corruption of the church and the basic Catholic doctrine itself
Parlements
Courts of France
Mary Queen of Scots (Stuart)
Cousin of Elizabeth I, next in line to the throne of England, executed by Elizabeth I because she was the center of Catholic plots to overthrow Elizabeth
1637
Descartes', Discourse on Method
bohemia
Czech Republic
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Danish astronomer who built on heliocentric theory, but could not prove it mathematically
Tycho Brahe
Danish astronomer who built on the heliocentric theory, but could not prove it mathematically
Revolutionary leader responsible for the recruitment of thousands to fight the counter-revolutionary armies, ultimately killed by Robespierre for not supporting an extension of the Terror
Danton
In the 17th century, Russia could be considered a relic of the...
Dark Ages; before 1682, Russia was a nation of 8 million peasants isolated from the outside world. It had a history of resisting reform and being dominated completely by czars.
1492
Date: Columbus "Sailed the Ocean Blue" / Reconquista of Spain -Jews and Muslims expelled from Spain
Mary Tudor
Daughter of Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon Attempted to return England to Catholicism Called "Bloody Mary" because of the brutal executions of Protestants that she carried out -first queen regnant of England who had Protestants burned at the stake
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the new calendar and the Cult of the Supreme Being were examples of what revolutionary movement
De-Christianization
Act of Supremacy
Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534. - Land from the church was confiscated and redistributed to friends of the king -English monarchy as "supreme head of the Church of England?
1588
Defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British
Type of government established by the 1st Revolution
Depending on stage - representative government -> constitutional monarchy-> radical
Cartesian Dualism
Descartes' view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced by mind and matter.
What technique did early modern Hapsburg monarchs use to enhance their wealth and territorial acquisition?
Diplomatic marriage with foreign monarchs
What effect did the Protestant Reformation have in Poland?
Doctrinal differences among Calvinists,Lutherans and other groups prevented united opposition to Catholicism. King banned Lutheranism; remained Catholic
Johann Tetzel
Dominican friar who ran Archbishop Albert's indulgence sale, and advertised that the purchase of indulgences would bring full forgiveness for one's own sins or release from purgatory of a loved one
during the early stages of the hundred years war what nation was highly successful?
England -- Beat the French at Crécy with the use of longbowmen, with allowed archers to shoot three arrows at once. The english also used cannons
Only part of the Grand Empire that did not physically touch the rest of the empire
Duchy of Warsaw aka Poland
Council of Blood
Duke of Alva's tribunal in which 1500 Protestants were executed
What nation became the "hub" of Enlightened thought and why?
Dutch Republic; place for people of many faiths
Edward III
ENGLAND son of Isabella of England. believed that he was next in line to the french throne after Charles IV. Begins 100 years war.
Henry VII
ENGLAND tried to gain royal prestige back, first tudor to rule
Describe the religious situation in England during the reigns of Henry VIII's successors: Edward VI, Mary I (Tudor), Elizabeth I
Edward VI: Protestant Mary I: Catholic; Protestants persecuted Elizabeth I: was Protestant but chose a middle course between Catholicism and Puritans, promoted Church of England
Aristotle's distinction between laws of motion in space and on earth?
Earth- 4 imperfect changeable elements (air, fire, water, earth) Space- celestial spheres with "quintessence" or fifth essence Motion on earth is governed different than in space.
3 provinces of Prussia
East Prussia, West Prussia, Berlin (Brandenburg)
Explain basic socio-economic differences between Eastern and Western Europe in early modern area and how the resulting economic relationship worked:
Eastern: - eastern lords squeezed sizable surpluses out of poor people and sold to foreign merchants - bc landlords sold to foreign merchants, local merchants missed out - both populations declines, which promoted supremacy of nobles Western: - merchants exported to the west ????????
Russia's expansion into what eastern region, paralleled the Western powers' exploration and conquest of the atlantic world in the same period?
Eastward into Siberia (empty land they used for resources)
British political philosopher who is considered the father of modern conservatism and wrote strongly against the FR in his "Reflections on the Revolution in France"
Edmund Burke
Despite many reasons for the conflict, what event may have sparked the late 16th century Spanish invasion of England?
Elizabeth I (Protestant) executed Mary I (Catholic)
1558
Elizabeth I becomes queen of England
James I
Elizabeth's Scottish cousin who succeeded her; well educated and had 35 years' experience as King of Scotland
James I
Elizabeth's cousin who succeeded her, absolutist belief that monarch has divine right to authority, experienced many problems with parliament
1648
End of Thirty Years' War
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic
Protestantism Spreads
European explorers, traders, and colonial settlers brought their faith with them and wanted to replicate it in their new homelands Ex: New England Puritans brought Protestant version of Christianity with them to North America ¡Emphasis on: education, moral purity, personal conversion, civic responsibility, and little Spread to- England, Holy Roman Empire, France, NOT spain
Significance of Charles I trial
First king to be executed during his reign; went against tradition and showed power of Parliament
Late medieval present and urban uprisings were common and although slow to bring significant change because of government action they did serve to check unlimited
Exploitation
Philip the Fair (IV)
FRANCE (1285-1314) king of france who arrests the pope (Boniface VIII)
Charles VII
FRANCE (1422-61) restored french monarchy, reconciled burgundy, trusted joan of arc and led the french to victory during the 100 years war.
Louis XI
FRANCE (1461-83) spider king, improved upon french army, conquered burgundy
Philip VI
FRANCE The French appointed this king, a cousin of the deceased king to rule France instead of Edward III, an English king who claimed the throne. Begins the valois dynasty AND the 100 years war.
Charles IV
FRANCE king of france whos death ended the capetian dynasty because he had no son, started 100 years war because of succession dispute
Hohenzollern
Family that ruled parts of eastern Germany as the imperial electors of Brandenburg and the dukes of Prussia
Holbein
Famous German artist who created portraits of King Henry VIII, More, and his Royal court.
In 1721, what three titles were bestowed upon Peter?
Father of the fatherland, Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia
Bohemians refuse to acknowledge as their king
Ferdinand II
Versalius
Flemish 1516-1564: studied anatomy by dissecting dead bodies
What event forced Louis XVI to sign the Dec of the Rights of Man & Citizen
Flight to Varennes, but captured - > constitutional monarchy
in what northern Italian city is the renaissance said to have begun and how did the population compare to other major cities in Europe at the time?
Florence, and it had a large population of 80,000 people, which was two times the size of London
what impact did the "Age of Louis XIV" have on the rest of European culture?
French culture grew, French became official language of the polite society
In 1708, what tactics did Peter use in order to finally defeat the Swedish army?
For over a hundred miles in front of the Swedish army, Peter created desolation in villages. They were depopulated and destroyed. The devastation forced Charles to detour south into the Ukraine and away from Moscow. Gorilla warfare.
Describe Puritan rule in England socially and/or culturally.
Forbade sports, closed theaters, religiously censored press - strict, somewhat tolerable, everyone but Catholics can practice faith
Diplomatic Revolution
France allied with Austria and Russia, while Prussia is allied with Great Britain * France joins Austria (weird because they always oppose Hapsburgs) because they want to oppose Prussian power, which is threatening to unify Germany. If Prussia wins, they have power over Austria and will want to unify????
