Evolution quiz answers 2019

Both whales and humans have mammary glands. This trait can be considered: -are a synapomorphy for these species and other mammals -are homologous traits -were likely present in the most recent common ancestor of humans and whales -all are correct -none are correct

-are a synapomorphy for these species and other mammals -are homologous traits -were likely present in the most recent common ancestor of humans and whales

You are studying a population of milkweeds and you find the following allele frequencies: f(A1A1) = 0.36 f(A1A2) = 0.48 f(A2A2) = 0.16 If the fitness of the homozygote (w11) is 0.9 and the average fitness of the population is 0.916, what do we expect the new frequency of the A1A1 homozygote genotype to be in the next generation? -0.35 -0.40 -0.50 -0.60 -0.91

0.35

You are studying a population of milkweeds and you find the following allele frequencies: f(A1A1) = 0.23 f(A1A2) = 0.50 f(A2A2) = 0.27 What is the frequency of the A1 allele in your population? -0.05 -0.25 -0.48 -0.52 -0.77

0.48

You are studying a population of pangolins and you observe that there are two alleles for scute shape. Allele 1 codes for round scutes and allele 2 codes for squarer scutes. Allele 2 is at a frequency of 40% of the population. What should be the frequency of allele 1? -0.25 -0.40 -0.50 -0.60 -It's impossible to say

0.60

You are studying a population of sunflowers and you observe that there are two alleles for stem length. Allele 1 codes for fat stems and is dominant over allele 2, which codes for thin stems. Allele 2 is at a frequency of 20% of the population, what should be the frequency of allele 1 homozygotes? -0.04 -0.32 -0.50 -0.64 -0.89

0.64

You are studying a population of guppies and you observe that there are two alleles for tail length. Allele 1 codes for long tails and is dominant over allele 2, which codes for short tails. Allele 2 is at a frequency of 10% of the population, what should be the frequency of allele 1 homozygotes? -0.01 -0.18 -0.50 -0.81 -0.95

0.81

You are studying a population of rattlesnakes and you find the following allele frequencies: f(A1A1) = 0.72 f(A1A2) = 0.26 f(A2A2) = 0.02 What is the frequency of the A1 allele in your population? -0.15 -0.25 -0.28 -0.52 -0.85

0.85

You are studying a population of cactus and you discover that there are two spine lengths (short and long) that follow Mendelian inheritance patterns. Breeding data suggest that the long-spine allele (LS) is dominant to the short-spine allele (SS), and when you examine plants from your wild population you find 182 plants (out of 200) with the long-spine phenotype. Based on this, what would you expect to be the frequency of the SS allele? -4.2% -9% -30% -50% -70%

30%

You are studying forget-me-nots and you discover that there are two flower colors (blue and white) that follow Mendelian inheritance patterns. Breeding data suggest that the blue allele is dominant to the white allele, and when you examine 200 flowers from your wild population you find 32 plants with white flowers. Based on this, what would you expect to be the frequency of the blue allele? -13% -36% -50% -60% -84%

60%

What is game theory? -A mathematical approach to studying behavior that solves for the optimal decision in strategic situations -A mathematical model that is used to predict the outcomes of games in certain situations -A strategy for guessing what will happen in different behavioral situations -A mathematical approach to studying the statistical outcomes of game

A mathematical approach to studying behavior that solves for the optimal decision in strategic situations

Which of the following events would have the highest selection differential (S)? -A population of baobab trees where the parental generation has a mean trunk width (DBH) of 660 cm and the members who reproduce have a mean width of 753 cm -A population of Greenland sharks where the parental generation has a mean body length of 370 cm and the members who reproduce have a mean body length of 480 cm -A population of elephants where the parental generation has a mean shoulder height of 320 cm and the members who reproduce have a mean shoulder height of 290 cm -Selection differential is the same for all three cases -It's impossible to tell from the information given

A population of Greenland sharks where the parental generation has a mean body length of 370 cm and the members who reproduce have a mean body length of 480 cm

What is genetic drift? -A random movement of individuals from one region to another. -A random change in amino acid sequences -A statistical anomaly that results when gene frequencies change over time -A random process that changes the genetic composition of a population from one generation to the next. -A random process that gives rise to genetic variation within a population from one generation to the next.

