Evolution Chapter 10

Goriely and colleagues (2003) studied a genetic disease caused by a mutation in the gene coding for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). This disease, known as ________ syndrome, is a dominant mutation that causes premature fission of the joints in the skull, facial malformations, and fusion of the fingers and toes.

Apert

Conventional wisdom holds that oxpeckers remove ticks from the backs of cattle on which they feed in a mutualistic relationship, and the cattle tolerate the oxpecker's presence because the birds help remove parasites. Weeks (2000) performed observational experiments in Zimbabwe and demonstrated that the relationship between oxpeckers and cattle was not the removal of parasites but that the oxpeckers are ________.

In fact parasitic, and create and feed on wounds they make, and also feed on earwax in the cattle

the method used to plot the divergence that arises between sister species as they evolve farther and farther from their common ancestor is termed

Phylogenetically independent contrasts

Clayton and colleagues (2003) examined the frequency of host shifts observed among both wing feather and body lice that infect doves. They observed that body lice rarely shift host species, whereas wing feather lice often shift from one species to another. The higher frequency of host shifts observed in wing feather lice is due to the observation that ________.

the lice that infect wing feathers often move from host to host on a parasitic fly

In experiments with Caenorhabditis elegans by Anderson and colleagues (2011), the relationship between physiological performance and temperature was measured. This type of measurement is termed a ________.

thermal performance curve

Futuyma and colleagues (1995) used the herbivorous leaf beetles of the genus Ophraella to study constraints in genetic diversity. Ophraella beetles feed and lay eggs on only certain members of the sunflower family because the beetles are unable to ________.

detect and detoxify chemical defenses produced by nonhost plants

To demonstrate the response of several Daphnia genotypes across a wide range of environments, Luc De Meester (1996) measured the change in phototactic behavior of Daphnia sampled from lakes that contained different numbers of predatory fish. Some genotypes altered their behavior in the presence versus absence of fish. The variation in response is termed ________.

genotype by environment interaction

In the Kotukutuku plant, fuchsia excortiata, pollinated flowers turn colors from ________ to ________ in order to signal pollinators that nectar is no longer being produced.

green to red

Bush and colleagues (2010) photographed body and head lice on several cockatoos and compared the ________ of the lice on the bird's bodies and heads.

luminosity

The data of Huey and colleagues (1989) on thermoregulation in garter snakes is an example of the ________ method evolutionary biologists use to test hypotheses about adaptations.

observational

As demonstrated by the experiments of Huey and colleagues (1989) on thermoregulation in garter snakes, snakes have a wide range of options for behavioral thermoregulation during the day―so long as they avoid thin rocks or direct sunlight at noon―but during the evening they are most often observed ________.

on or under rocks that are of medium 20-40 cm thickness

statements regarding adaptation

some observed traits may not be adaptive, but are simply due to the process of genetic drift although adaptations may seem to exist for obvious reasons their presence is always needs to be tested all traits that are observed are not necessarily adaptive at the molecular level, many of the variations among individuals, populations and species may be selectively neutral

In experiments by Greene and colleagues (1987) with the tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera and the jumping spider Phidippus apacheanus, the purpose for gluing housefly wings onto the bodies of the tephritid fly was to ________.

test for effect of wing markings in preventing predation

Futuyma and colleagues (1995) demonstrated that host shifts by the herbivorous leaf beetles of the genus Ophraella in feeding on members of the sunflower family are due to the ________.

availability of genetic variation sufficient for evolutionary change

In experiments by Greene and colleagues (1987) with the tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera and the jumping spider Phidippus apacheanus, carefully controlled experiments demonstrated that ________.

both wing-waving by the tephritid fly was sufficient to prevent predation