Samuel de Champlain
France, Northeast North America, 1608
What nation become the "hub" of the Enlightened thought and why?
France---> French culture grew after Louis XIV
List the three "weak" sons of Henry II who ruled France in chronological order. Who "really" ruled France during the reigns of these three monarchs?
Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III They were ruled by their mother Catherine de Medici
Huguenots
French Calvinists
Three geographic levels of the Napoleonic Empire
French Empire + Independent States + Allied States
Cardinal Richelieu
French chief minister who subsidized the Swedes, hoping to weaken Hapsburg power in Europe
What was the reaction of the Catholic Church to the conclusions of Galileo? What resulted from this controversy?
Galileo has to worry more about keeping his mouth shut than the later 17th century. His "Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World" criticized Aristotle/Ptolemy and defended Copernicus. The papal Inquisition placed him on trial for heresy and he recanted his works.
1632
Galileo published, Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World
1633
Galilio put on trial and imprisoned
Besides religious reasons, why might Hungary eventually remain Catholic in early modern European history?
Geography Part of Austrian empire In the middle of Austrians and Turks Held on to Catholicism because it was the lesser of two evils (Catholicism vs. Islam)
What was Luther's reaction to the German Peasant Revolts and why? What were the results of these revolts?
German country people protested economic and social injustices, and justified the revolt with (a misinterpretation of) Luthers doctrine. Luther originally supported this, but then changed his mind because he did not want to be affiliated with social revolution, only religious. This rebellion was quickly crushed.
New Technology
Getting to the new world
Moderate faction of Jacobins who wanted to spare Louis XVI
Girondins
where did the black death actually originate?
Gobi desert, china
Divine Right
God had established kings as rulers on earth and they were answerable ultimately to him alone (kings were divine but had to obey God's laws), taught to Louis XIV by Anne and Mazarin
Both Montesquieu and Voltaire admired the liberties and institutions of what nation?
Great Britain
1054
Great Schism
Both Montesquieu and Voltaire admired the liberties and institutions of what nation?
Great of Prussia?
Charles VI
Hapsburg ruler before Maria Theresa
What two European royal families experienced centuries of conflict in early modern European history and why?
Hapsburgs vs. Valois Conflict stemmed from Maximilian I's marriage to Mary of Burgundy Valois feared the potential of the powerful Hapsburg family to become universal monarchs of Europe
What caused the sickness which ultimately led to Peter's death?
He jumped off a boat in a selfless attempt to save some of his soldiers and his chills led to fever which led to the return of his bladder infection. - he loved the sea and water but died because of it (bladder infection and sea) ASK
Why would Louis XIV prefer to work with the recently ennobled or the middle class?
He believed that "public should know, from who I choose to serve me, that I had no intention of sharing power with them" - Louis XIV wants advisors and people in positions of power who owe him for success
Why did Peter make himself the "drummer boy" in the army he created?
He believed that the army should not be based on tradition and that rank should be based on merit/experience instead of nobility.
What steps did Peter take to ensure that there would be supplies for the construction of this city, and enough residents to live there?
He demanded that no stone house be built anywhere in Russia, and he invited his court to move to the capital.
in 1642, a furious Charles I took what action which sparks the English Civil War?
He left London for the North of England to build an army against Parliament.
What was Charles I response when Parliament would not support his war efforts?
He left London for the north of England and recruited an army
Charles I is brought to trial in 1649. What was the result of the trial?
He was declared guilty and sentenced to death.
Ptomely
Hellenized Egyptian who most astronomical knowledge was based on until the Scientific Revolution
Henri le Grand
Henri IV, founder of the Bourbon dynasty
1527
Henry VIII petitions the Pope to grant a divorce from Catherine of Aragon -Emperor Charles V sacks Rome
Jane Seymour
Henry VIII's third wife, mother of Edward VI Died in childbirth
"Henri le Grand"
Henry the great or Henry IV; kept France at peace during his reign, converted to Catholicism, issued Edict of Nantes, improved infrastructure of France
What were the results of Joseph II's attempt to enlighten Austrian society, and based on these results, what could you conclude about "enlightened absolutism" in general?
His attempt, and the fact that everything he did died with him, asked people a question: where does change come from, the bottom up or top down?
What county dominated the new Dutch nation and why?
Holland because it had the largest navy and the most wealth
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.
Ferdinand II
Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces (1578-1637) Also confiscated land-holdings of protestant nobles and gave to catholics/mercenaries
Avignon
Home of popes from 1309 to 1376
List 3 main geographic parts of "House of Austria" and explain differences
Hungary- never fully integrated into centralized absolute Hapsburg state like 2 others; Hungarian nobles rose in revolt Austria- more powerful/ruled over others Bohemia- Hapsburg victory in 30 years war. Enserfed peasantry worsened, Protestantism won
What "deal" existed between the monarchies and nobilities in Eastern Europe in the early modern era?
In exchange for their growing political authority, monarchs allowed nobles to remain as unchallenged masters of their peasants. The deal appeased both the King and the nobility but left serfs at mercy of lords.
inductive vs. deductive reasoning
Inductive- arrive at knowledge based on observed facts/observe and draw conclusions; generalizations; specific--> broad Deductive method- draw conclusions from what you already know; testing theory; broad --> specific
Charles VI of Austria
Instituted the Pragmatic Sanction, forbidding the Hapsburg lands from ever dividing; death causes War of Austrian succession
The Duke of Wellington was born on what island
Ireland
Boyle
Irish 1627-1691: pioneer in field of chemistry
Long term effect of Parliamentary divide
It became the foundation of the 2 party system in England and then the United States.
What social and political consequences can be attributed to Luther translating the Bible into German?
It inspired nationalism and German pride yet simultaneously divided the Holy Roman empire by religion. If it was written in Latin, it would suggest Latin/Catholic superiority.
Connect Michelangelo's sculpture "David" to the renaissance
It is amazing and beautiful, represents new ideas and talents, civic identity
Explain the results of the Council of Trent and therefore their overall strategy as to how to Catholic Church should respond to the Protestant Reformation.
It laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church. The decision was made to reform the church in two ways: fix corruption (simony, nepotism, etc.) and reaffirm basic doctrine.
Parliament clarifies their dominance in leading England by passing the Bill of Rights through William and Mary in 1689:
It stated that a ruler could not: - Suspend Parliament's laws - Levy taxes without Parliament - Interfere with the freedom of speech in Parliament - Penalize a citizen who petitions the king about grievances - Organize a standing army in peacetime - Post excessive bail in courts
what characteristics make Dantes Divine comedy atypical for medieval work?
It was the first major literary work written in the Italian vernacular. It brought current worldly affairs into stories instead of more religious aspects.