A random process that changes the genetic composition of a population from one generation to the next.

Where would you go to find the oldest hominin fossils? -Africa -Asia -Europe -The Americas

Africa

What is meant by coalescence? -The process of tracing homologous alleles back to a common ancestor -The history of an allele within a population -The point in the history of a genetic locus when it becomes polymorphic -All of the above -None of the above

All of the above

Microbes are extremely difficult to study under the phylogenetic species concept because so much genetic variation results from horizontal rather than vertical gene transfer. Which of the following methods are used to define microbial species? -Speciation models that incorporate horizontal gene transfer -A threshold of sequence divergence in the 16S rRNA gene -The observation that different lineages of microbes adapt to different environmental conditions -All of the above are currently used to delineate microbial species

All of the above are currently used to delineate microbial species

Which of the following types of genetic variation might contribute to differences in how individuals metabolize drugs? -Variation among individuals in alleles for protein-coding genes -Variation among individuals in the pleiotropic effects of genes -Variation among individuals in the segments of DNA that influence gene expression -All of the above are types of genetic variation that may affect how individuals metabolize drugs -Only a and c are types of genetic variation that affect how individuals metabolize drugs

All of the above are types of genetic variation that may affect how individuals metabolize drugs

How are mass extinctions defined? -As a statistical departure from background extinction rates -As any large number of species that disappears at a point in the stratigraphic column -As the extinction of many species in a short period of time -As the extinction of many species in a short period of time minus Lazarus, Elvis, and Zombie taxa

As a statistical departure from background extinction rates

You are studying populations of bighorn sheep and coyotes across the landscape. Based on their biology, which species would you expect to show the greatest genetic divergence among populations? -Bighorn sheep should show higher Fst values than coyotes -Bighorn sheep should show lower Fst values than coyotes -Bighorn sheep should show equal Fst values to coyotes -There is no way to know how genetically distinct these populations will be

Bighorn sheep should show higher Fst values than coyotes

One of the things that the genomics revolution has taught us is that we see considerable variation in genome size. Which of the following explains most of this variation: -Differences in the number of protein coding genes -Differences in the number ribosomal RNA genes -Differences in the number of pseudogenes -Differences in the number of mobile genetic elements

Differences in the number of mobile genetic elements

Which of the following does NOT describe phenotypic plasticity? -Evolution occurs when organisms undergo plastic change in phenotype in response to the environment. -Evolution occurs when reaction norms for plastic traits change in response to selection. -Evolution occurs when variation in phenotypic plasticity is heritable. -Evolution occurs when variation in plastic traits is heritable.

Evolution occurs when organisms undergo plastic change in phenotype in response to the environment.

Modern life in affluent countries such as the United States has completely removed opportunities for natural selection to act on human populations. -True -False

False

Why are genetic tests a good way to discover cryptic species? -They allow you to compare extinct individuals with living individuals -Grouping similar genotypes might reveal populations that do not or cannot interbreed -The alleles of a species will be identical in each individual -Cryptic species will have more mutations

Grouping similar genotypes might reveal populations that do not or cannot interbreed

What are cryptic species? -Metapopulations of organisms that exchange alleles frequently enough that they comprise the same evolutionary lineage but are almost indistinguishable morphologically -Groups of organisms that are genetically distinct and no not interbreed, but are almost indistinguishable morphologically -The smallest possible groups whose members are descended from a common ancestor -Groups of organisms that have converged on similar adaptations so much that they are almost indistinguishable

Groups of organisms that are genetically distinct and no not interbreed, but are almost indistinguishable morphologically

Why is Hardy-Weinberg a null hypothesis for evolutionary studies? -Hardy-Weinberg allows us to make predictions about allele frequencies when a population is evolving. -Hardy-Weinberg is a mathematical formula that tells us what to expect if individuals are adapting. -Hardy-Weinberg provides expected frequencies for alleles in the absence of evolutionary mechanisms -Hardy-Weinberg allows us to calculate gene frequency changes for populations by assuming that natural selection is acting.

