Evolution And Absolute Dating
The more _______ atoms there are, the older the rock is.
Daughter
What are some natural happenings that can disturb rocks?
Earthquakes, faults, flooding, erosion, and volcanic activity all change the landscape, some quickly and some slowly
What is another example of half of the parent atoms turning into daughter atoms once the object has reached a certain age?
Every year on your birthday you turn a different age.
What is a change in the characteristics of a population from one generation to the next; the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginning of time?
Evolution
The following is an example of what?: beak length in Florida soapberry bugs changed over time in response to the introduction of non-native plant foods.
Evolution, adaptation
"Absolute" means _____ or ________.
Exact or definite
True or false?: By counting the parent and IsonI atoms, scientists say that the solar system (including earth) is about 4.6 billion years old.
False: parent and daughter atoms
What is the likelihood that an individual will reproduce and/or the number of offspring an individual produces over its lifetime?
Fitness
-Organism becomes buried in ash or sediments -Organic remains become infused with metal and mineral ions -Carbon 14 dating
Fossilization
What is recognizable evidence of ancient life?
Fossils
What is an example of Theory of Natural Selection or Evolution from Charles Darwin?
Galapagos Finches beak structure
__________ often need to know the exact age of a rock or fossil?
Geologists
Who thought Earth is much older than 6000 yrs, and fossils of ancient organisms show similarities with modern day organisms?
Georges Buffon
Whose ideas were not supported by experimental testing used during the mid-1700's?
Georges Buffon and Jean Baptise-Lamarck
In the mid 1700's the study of fossils influenced a changing of ideology which affected who?
Georges Buffon, and Jean Baptise-Lamarck
What is a type of retrovirus that attacks cellular components of the human immune system by reversing the normal process of DNA transcription?
HIV
A deadly example of evolution in progress is what? It is the causative agent of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
Darwin voyaged aboard the ___ _______.
HMS Eagle
What is similar bone structure indicate common ancestry? (ex) forelimbs of different vertebrates
Homologous structures
In Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution organisms were seen as _______ (unaltered since creation).
Immutable
Which type of time dating can has fossils in different rock layers compared to determine one rock layer's age in relation to another's ?
Index fossil
What are these called?: The number of neutrons can vary from one carbon atom to another or from one hydrogen atom to another
Isotopes.
Who said that life evolves based on fossil evidence? His theory included (1) acquired characteristics can be inherited (2) use and disuse.
Jean Baptise-Lamarck
Which culture agreed with Aristotle and interpreted these ideas in the Bible? Believed species were designed by a Divine Creator (known as creationism or intelligent design).
Judeo-Christian culture
What is a real-life example for the law of superposition?
Laundry in a laundry basket (older worn clothes are on the bottom while recent worn clothes are on the top).
Which law is represented by the following?: In a rock that is not disturbed (moved around by tectonic forces), the older rocks are on the bottom and the younger rocks are on the top.
Law of superposition
Charles Darwin assumed this was a very young Earth that was formed ______ ______ ________ years ago.
Less than 10,000 years ago
When he returned home, what did Darwin do?
Married and moved to a country home where for the next 20 years, he published books about his findings on the Beagle and worked quietly on the "species problem".
Similar DNA - the more nucleotide sequences in common, the more closely related the organsims are to each other Similar Embryonic Development - shows common ancestry Mutations - introduces variation into a population; the driving force of evolutionary change
Modern Additions to the Evidence of Evolution
-Change from body form of a common ancestor -Produces homologous structures
Morphological Divergence
The following are three indisputable facts for what? Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. Individuals vary in their characteristics. Many characteristics are inherited by offspring from their parents.
Natural selection
What is responsible for the following?: • antibiotic resistance in bacteria • herbicide resistance of weeds • HIV resistance to anti-retroviral drugs
Natural selection
The number of ________ can vary from one carbon atom to another or from one hydrogen atom to another.
Neutrons
In a rock that is not disturbed (moved around by tectonic forces), the ______ rocks are on the bottom and the _______ rocks are on the top.
Older rocks are on the bottom, while the younger rocks are on the top
Scientists compare the number of ______ atoms to the number of ________ atoms.
Parent, daughter
Half of the _______ atoms turn into ________ atoms once the object has reached a certain age.
Parent; daughter
-Earth's crust is fractured into plates -Movement of plates driven by upwelling of molten rock
Plate tectonics
What has a half-life of 1.3 billion years? It can be used to date rocks older than 100,000 years.
Potassium-40
What kind of dating uses the half-life of atoms to figure out the age of the rock layers the atoms are in? This determines absolute age.