Galileo
Italian astronomer who drew astronomical conclusions based on telescope observations, and theorized about what governs motion on earth
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Italian astronomer who drew astronomical conclusions based on telescopic observation and theorized about what governs motion on earth; he contradicts metaphor of Catholic Church and says "moon really isn't that great"
John Cabot
Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498) -Italy (England) NE N. America 1497
Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) -Italy (Spain) "West Indies" 1492-1504
Stenka Razin
Leader of the 1670-71 serf rebellion that promised Russian peasants liberation from noble landowners and officials; he was captured by the tsar's army in 1671 and publicly executed in Moscow
John Cabot
Italy (england), North east of North America, 1497, discovered north half of north america, brought english to the americas
Giovani de Verrazano
Italy (france), Northeast North America, 1523
Amerigo Vespucci
Italy (portugal), East South America, 1501 to 1504
Christopher Columbus
Italy (spain), "west indies", 1492-1504, influenced other explorers who also thought that they could get quicker to india
Marco polo
Italy, China, 13th century
The firing of what popular finance minister may have incited the storming of the Bastille
Jacques Necker
Painter of the "Death of Marat"
Jacques-Louis David
1603
James I of Scotland becomes king of England at Elizabeth's death
What event served to unite the Parliament against James II enough to plot to overthrow him?
James appointed roman catholics to positions in the army, universities and government, violated test act
1607
Jamestown (first permanent British settlement in North America) is established
1590
Jansen invented the microscope
Jacques Marquette
Jesuit who sailed down Mississippi River and claimed possession of the land on both sides of the river (modern day Arkansas)
Month, day, year of the storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789
1609
Kepler published, On the Motion of Mars
What king of England invited Peter to London?
King William III
Francis I
King of France who tried two new device to raise revenue: the sale of public offices and a treaty with the papacy
Philip II
King of Spain who married Mary Tudor in an attempt to reunite England with Catholic Europe
Phillip II
King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. (Habsburg Empire)
Mongols
Nomadic tribes from Mongolia (north china/Asian rule) 1240-1480
Silesia
Land taken from Hapsburgs by Prussia in the War of Austrian Succession.
Describe the 3 disconnected masses of Brandenburg-Prussia
Landowning nobility (junkers)- most power, loyal to king, had authority over serfs Electors- not a lot of power Serfs- no power
universal gravitation
Law made by Newton stating that a particle attracts every other particle in the universe using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses.
New French parliamentary body created by the Constitution of 1791
Legislative Assembly
Economic prosperity results in ??? time allowing for the appreciation and patronage of various pursuits such as art
Leisure
who was michelangelo's competition? what did he believe about sculptors?
Leonardo da Vinci, he believed that they were inferior artists
Author of the Declaration of Pillnitz
Leopold II
Three part motto of the French Revolutionaries
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternatie
Versailles
Louis XIV's palace; served as government offices for royal bureaucrats, living quarters for royal family and nobles, and as a place of work for domestic servants, open to the public
"Two Treatises of Goverment"
Locke wrote this article and it said that people formed government to protect their natural rights. The best kind of government had limited power and was accepted by all citizens.
what leader of Florence did Michelangelo live with?
Lorenzo de Medici
Philip IV
Louis XIV's grandson, Charles II's will bequeathed the Spanish crown and its empire to Philip IV
Sun King
Louis XIV, symbolize his central role in divine order, when he was 15 he danced at ballet dressed as the sun
Spiritual Exercises
Loyola's classic work full of his philosophical insights on religion which led to his formation of the Society of Jesus
How did the early Protestant Reformation affect the role of women in society?
Luther's claim that all vocations have equal merit, the Protestant rejection of monasticism and celibacy, the insistence that all laity (including women) should read the Bible, and Luther's acceptance of sexual desire (within marriage) all contributed to some minor improvement in women's circumstances.
1215
Magna Carta
Explain the basic doctrinal arguments that Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, and other early Protestant leaders agreed on in their break with the Roman Catholic Church.
Mainly Eucharist (AKA communion, the Lord's supper, etc) Catholicism: transubstantiation Luther: believed that Christ is present during Eucharist but not because of the priest Zwingli: saw it as a memorial which Christ is present in spirit among the faithful, but not in the bread and wine
Define the "balance of power principle" as it applied to Europe's reaction to the aggression of France under Louis XIV.
Makes sure no country or monarch has too much power or land, limits to how far a nation could expand, "the more land you have the more power you have"
Publisher of the newspaper, "People's Friend."
Marat
Seven Years War
Maria Theresa forms an alliance with France and Russia to regain Silesia from Prussia. Frederick II fought them off until Peter III called of the war as the new Russian monarch in 1762. - continuation of War of Austrian succession - by the peace of Hubertusburg in 1763, Prussia's aggression of 1740 was legalized as they maintain Silesia (German "dualism" would be lasting) - Great Britain and French fought in America for control of North America and Asia for economic interest in India - Great Britain under leadership of William Pitt successfully concentrated their efforts on the colonies and their navy, while subsidizing the Prussians in Europe - The result was a Great Britain and Prussia victory
Name of the goddess of liberty and reason associated with the revolution and depicted often in French politics and culture today
Marianne
1553
Mary becomes Queen of England
Year of Napoleon's death
May 5, 1821
Louis Joliet
Merchant who sailed down Mississippi River and claimed possession of the land on both sides of the river (modern day Arkansas)
Radical faction of Jacobins who supported the execution of Louis XVI
Mountains
Marlow
Narrator of Heart of Darkness
1687
Newton publishes Principia Mathematica
What political atmosphere in 17th century France allowed Louis XIV to assume absolute power?
Nobel rebellion and popular riots left the French wishing for peace and a strong monarch to restore order - Age of Wars of Religion and death of Louis XIII recognized Machiavellian gov
Arthur (Tudor)
Older brother of Henry VIII First heir to throne & husband of Catherine of Aragon
Lord Protector
Oliver Cromwell
Describe the English government during the Protectorate both on paper and reality.
On paper- legislative power rested in the surviving members of parliament and executive power was lodged in council of state Reality- military dictatorship
Edward VI
Only son of Henry VIII Sickly Short reign Promoted Protestantism
Besides religious reasons, why might Bohemia join the Protestant side against the Holy Roman Emperor?
Opposed to the Catholic Hapsburgs "the enemy of my enemy is my friend"
Radical municipal rival government to the Legislative Assembly during the 2nd Revolution
Paris Commune
Why did Charles I rule without Parliament from 1629-1640? Why was he compelled to call for a Parliament in 1640?
Parliament challenged he authority of Charles I with the Petition of Right. He calls them back in order to pay for a war to bring Calvinist Scotland in line with his Anglican kingdom
Habeas Corpus
Parliament passes a law that states to continue the process of attempting to limit the power of the English monarchy Long term effects include the right to what we call "due process" limiting
What were the results of the English civil war by 1647? By 1649?
Parliament's new model army first defeated king's in 1645. - 1647, cromwell's forces captured the king and dismissed anti-cromwell members of Parliament. - 1649, the remained representatives put Charles on trial for treason and he was found guilty and beheaded
Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire originally settled their differences by what agreement in 1555?