Hardy-Weinberg provides expected frequencies for alleles in the absence of evolutionary mechanisms

Why isn't group selection considered to be likely? -A significant amount of behavior results from natural selection working on groups -In a group of cooperators, selfish individuals can gain a fitness advantage over other individuals -Groups that perform well may persist and grow in size -None of these are problems with group selection

In a group of cooperators, selfish individuals can gain a fitness advantage over other individuals

Which is the most likely reason that lactose tolerance alleles selectively swept through certain human populations? -Drinking lots of milk caused a greater mutation rate -Lactose intolerance reduced reproduction -Lactose tolerance had a large effect on survival -It was random which populations experienced the selective sweep -None of these reasons explains the selective sweep

Lactose tolerance had a large effect on survival

Can a mutation that occurs in a diploid cell during mitosis be passed on to offspring? -No. Only somatic cells undergo mitosis, so the mutation cannot be passed on to offspring. -No. Mutations cannot occur during mitosis. -Maybe. It depends on whether the cell is part of the germ line or not. -Yes. Mitosis is the process of cell division, so mutations will be passed on to offspring because as cells divide they will reproduce the mutation and pass it on. -Yes. Because all mutations, beneficial and deleterious, are passed on to offspring.

Maybe. It depends on whether the cell is part of the germ line or not.

The idea of stratigraphy - that the oldest layers of rock will be found at the bottom of a sequence and the younger layers will be found above them - was first recognize by which scientist? -Carolus Linneaus -Charles Darwin -Nicolaus Steno -Thomas Willis -Mary Anning

Nicolaus Steno

Which of the following complex behaviors separates early modern humans from all other hominins? -Tool technologies -Hunting in groups and eating meat -Care for the dead -Fire -None of the above are unique to Homo sapiens

None of the above are unique to Homo sapiens

Which of the following statements about early, incorrect dates for the age of the earth are true: -Darwin estimated the age of the earth to be 300 million years, based on sedimentary processes. -Kelvin estimated the age of the earth to be 20 billion years, based on cooling processes. -Kelvin and Darwin's estimates were flawed, the earth is now thought to be much younger. -Darwin never estimated the age of the earth. -None of the above is true.

None of the above is true.

Most of the chemical reactions in a cell are performed by: -DNA -RNA -Protein -Amino acids

Protein

How does genetic drift affect the frequencies of alleles within a population? -Some individuals are more likely to breed with other individuals, and so only their alleles will appear in the next generation. -Random mating does not equal uniform mating, as as a result of this imperfect sampling some alleles do not get represented in the next generation. -In a large population, the likelihood that all individuals will be able to mate is low, so the likelihood that all alleles will be represented in the next generation is also low -Drift results in a variety of genotypes over many generations because the heterozygotes mate randomly leading to some homozygotes of each allele and some heterozygotes, changing the frequency of the alleles. -Random mating within a population mixes alleles at a particular locus into many different combinations, and when this happens frequencies of alleles change across generations.

Random mating does not equal uniform mating, as as a result of this imperfect sampling some alleles do not get represented in the next generation.

What two selective agents influence pathogen virulence? -Selection for high mutation rates and selection against detrimental mutations. -Selection for rapid within-host replication and selection for high survival. -Selection for within host replication and selection for between-host transmission. -Selection for between host transmission and selection for between-host survival.

Selection for within host replication and selection for between-host transmission.