Radiometric dating
What method is used to figure out if a rock is older or younger than other rocks?
Relative dating
Which type of time dating is used to figure out if a rock is older or younger than another rock?
Relative dating
What are the two types of time dating?
Relative dating and index fossil
What are problems encountered when trying to date rocks?
Rock layers are not undisturbed
Why do you think carbon-14 is a good element to use to date fossils and some rock?
Shorter half-life means more accurate age
-Fossils are found in sedimentary rock -This type of rock is formed in layers -In general, layers closest to the top were formed most recently
Stratification
What did Darwin set out to document on his voyage?
The "hand of God" in nature
What is the defining characteristic of an atom?
The number of protons
Previous explanations of evolution all linked to ________ (Christianity's Great Chain of Being).
Theology, Christianity's Great Chain of Being
True of false?: Darwin saw many things that were difficult to reconcile with the prevailing view of a young Earth and the immutability life.
True
True or false?: Different atoms have different half lives?
True
True or false?: Over time, some of the atoms may change into a different type of atom.
True
True or false?: Real-time changes in the biology of organisms provide evidence of the impact of genetic variation and environmental influences on evolution.
True
What is a gap in the rock sequence that happens?
Unconformity
What has a half-life of 4.5 billion years? It can be used to date rocks older than 10 million years.
Uranium-238
What could be the driving force of evolution?
Variation amongst individuals
What are remnants of a once-useful structure which indicate change over time? (ex) appendix, coccyx, whale pelvis
Vestigial structures
The new form of the atom is called the "________" ?
"Daughter"
The original atom is called the "______" ?
"Parent"
Unconformities happen because:
-Agents of erosion (water, wind, glaciers) move layers of parts of layers away or -No deposition occurs in that area (deposition does not evenly distribute sediments= higher layers may not get as much as lower, etc.) or -Earthquake/plate movement has caused the ground to be uplifted
What do fossils tell us?
-Each species is a mosaic of ancestral and novel traits -All species that ever evolved are related to one another by way of descent
Darwin's Evidence of Evolution
-Fossils -Pangaea -Vestigial structures -Homologous structures -Analogous strucutres
"On the Origin of Species" by Charles Darwin states what?
-Living things overproduce -There is variation amongst individuals -There is a struggle to survive; "Survival of the Fittest" -Natural Selection is always taking place
A scientist knows that half of the parent atom will turn into daughter atoms every ________ years.
10,000
Darwin's trip around the world was from _____-_____.
1831-1836
Before absolute dating, people believed the Earth was only ________ years old.
6,000
Example: Originally, there is 16 mg of parent atoms. 10,000 years go by and now there is _ mg of daughter atoms and _ mg of parent atoms left. Another 10,000 years go by and now there is _ mg of daughter atoms and _ mg of parent atoms left. Another 10,000 years go by and now there is _ mg of daughter atoms and _ mg of parent atoms left. Since the rocks went through this 3 times, it is _______ years old (10,000 X 3)
8, 8; 4, 12; 2, 14; 30,000
What is the time needed for one-half of the parent atoms to turn into daughter atoms?
A half-life
Scientists have used _________ ______ to figure out the age of the earth.
Absolute dating
What is finding the exact age of an object called?
Absolute dating
What methods have helped scientists determine the exact age of Earth?
Absolute dating
What is a trait that increases an individual's fitness?
Adaptive trait or adaptation
What are structures that have a similar function, but different anatomy? (ex) wing of a bird and wing of a butterfly
Analogous Structures
Which ancient Greek stated that species are fixed and do not evolve? His ideas greatly influenced western culture, which thought that the Earth was 6000 yrs old. No one ever recorded ever seeing a species evolve.
Aristotle (2500 years ago)
Darwin knew about _____ ______, and argued a similar process occured in nature. This led him to the idea of ____ _____.
Artificial selection; natural selection
Everything is made of _____.
Atoms
What has a half-life of 5720 years?
Carbon-14
Charles Darwin believed what explained the extinct organisms found in the fossil record?
Catastrophes (e.g. the Noachian Deluge)
Who observed that individuals of the same species varied in size, color and other traits? He felt that variations in traits influence an individual's ability to secure resources and to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
Charles Darwin
What theory challenged prevailing 19-century notions of a static world?
Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Who proposed the idea that organisms change through time?
Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution
-Idea that the continents were once joined and have since "drifted" apart -Initially based on the shapes -Wegener refined the hypothesis and named the theoretical supercontinent Pangea
Continental drift
Scientists can learn the age of a rock by doing what?
Counting the number of parent and daughter atoms.
On his voyage, what did Darwin collect?
Countless specimens and kept detailed notes