Peace of Augsburg (however, this lost support over tie as both Protestants and Catholics wanted to advance their causes)
1555
Peace of Augsburg allows Lutheranism in Holy Roman Empire
Charles XII of Sweden
Perhaps the most capable of Sweden's kings between 1648 and 1721, he surprised Russia and Peter the Great with his ability to defend Sweden's shaky hold on Baltic coast territory. The conflict between Russia and Sweden, that Peter (russia) would ultimately win, was called the Great Northern War.
Boniface VIII
Pope from 1294-1303 who was arrested by Philip the Fair
Leo X
Pope who authorized the sale of indulgences
Paul III
Pope who changed the Catholic Church by being a model of decorum and piety rather than worldliness and power
Early Years (15th c.)
Portugal
Ferdinand Magellan
Portugal (spain), world (first to circumnavigate), 1519-1522
Vasco da Gama
Portugal, Asia, 1498, opened up the sea route to india, asia, and the east coast of africa. before that, everything went over land.
Pedro Alvares Cabral
Portugal, Brazil, 1500
Bartholomeu Dias
Portugal, South Africa, 1488
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portugal, north west Africa, 15th century, sponsored missions that advanced geography and inspired other people to explore asia
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. -Portugal Asia 1498
The highest government office Wellington attains in his political career
Prime Minister of GB
Robert Walpole
Prime minister of Great Britain in the first half of the 1700s. His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect.
James I inherits the throne and the problems from Elizabeth I in 1603
Problems: Religion, Parliament, Finances Events: Jamestown, Bible, Shakespeare
Charles I, son of James I, becomes the second Stuart king to rule England in 1625
Problems: Same as his father, but intensified
Which countries composed the two sides of the Thirty Years' War?
Protestant Germany (Protestant Union), Denmark, Sweden, and France VS Catholic Germany (Catholic League), Austria, and Spain
Quakers
Protestant group known for their pacifism
Henry of Navarre
Protestant politique who became King Henry IV - from Bourbon family
Tyndale
Protestant scholar who translated the Bible into English.
Religiously, as a result of the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, the northern Dutch counties were ______ and the southern Dutch counties were ______.
Protestant; Catholic
Oliver cromwell
Puritan who became lord protector
To whom was James I responding to when he declared "No bishop no king," and what did he mean?
Puritans; they wanted to get rid of higher church order, but James thought bishops were among chief supporters of the throne
2 parts of the counter reformation
REFORM: fix corruption & reaffirmation of beliefs END PROTESTANTISM: intellectually (spread Catholicism and re-convert) and through force (inquisition of heretics, and war with Protestants)
Low Countries
Refers to Netherlands and Belgium (below sea level); Lutheran
Catherine the Great
Related to Romanovs (rulers of Russia) so she married Peter III for power. She used her power to get Peter killed and she took the throne.
Major cause of wars in the 16th and 17th centuries
Religion
Term used to describe radical Parisian tradesmen who supported the Revolution and refused to wear the knee britches of the nobility to more identify with the people
Sans-culottes
Lutheranism spread fairly quickly to what region of Europe to the north of the Holy Roman Empire?
Scandinavia
Leif Erikson
Scandinavia, Northeast North America, 10th/11th century
Anne Boleyn
Second wife of Henry VIII, mother of Elizabeth Executed for alleged adulterous incest so that Henry VIII could remarry
Port city in southern France that Napoleon took back from the British in defense of the revolution, beginning his rise to military fame
Seige of Toulon
Violent purge associated with the 2nd Revolution that results in the deposing of Louis XVI, and the overthrow of the constitution of 1791
September Massacres -kill imprisoned nobles bc troops will be off fighting
Emelian Pugachev
Serf who began uprising; lost to Russian army
Great Northern War
Series of battles mainly between Sweden and Russia from 1700-21, resulting in Russia replacing Sweden as the dominant forces in the Baltic region under Peter the Great
1590s
Shakespeare begins publishing
Why wouldn't the pope grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?
She was the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor, and doing so would create animosity from the Holy Roman Empire
What was a source of the great Dutch wealthy in their early history?
Shipping because of their good fleet
1539
Six Articles of Faith
1540
Society of Jesus formed by St. Ignatius of Loyala - the Jesuits
Balboa
Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519) -Spain Panama 1513
Philip II
Son of Charles V (HRE) who gained power of the Netherlands as well as Spain
Joseph II
Son of Maria Theresa who believed in Enlightenment ideals and was called "revolutionary emperor"
At first, who does Peter share the crown of Russia with?
Sophia Romanov (regent) and Ivan. Ivan and Peter were actual heirs to the throne, but Ivan was too feeble-minded and Peter was too young
In 1689, who attempted to kill Peter?
Sophia Romanov; the guards marched against him, but then they eventually turned and marched against her
What were the results of the Hapsburg-Valois Wards of the early to mid-16th century?
Spain emerged victorious France had to acknowledge Spanish dominance in Italy Conflict still continued (politically and religiously) France had to increase taxes and borrow heavily
What were the consequences of the English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588?
Spain rebuilt navy to be even stronger than before War between Spain and England dragged on for years Prevented Philip II from reimposing Catholicism on England by force Increased nationalism in England
Hernan Cortes
Spain, Mexico, 1519
Vasco de Balboa
Spain, Panama, 1513, conquistador, helped establish first stable settlement on south america at Darien, claimed pacific ocean and shores for spain, opened way for more exploration
Francisco Pizarro
Spain, Peru, 1535
Compare and contrast the status of France and Spain in 17th century European history
Spain: collapsing, reached the max of power that they would ever reach. Their failure in religious wars and unwillingness to modernize economy: "sick man of Europe" France: rising to great power for the rest of history
Reconquista
Spains years of imperialism, ended with the conquering of Grenada
1588
Spanish Armada defeated by the Royal Navy when attempting to invade England
Morisco
Spanish Muslims who converted to Christianity
In what city is Peter buried?
St. Petersburg
What new city became Peter's "window on the west"?
St. Petersburg; served as capital of Russian Empire for more than 200 years
Month, day, year of the battle of Waterloo
Sunday, 18 June 1815
Why would England support the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish?
Support of Protestantism "The enemy of my enemy is my friend"
Jacobites
Supporters of James II
New model army
Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War
Gustavus Adolphus
Swedish king who led his army into Germany to support the Protestant Union
Paracelsus
Swiss 1493-1541: used drugs/chemicals to heal illneses
Ulrich Zwingli
Swiss humanist and priest who admired and followed Erasmus's studies; rejected Catholic ideals and relied solely on scripture for guidance -denied transubstantiation; Colloquy of Marburg - split with Luther -Swiss reformer who insisted on long church services, stripped of ornamentation
Music- Name the composition written by Beethoven to honor Napoleon
Symphony No. 3
How did Peter the Great fund and find the labor for his modernization of the Russian military and society?
Takes on peasants increased threefold. Serfs were arbitrarily assigned to work in the growing number of factories and mines that supplied the military. But they are not modernized yet and don't know the modern tech. yet, which just makes things worse.