A mutation introduces a new allele into a population. If this allele is under positive selection, in which case would it be unable reach 100% frequency in the population? -When the allele is additive -When the allele is dominant -When the allele is recessive -It will never be able to reach 100% frequency in the population

When the allele is dominant

Which of the following is NOT an example of evolution? -Beak size in a population of birds becomes larger from one generation to the next because larger beaked birds had higher reproductive success and passed the trait to their offspring -Over long periods of time whales gradually lost their hindlimbs -When traveling to high altitude, human physiology changes to accommodate lower oxygen levels -All of the above are examples of evolution

When traveling to high altitude, human physiology changes to accommodate lower oxygen levels

What is coevolution? -When one species needs to evolve because another species that it is dependent on evolved -When two or more species interact, and each acts as an agent of selection -Evolutionary changes that are shared among two or more species, such as wings -Evolutionary changes among two or more species that are complementary, so that all species benefit -all of the above are true

When two or more species interact, and each acts as an agent of selection

Muller's ratchet suggests that: (choose all that apply) a) deleterious mutations accumulate faster in asexual populations b) deleterious mutations accumulate faster in sexual populations c) sex is beneficial because recombination can break up deleterious mutations d) sex is beneficial because more offspring would be produced and thus some are more likely to survive e) beneficial mutations; it would increase genetic diversity

a c

Florida panthers were once common but during the 20th century their numbers fell to as few as 6 individuals. Which of the following processes has likely affected them as a result of this history: -a higher mutation rate -stronger natural selection -a genetic bottleneck -Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium -all of the above

a genetic bottleneck

Which of these scenarios will not maintain genetic diversity in populations? -a high average excess of fitness for an allele -negative frequency dependent selection -balancing selection -all of the above maintain genetic diversity -all of the above reduce genetic diversity by eliminating alleles

a high average excess of fitness for an allele

You are studying developmental biology in invertebrates and you find that hedgehog, Dpp, and Dll are expressed in a particular cell. Based upon this you can assume that these cells will be involve in patterning and growth along: -the dorsal aspect -the ventral aspect -a proximal-distal aspect, as in head to tail -a proximal-distal aspect, as in limbs or mouth parts -none of the above

a proximal-distal aspect, as in limbs or mouth parts

Which of the following questions would be studied with quantitative genetics? a) The contributions of environment and genetics in body sizes of red foxes b) The genetics underlying shell curling in a population of snails with shells with morphs that either curl to the left or the right c) The genetics of coloration in birds, when dihybrid crosses reveal a ratio of 3:1 in offspring morphology d) All of the above could be studies with quantitative genetics e) Only b and c could be studied with quantitative genetics

a) The contributions of environment and genetics in body sizes of red foxes

New mutations: a) are random with respect to their effects on fitness b) are necessary for natural selection to cause evolutionary change c) are rare in a population d) a and b are correct e) all of the above

a) are random with respect to their effects on fitness b) are necessary for natural selection to cause evolutionary change c) are rare in a population

Which of the following helps to explain why antibiotic resistance can evolve especially quickly: -bacteria reproduce quickly -bacteria can acquire genes from other bacteria -antibiotics provide strong selection pressure -all are correct

all are correct

Which of the following is suggested by the hominin fossil record? -earlier hominins spent more time in wooded habit than later hominins -bipedality evolved before large brain size -at least four species of hominins coexisted at one time -all are suggested by the fossil record -none are suggested by the fossil record

all are suggested by the fossil record

Which of these statements about the cells in your body is correct: -all cells have the same genes -all cells express the same genes -all cells have the same proteins -all are correct -none are correct

all cells have the same genes

Some evolutionary biologists have argued that menopause is adaptive. Which statement(s) below help form the logical basis of their argument: -risks of child bearing increase with age -older mothers are unlikely to survive until offspring reach independence -remaining fertile detracts from investment in current offspring -all of the above

all of the above

Tetrapods include: -organisms descended from ancestors with four limbs -birds -whales -all of the above