1608
Telescope invented
enlightened absolutism
Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
Pope Julius II
The "Warrior-Pope"; commissioned Raphael to paint his library and Michelangelo to paint sistine chapel
Protectorate
The English military dictatorship (1653-1658) established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I.
Why might loyalty to the Catholic Church have remained strong in Ireland?
The English tried to impose their church on Ireland, but they remained Catholic because of their opposition to England
Castiglione
The Book of the Courtier -knew that the ideal man was many talented, including artistic, intellectual, and physical skills. -Wrote regarding manners
boccaccio
The Decameron- short stories related to men and women fled to villa outside of Florence to escape Black Death
What name was given to the region in Russia that fascinated Peter because of its modern style and European population?
The German suburb
Tsar
The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar.
Charles II's problems, including lack of money, lack of an heir, and religion area are all connected how:
The Stuart monarchy already has a relationship with France, but his problems drive him further into the arms of Louis XIV (James II)
Burgundy and the hundred years war
They eventually switch their alliance to France because they sensed a shift in the balance of power
When Luther's rebellion resulted in war, what factor besides religion divided the Holy Roman Empire?
The desire for states' rights
Bohemian Phase
The first phase of the Thirty Years' War which culminated in the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain.
Philip v
The grandson of Louis XIV. Charles II gave him his entire inheritance. First Bourbon king of Spain.
Boyars
The highest-ranking members of the Russian nobility.
Defenestration of Prague
The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War.
Latin
The language of the Romans + used in late middle ages
What became Austria's focus as a result of the 30 years war?
They were impoverished, weak, and exhausted after the war. This defeat encouraged Hapsburgs to turn away from imperialism and instead focus inward/eastward to unify diverse holdings and impose catholicism.
Michael Romanov
The new "Tsar" of Russia after Ivan, he ended the Time of Troubles First of Romanov Dynasty 1613
Junkers
The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state.
Why was Peter forced to go back home to Moscow, and shorten his trip?
The palace guards were in revolt against being sent away to fight the Turks. 1,800 prisoners lay in chains when he got back. He thought they had a bigger revolt in mind, so he executed and interrogated people to get the truth.
Babylonian captivity
The period when all popes were French and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. refers to 70 years Hebrews were held captive in Babylon, damaged papal prestige
Why might the rise of Protestantism in Spain and/or France be more easily squelched?
The rulers in these countries are both strict and devoutly Catholic.
What did Russian leaders mean when they referred to Russia as the "Third Rome"?
The tsars considered themselves rightful and holy rulers, an idea promoted by Orthodox churchmen who spoke of "holy Russia" as the "third Rome" after the Roman Empire (Rome)/Byzantine Empire (Turks).
After the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453, what role did Russian leaders assume?
The princes of Moscow saw themselves as the heirs of both the Caesars (emperors) and Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Inquisition
The search and punishment of Jewish converts that are not real converts in Spain
Danish Phase
The second phase of the Thirty Years' War in which the Catholic imperial army led by Albert of Wallenstein won a series of major victories against the Protestants.
Swedish Phase
The third phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by Sweden's entrance into the war under King Gustavus Adolphus; during this phase, the Protestants began to defeat the Catholics on many fronts.
Dark ages
The time between Rome and the Renaissance
Canterbury Tales
collection of stories by chaucer, panorama of english social life
Why would the Catholic French support the Protestant side in the Thirty Years' War?
Their foreign policy is to weaken Hapsburg power by whatever means necessary in order to prevent universal monarchy
Cartesian Dualism
There are two kinds of reality: - thinking substance (mind): mind, spirit, consciousness, subjective experience - extended substance (matter): everything outside of the mind and therefore objective (science/math can explain everything)
In general, describe the different approaches demonstrated by the Medieval popes, Renaissance popes, and the Counter Reformation popes, concerning their leadership of the Catholic Church.
There is a strong correlation between the power of papal authority and the pope's involvement in the world (involvement increases when authority is decreased and vice versa) MEDIEVAL: unquestionable power, so involvement in the world was unnecessary RENAISSANCE: worldliness increased during Renaissance so popes became more involved to reclaim power; popes were worldly and corrupt COUNTER REFORMATION: models of decorum and piety, fought back and declared authority like late Medieval popes
The death of Robespierre came in what revolutionary calendar month/year
Thermidorian - 1794
For the most part, what was the enlightened philosophes' impression of the peasants and the working class?
They did not deserve to be Enlightened; they didn't have the time to and there wasn't enough talent to invest in
Why would the French government not have a "political need" to rebel against Rome in the Protestant Reformation?
They had already formally parted from Rome, forming their own Gallican church, so anything wrong with the Roman Catholic Church was irrelevant to the French.
Why would popes resist calls for a general council representing the entire church?
They realized that a general council would lessen their power, but since many people opposed the total authority held by the Pope, they did it anyway in an attempt to win back the favor of the people
1618
Thirty Years' War begins as a conflict between Europe's Protestants and Catholics
Magellan
This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world -Portugal (Spain) World 1519-1522
Line of Demarcation
This was the line drawn by Alexander VI that gave Portugal most of Brazil and Spain the rest of South America
Cardinal Mazarin
This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies
1549
Thomas Cranmer published Book of Common Prayer
1530
Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, annulled Henry and Catherine's marriage
Treaty that established a "Quadruple Alliance" between the four great powers to ultimately defeat Napoleon
Treaty of Chaumont
In the 17th century, 95% of the Russian population could be described how?
Un-modernized serfs/peasants
What name is given to the newly independent northern Dutch counties after their successful independence movement against the Spanish?
United Provinces of the Netherlands
Great schism of the west
Urban VI pope in rome, clement VIII in avignon, divides church
City in France where the turning point battle takes place, in which the French Revolutionary armies drive back the invading Austrians/Prussians
Valmy
In what French city was Louis XVI captured during his escape attempt
Varennes
The Concordat of 1801 re-established ties between France and whom
Vatican/Pope
European city where European leaders meet 1814/15 to discuss post FR/Napoleon Europe
Vienna
In what city does the Emperor of Austria live in the late 17th century?
Vienna
What event marked the ascension of Prussia as a great power of Europe and why?
War of Austrian Succession
Development of political parties arose from the debate in Parliament over whether James, Charles II brother, would succeed the throne
Whigs and Tories
What did Henry IV mean when he was quoted as saying, "Paris is well worth a Mass"?
While Henry IV was originally Protestant, he converted to Catholicism because in his eyes, it was a small sacrifice if it meant he could be the King of France.
1628
William Harvey developed thesis on the circulation of the blood
Who lead the Glorious Revolution?
William and Mary Parliament Whigs and Tories
What happened in the Glorious Revolution?
William and Mary are offered the crown. They both have Stuart blood, both are Protestant, and William has the military if necessary. William landed on the shores of southern England and moves his army north to London. Churchill "switches" his forces to join William, making it a "bloodless" revolution. James II first fled to Ireland, then France.
Boyne River
William victory over jacobites
Why and with whom did Charles II enter into a secret agreement, and what were the arrangements of the agreement?