all of the above

What do molecular phylogenetic indicate about Darwin's finches on the Galapagos islands? -some Darwin's finches that were originally assumed to be a single species are actually more closely related to other finch species -they were the result soy a single ancestral arrival as opposed to multiple migrating species -the Cocos island finch evolved from an ancestor that was already present in the Galapagos -all of the above

all of the above

Why is understanding evolutionary biology important to the future of medicine? -Because phylogenies can be used to predict which influenza viruses may be likely to cause future epidemics -By understanding orthologs scientists may be able to identify the underlying genetic architecture of human disease -Evolutionary biology can guide the development of antibiotic treatments, antiviral drugs, and chemotherapy -all of the above -none of the above

all of the above

New nonsynonymous mutations: -occur randomly with respect to fitness -are greater in number in a large population than a small population -are most often deleterious -all of the above are correct

all of the above are correct

Which of the following statements is not accurate? -direct fitness results from personal reproduction -altruistic behaviors decrease inclusive fitness -indirect benefits accrue through helping relatives produce extra offspring -kin selection refers to selection on traits that increase indirect fitness

altruistic behaviors decrease inclusive fitness

The earliest fossils of our own species date to: -approximately 200,000 years ago -approximately 500,000 years ago -approximately, 2 million years ago -approximately 6 million years ago

approximately 200,000 years ago

Which of the following are assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem? (select all that apply) a) Populations are finite and can experience changes in allele frequencies due to chance b) All possible genotypes at a locus will be equally likely to survive and reproduce c) Alleles will not enter or leave a population through migration d) Mutation leading to new alleles will not occur

b c d

Promiscuous proteins and gene recruitment differ because: a) Gene recruitment occurs when proteins capable of more than one function begin catalyze reactions on different substrates b) Gene recruitment occurs when a gene or network becomes co-opted for a different function as a result of a mutation. c) Promiscuous proteins are part of a gene or network that becomes co-opted for a different function as a result of a mutation. d) a and c e) Promiscuous proteins and gene recruitment are different terms for the same thing

b) Gene recruitment occurs when a gene or network becomes co-opted for a different function as a result of a mutation.

How does macroevolution differ from microevolution? a) Microevolution includes the origination, diversification, and extinction of species over long periods of evolutionary time b) Microevolution occurs within populations c) Macroevolution includes adaptive and neutral changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. d) b and c e) all of the above are true

b) Microevolution occurs within populations

How do broad and narrow sense heritability differ? a) Broad sense heritability is the component of variance that causes organisms to look like their parents b) Narrow sense heritability is a measure of the proportion of variation that is due to additive genetic effects c) Narrow sense heritability is not broken down into different genetic components e) a and c f) b and c g) all of the above are true

b) Narrow sense heritability is a measure of the proportion of variation that is due to additive genetic effects

Which of the following would provide evidence for reinforcement between two species? a) premating isolation is strongest in sympatry; no postzygotic isolation in any cross b) premating isolation is strongest in sympatry; postzygotic isolating is strong in all crosses c) premating isolation is the strongest in allopatry; there is no postzygotic isolation in any cross d) premating isolation is the same in both sympatric and allopatric crosses; postzygotic isolation is strong in in crosses from allopatric populations

b) premating isolation is strongest in sympatry; postzygotic isolating is strong in all crosses

Which of the following statements about venom evolution is accurate? a) the earliest venoms evolved after fangs and other parts of the venom delivery system b) the earliest venoms evolved before fangs and other parts of the venom delivery system c) all reptiles produce venom even if they do not have fangs or other components of the venom delivery system d) b and c are correct

b) the earliest venoms evolved before fangs and other parts of the venom delivery system

How does parallel evolution differ from deep homology? a) Deep homology occurs when similar traits independently evolve from a similar ancestral condition. b) Parallel evolution occurs when the growth and development to traits in different lineages arise from the same underlying evolutionary mechanism. c) Deep homology can help explain cases of parallel evolution. d) a and b e) all of the above are true

c) Deep homology can help explain cases of parallel evolution.