With his cousin, Louis XIV. The French king would give Charles 200, 000 annually, and in return Charles would relax the laws against catholics/gradually re-catholicize England and convert to catholicism himself
Thomas More
Writer of "Utopia", king's chancellor and friend Beheaded by Henry VIII after he disagreed with the king's decision to part from Rome so that he could grant himself an annulment
Michael Servetus
a Spaniard who was among the chief thinkers for the Anti-Trinitarians. He was executed in 1553 in Geneva for "blasphemies against the Holy Trinity." This thinker was among the strongest opponents of Calvinism, especially its belief in original sin and predestination and has a deserved reputation of defending religious tolerance.
1531
Zwingli killed in battle
1519
Zwingli spreads Protestantism to Zurich, Switzerland
Roman Inquisition
a committee of six cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute suspected heretics
War of Spanish succession
a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.
reason (enlightenment philosophy)
a divine force, which is the absence of intolerance, bigotry, and prejudice in one's thinking
Edict of Nantes
a document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France -Henry IV gave Huguenots the right to practice their religion under the
Describe the status of female artists during the renaissance
a few were painters, but only only if they were daughters of nobles, artists, or wealthy people. Women had strict rules, one being their exclusion from institutions
directory
a five man body with executive power granted by the new assembly to prevent a new robespierre from monopolizing power; supported military and was ended by napoleon
Constitutionalism
a form of government in which power is limited by law and balance between authority and power of the government, on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subjects or citizens on the other hand; could include constitutional monarchies or republics
Mongols
a group of nomadic tribes from present day Mongolia that established an empire that stretched from korea to eastern europe
estates general
a legislative body in prerevolutionary france made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates. it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614
95 Theses
a letter written by Luther to the Archbishop which argued that the indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance, competed with the preaching of the Gospel and downplayed the importance of charity in the Christian life
Pilgrimage of Grace
a massive rebellion that proved to be the largest in English history, caused by popular opposition in the north to the religious changes made by Henry VIII
Protestant
a term that generally applies to all non-Catholic western European religions
empiricism
a theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reasoning and speculations.
Witchcraft Trials
a. Up to 100,000 killed b. Older women - weak and reason they were not married c. Most were between 45-60 and were unmarried d. Misogyny (hatred of women) e. Midwives - death of babies blamed on them Ended with the Scientific revolution
what event during napoleon's time in power may have prompted him to sell louisiana to the united states and why?
abandoned colonies because of slave results
westernization
adopting western culture, ideas and practices
How did the Protectorate come to an end?
after Cromwell's death in 1658 and his successor failed
declaration of pillnitz
after the arrest of the royal family, monarchs of other countries professed their willingness to intervene in france to restore louis XVI's rule if necessary *leopold II
Describe the political principles that William and Mary agreed to when they took the throne.
agreed to bill of rights- law was to be made in parliament and could not be suspended by crown, parliament must be called every 3 years, protestants could possess arms and worship but catholics could not. no catholic could inherit the throne.
why did napoleon invade russia in 1812?
alexander I of russia refused to be associated with napoleon's war of prohibitions against british goods
second coalition
allianc between conservative great britain, austria and russia in hopes of containing france; russia pulled out; napoleon defeated austrians after they rejected his overtures
third coalition
alliance between austria, russia, sweden, and britain against france fearing that napoleon woould disrupt the balance of power in europe; collapsed after battle of austerlitz
Whigs supported
an alternate to James II
What was Parliament's reaction to Charles II's policy of relaxing anti-catholic laws?
an anti catholic sentiment swept through England
battle of austerlitz
battle between napoleon and third coalition; napoleon won and destroyed the third coalition, peace with austria, end of HRE
battle of borodino
battle that preceded napoleon's invasion of moscow; was a draw; alexander called for evacuation of russia, russians burned the city down and abandoned it
battle of trafalgar
battle when lord nelson of great britain destroyed napoleon's mediterranean fleet, crushing napoleon's hope for invasion of great britain and establishing british naval supremacy
battle of waterloo
battle where the united allies crushed napoleon's forces and imprisoned him; forced napoleon's final abdication
battles of jena and auerstadt
battles in which napoleon attacked prussia and won two more victories when prussia was outnumbered 2 to 1
due to the economic crises in the 1780s in france, many called for an end to what old bargain? what was the reaction of the french nobility to this proposal?
began to tax nobles... nobility decried the government's action as a form of royal despotism
Leopold II
brother of Joseph II who took over when he died. He was against everything Joseph did and worked to get rid of all of it.
Restoration
brought Charles II to throne and got rid of military rule
What were the overall results of the Wars of Louis XIV?
brought no additional territory, placed unbearable strains on France's resources, and damaged economy
Magyar
dominant ethnic group in Hungary
How did the construction of Versailles allow Louis XIV to gain more control of the French monarchy?
during the construction, he required all nobles to spend part of year in attendance there-- he controlled distribution or state power and wealth so nobles obeyed
Philipp the fair
early 14th-century king of France, had a conflict with pope boniface VIII
Charles II of England
eldest son of Charles I; restored monarchy during the restoration and had no child
Frederick III (Frederick I)
elector's son; received title of king instead of elector of Prussia as reward for aiding Holy Roman emperor in war of Spanish Succession
As a part of his laws of planetary motion, Kepler theorized mathematically that the orbits of the planets around the sun take what shape?
elliptical
Term used to describe counter-revolutionaries who left France with the hope of returning for counter-revolution
emigres
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
ended the Hapsburg-Valois wars
the french revolution was fueled by the political ideas derived from the age of _____
enlightenment
Moriscos
former muslims expelled by Spanish crown reducing the pool of skilled workers and merchants
Angela Merici
founded the Ursuline Order of Nuns in the 1530s to proved education and religious training
John Calvin
founder of Calvinism, a Protestant sect based on the concept of predestination
Ignatius Loyola
founder of the Jesuits spent a year in seclusion, prayer, and asceticism while recovering from a battle wound to the leg
Rene-Robert Cavelier
france, Mississippi Valley, 17th century
Jaques Cartier
france, Quebec, 1533
hundred days
frantic period of time between napoleon's escape from elba to become emperor again until he was defeated by the allies at waterloo
Lord Protector
head of states, executive power, position held by cromwell
Louis XIII
his mother Marie de Medici led when he was too young; son of Henri. Cardinal Richelieu took control under him
Luther translated the Bible into German...
his spelling and grammar become the foundation for the German language.
francis II
holy roman emperor until it was dissolved after the defeat of the third coalition
Madame du Deffand
host of popular salons
explain the connection between the american revolution and the french revolution
hundreds of french officers served in america during the american revolution and were inspired by the experience, revolution fueled dissatisfaction with the monarchy in france
"tabula rasa"
idea that individuals are born without built-in mental content and all ideas come from experience.
What deal existed between the monarchies and nobilities in Eastern Europe in the early modern era?
in exchange for their growing political authority, monarchs allowed nobles to remain as unchallenged masters of their peasants, leaving serfs at the mercy of their lords. also taxed w/o consent, had permanent standing armies and relations w/ foreign relations
Price Revolution
increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver
Describe how Jean-Baptiste Colbert modernized the French economy along mercantilist lines.
increased exports by supporting old industries and creating new ones, enacted new production regulations, created guilds, encouraged craftsmen to immigrate to France, abolished tariffs
What is different about the "last judgement" compared to Michelangelo's other works?
it is much darker (Christ sends people to hell) and it is criticized for its portrayal of Christ (similar to roman god Apollo)
what were the results of the first real election held in french history in 1797? despite these results, how were the revolutionaries able to maintain what they considered the accomplishments of the revolution from 1795-1799?
it returned a large number of conservative and even monarchist deputies who favored peace at almost any price and napoleon seized power 2 years later and ended the directory
what characteristics make chaucer's Canterbury tales atypical for medieval work?
it showed all types of people and addressed cultural tensions. It showed pilgrims as worldly and materialistic
Frederick II (in general) (1740-1786).
known as Frederick the Great of Prussia He ruled through the war of the Austria succession, and brought many ideals from the Age of Enlightenment to Prussia. -made moderate reforms regarding enlightening and centralized a nation of diversity, making it more rational. -went so far as to attempt education for children of al classes. -friends with philosophes like Voltaire
louis XI
known as the spider king, improved upon army and conquered Burgundy
Adam Smith advocated a more highly developed "division of ____".
labor
Adam Smith advocated a more highly developed "division of _____"
labor
Council of Trent
laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church
State Isaac Newton;s 3 laws of motion.
law of universal gravitation, centripetal force, acceleration
The philosophes of the Age of Enlightenment believed that the scientific method was capable of discovering the _______ of human society as well as those of nature, and armed with this proper method, they believed that human beings could make better __________.
law; progress, as in society
the mountain
led by robespierre, the french national convention's radical faction, wanted to put louis to death
Albert of Wallenstein
legendary leader of the extremely successful Catholic imperial army; was killed by his own emperor because he was so powerful
Test act
legislation, passed by the English parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the anglican church by stripping puritans, catholics, and other dissenties of the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and teach at or attend the universities
why did many in the 18th century not equate representative government with democracy?
liberal thinkers tended to equate it with mob rule no equality between men and women and races
For the most part, what was the enlightened philosophes' impression of the peasants and the working class?
like children in need of parental guidance
In order to pay for a war to bring Calvinist Scotland in line with his Anglican kingdom, Charles I recalls Parliament in 1640. Rather than complying with Charles I, Parliament continues to attempt to _____ his power.
limit
John Locke
member of the Royal Society who wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding
the "linchpin" for the development of European nation states was strong _____
monarchy
describe the new monarchy of the renaissance
monarchy controlled nobles to establish domestic order, secured borders, establish new methods of centralization of taxation, hereditary sovereignty of monarchy, religious orthodoxy, national laws, national military
Social changes
most Europeans did not have a voice in governing the Catholic church. • Many Protestant churches did not have clergy, bishops, and priest - so instead the congregation (community of worshipers) made their own rules and elected their leaders. • People's ideas began to become important
German language
most spoken in the Holy Roman Empire
Mary Stuart
mother of James I and cousin of Elizabeth who was executed b/c she was at the center of plots to overthrow Elizabeth
Catherine de Medici
mother of three week rulers (sons of Henry II) whom she dominated
concordat of 1801
napoleon and pope pius VII made a deal; pope obtained the right for french catholics to practice their religion freely but napoleon gained political power, nominated bishops, paid clergy, had great influence over the church
Society of Jesus
new order that played a powerful international role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe as well as internationally
Brandenburg
one of provinces with electors and holdings
canton
one of the 13 manorial territories in Switzerland
Brandenburg
one of the three provinces Frederick William wanted to unite
concerning voting rights, what is meant by the stake in society principle?
only people who owned property could vote
anticlericalism
opposition to the clergy
What Is Enlightenment?
pamphlet published by Immanuel Kant in 1748 which posed questions of the Age of Enlightenment
Medieval lay groups and mysticism did not rise to the level of heresy, according to the Catholic Church, unless they challenged what authority?
papacy
Martin V
papal leader that was chosen as new pope at the council at constance
indulgence
papal statement (in document addressed to an individual) granting remission of priest-imposed penalty for sin (no one knew what penalty God would impose after death). Popular belief, however, held that an indulgence secured complete remission of all penalties for sin, before and after death.
Describe the English government during the "Protectorate" both on paper and in reality.
paper- army prepared constitution Instrument of Gov. reality- cromwell divided England into 12 military districts each governed by a general and followed Puritan morals
Why and with whom did Charles II enter into a secret agreement and what were the arrangements of the agreement?
parliament did not grant him an adequate income so he made an agreement with Louis XIV-- Louis would give Charles 200,000 annually and in return, Charles would re-catholicize england
diet
parliment-like assembly of powerful people in the Holy Roman Emperor
English Bill of Rights
passed in 1689 by Parliament, William and Mary accepted principles- parliament had to be called at least once every 3 years. independence of the judiciary was established and there was to be no standing army during peacetime. protestants could possess arms and worship but catholics could not. no catholic could inherit the throne.
what role may the black death have played in the burst of creativity that Italy experienced in the 14th century?
peasant mobility is very possible, one can go from serf to leader quickly. There is more work to be done, so work is more expensive. kids are more expensive. There is less religion leading to worldly beliefs, and an appreciation for life.
what legislative action did the national assembly take on the night of august 4, 1789?
peasants began to rise against their lords, ransacked manor houses, and burned documents that recorded their obligations
Concilarists
people who believed in a counsel to keep the church in check
Augsburg Confession
primary confession of the faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation (written in German and Latin) 1) Melanchthon wrote them - basics of Lutheranism a. Salvation through faith alone b. Bible is the sole authority c. Priesthood of all believers d. Baptism and communion
Slavic
princes conquered by the mongols and were forced to render payments of goods, money and slaves
After the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453, what role did Russian leaders assume?
princes of moscow saw themselves as heirs of both emperors and orthodox christianity
Tsar (czar)
princes of moscow who considered themselves rightful and holy rulers
Restoration
re-establishment of British monarchy in 1660
What does Renaissance mean?
rebirth
List and explain the importance of the results of the Thirty Years' War (Peace of Westphalia).
reconfirmed Peace of Augsburg and added Calvinism German states became virtually sovereign France gains rights in Alsace and Lorraine Sweden gains northern German territory Dutch Republic gains permanent independence Swiss cantons gain independence
Christian humanism was important roots of the eventual protestant ...
reformation
salon
regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophers and followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy
status of serfdom:
reign of tsar--> significant increase in bonds of serfdom, gulf between enserfed peasantry and nobility increased
Louis XIV
reign: 1643-1715, "Sun King," helped France reach peak of absolutist dominance
What characteristic of the new Dutch republic enabled them to attract a great dal of foreign capital, investment, and talent?
religious toleration
national convention
replaced legislative assembly and proclaimed france a republic, convicted louis XVI of treason and declared war on britain, dutch republic, and spain
as a result of the september massacres, and the overthrow of the legislative assembly and the constitution of 1791, and the establishment of the national convention, on paper, what type of government was france?
republic (people had power)
With the end of the monarchy, from 1649 to his death in 1658, Oliver Cromwell rules England as de facto ____________, however what type of government might he argue he is trying to create in England?
republic; commonwealth, although he claimed monarchic entitlements like choosing his son Richard as his successor
Cabinet
responsible of the House of Commons, leading ministers formulate common policy and conduct the business of the country
The renaissance was a rebirth in interest in literature and philosophy of what two ancient civilizations
rome and greece
Hapsburgs
royal family in Austria and the Holy Roman Empire
The Dutch provinces of the 16th century were _____-governing, and made their living how
self
Who were the flagellants?
self inflicted pain as "penance" for God sending the plague on them, group of very religious people who travelled from town to town and harmed themselves
olympe de gouges
self taught writer and woman of the people who protested the evils of slavery as well as the injustices done to women, wrote declaration of the rights of woman
Between 1500 and 1600 the consolidation of ________ in Eastern Europe was accompanied by the growth of commerical agriculture
serfdom
Between 1500 and 1650 the consolidation of _______ in Eastern Europe was accompanied by the growth of commercial agriculture.
serfdom
Diet of Worms
series of imperial meetings where Luther defended his doctrines before the emperor Charles V and refused to recant his doctrines, resulting in Charles V issuing an imperial Edict condemning them -Luther decided an outlaw
Define the balance-of-power principle as it applied the Europe's reaction to the aggression of France under Louis XIV.
setting limits on the extent to which any power (France) could expand
Jacobites
supporters of James II in Scotland, uprisings caused by William III's accession to power
Joan of Arc
teenage girl who freed orleans and led parts of the 100 years war
Joan of arc
teenage girl who helped and lead parts of the hundred years war, freed orelans, burned at stake
Louisiana
territory at the mouth of the Mississippi river called "Louisiana" after Louis XIV by French explorers
Siberia
territory in russia until the 17thC
cinquecento
the 1500s
With the death of the last of Catherine's sons
the War of the Three Henrys begins with Henry of Navarre agreeing to convert to Catholicism (Paris is Worth a Mass).
Union of Utrecht
the alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands
Explain the "Protestant Work Ethic" as it related to 16th century Calvinism.
the belief in predestination led to an emphasis on being hardworking, thrifty, profitable, conservative, and moral
transubstantiation
the belief of Catholics and some other Christian churches that the bread and wine that are eaten and drank at Mass changes into the body and blood of Jesus because of the priest; regarded as divine and holy
Empiricism
the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation
simony
the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges or status
grand empire
the empire over which napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of europe except great britain and russia
Protectorate
the english military dictatorship established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I
stadholder
the executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange
despotism
the exercise of absolute power, especially in a cruel and oppressive way.
great fear
the fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the french countryside and led to further revolt
national assembly
the first french revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy
What is meant when it is said that the Glorious Revolution began an age of aristocratic government in England?
the government became a tyranny
Enlightenment
the influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth century that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.
sans-culottes
the laboring poor of paris, men didn't wear trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city
Peace of Westphalia
the name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe -ended the 30 Years' War and significantly restricted the power of the Habsburgs
explain what the abbe sieyes meant when he said "confidence from below, authority from above."
the nobility are over privileged and all of the people should rule the french nation
Junkers
the nobility of Brandenberg and Prussia, reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of Prussian state
Why did Richelieu support Protestant side in 30 years war?
to oppose Catholic Habsburgs; he signed a treaty w Lutheran King Gustavus Adolphus promising French support
what even in june 1791 led many in france to believe that further revolutionary action was necessary despite the creation of a new constitution?
the royal family tried to flee france but was arrested; made people feel that the king was seeking foreign support for an invasion of france
Most Enlightened thinkers outside of England and the Netherlands, especially in central Europe, believed that political and social change could best come from ____.
the ruler
Hollenzollern
the ruling family of eastern germany
predestination
the teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works
what was the reaction of the representative of the third estate in france when they learned that the estates general would be conducted the old medieval way? how did the king, clergy, and nobles respond? response of the third estate? kinds response to this?
the third estate refused to meet until king ordered clergy and nobility to sit with them ina single body. king responded with speech urging reforms and ordered 3 estates to meet, called an army to dissolve the assembly with 18,000 troops
Luther condemned the Peasants' War
the violence as the devil's work and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs. Historians have interpreted the economic aspects of the German Peasants' War differently, and social and cultural historians continue to disagree on its causes and nature.
Both Whigs and Tories do not want to see a long line of Catholic kings, so they establish a plan
to overthrow King James II. William and Mary and military general John Churchill are key players.
what unusual military tactic was used by those attacking an Italian fortress on the Crimean peninsula in 1347
they catapulted bodies into the town, spreading the disease
what event served to unite the Parliament against James II enough to plot to overthrow him?
they offered throne to James's heir, his Protestant daughter Mary
Do you notice a paradox concerning Peter the Great's Russia? Explain
thought of as an age of enlightenment but people didn't like his reforms ???
List and explain some of the social changes Peter the Great imposed on Russian society
thousands drafted to build st. petersburg died, nobility required to shave beards and wear western clothes, new class of western oriented russians began to emerge
What were some of the economic and social military and political consequences of the hundred years war in England and France
trade disrupted, heavy taxes, social order disrupted, Financial loss, reduced power of nobility, development of Parliament, promote nationalism
Tories supported
traditional line of succession, though they did not want James II
Peace of Augsburg
treaty written in 1555 that ended the German civil war and officially recognized Lutheranism, hence tolerating both Catholics and Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire in an attempt to create peace -Charles V sign in 1555 which allowed princes to determine the religion of their land
henry VII
tried to restore Royal prestige and brought peace to the nation of England
What became Austria's new focus as a result of defeat in the Thirty Years War?
turned away from dominating other countries to focus inward and eastward in an attempt to unify their diverse holdings, impose catholicism on domains
battle of valmy
turning point in war, the french pushed prussia and austria back, invaded savoy and captured nice
natural law
unchanging morals and principles
Protestant Union
union of Lutheran princes resulting from the violations of the Peace of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire
List some consequences of the Peace of Westphalia.
weakened Hapsburg states of Austria and Spain strengthened French position in Europe ended Age of Wars of Religion introduced new method of peace negotiation recognized Europe as a group of independent states with the ability to negotiate for themselves marked the beginning of what became known as the "modern state system"
happiness (enlightenment philosophy)
well-being on Earth is possible, and a person who lives by nature's laws can find happiness
nature (enlightenment philosophy)
what is natural is also good and reasonable. there are natural laws of economics and politics, just as there are natural laws of science
Long Parliament
when parliament sat from 1640 to 1660 and enacted legislation that limited the power of the monarch, made government without parliament impossible
Siberia
where Russia expanded to in their exploratory years
Marie de Medici
wife of Henry IV, headed the government after Henry's death during 9 year old Louis XIII's reign