Homologous traits: a) always perform the same function in different species b) always perform a different function in different species c) are inherited from a common ancestor d) a and c are correct e) b and c are correct

c) are inherited from a common ancestor

If the heritability of a trait in a population is low: a) there are no genes that code for the trait b) few individuals have the trait c) most of the phenotypic variation for the trait is due to environmental differences experienced by individuals d) most of the phenotypic variation for the trait is due to genetic differences among individuals e) a and c are correct

c) most of the phenotypic variation for the trait is due to environmental differences experienced by individuals

If extrinsic mortality is high: a) selection will act more strongly against mutations that negatively affect organisms late in life than early in life b) selection will act would act equally strongly on mutations that negatively affect organisms early in life and late in life c) organisms should age more rapidly than if extrinsic mortality was low d) a and c are correct e) b and c are correct

c) organisms should age more rapidly than if extrinsic mortality was low

William Smith: -created the first geological map -devised a system of taxonomy still in use today -was the first to establish the fact of extinction -first proposed the idea of natural selection

created the first geological map

Which method(s) for reconstructing phylogeneies incorporate(s) information about variation in mutation rates among loci? a) Maximum likelihood methods b) Bayesian methods c) Bootstrapping methods d) Both a and b e) Both b and c

d) Both a and b

How does anagenesis differ from punctuated equilibria? a) Punctuated equilibria is a model of evolution that proposes that most species undergo relatively little change for most of their geologic history. b) Punctuated equilibria suggests periods of stasis are punctuated by brief periods of rapid morphological change, often associated with speciation events. c) Punctuated equilibria is the wholesale transformation of a lineage from one form to another. d) a and b e) all of the above are true

d) a and b

Analyses suggest that by 4400 years ago, maize had lost much of its genetic diversity (i.e., many different alleles). How do we explain this loss of diversity? a) genetic bottleneck b) strong artificial selection c) genetic drift d) a and b are correct e) a, b, and c are correct

d) a and b are correct

Which of the following is required to designate populations as separate species under the phylogenetic species concept: a) each population forms a monophyletic group b) the populations do not exchange genes c) there is strong reproductive isolation between the populations d) a and b are correct e) a, b, and c are correct

d) a and b are correct

Orthologs differ from paralogs because: a) paralogs are homologous genes that arise by gene duplication. Together they form a gene family. b) paralogs are homologous genes separated by a speciation event (as opposed to homologous genes, produced by gene duplication, that are both possessed by the same species). c) orthologs are homologous genes separated by a speciation event (as opposed to homologous genes, produced by gene duplication, that are both possessed by the same species). d) a and c e) none of the above

d) a and c

Why don't scientists agree on a single definition of a species? a) Because research techniques and species biology can influence which definition is the most useful b) Because they have not discovered the true definition of a species c) Because different scientists have different philosophies about defining species d) a and c e) a, b, and c are correct

d) a and c

Eukaryotes differ from archaea and bacteria because: a) they contain a nucleus b) the cell membrane contains peptidoglycan c) they contain mitochondria d) a and c are correct e) all are correct

d) a and c are correct

How does dispersal differ from vicariance? a) Dispersal is the movement of populations from one geographic region to another with very limited return exchange, or none at all b) Dispersal occurs due to the formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow. c) Vicariance results in the separation of once continuously distributed populations. d) a and c are correct e) all of the above are true

d) a and c are correct

Which of the following conditions are thought to be necessary for sympatric speciation to occur? a) Disruptive selection b) Stabilizing selection c) Positive assortative mating d) a and c are correct e) b and c are correct

d) a and c are correct

Species diversity at a particular point in time is influenced by which of the following? a) extinction b) origination c) standing diversity d) all of the above e) a and b

d) all of the above

You are studying aging in two species of fish. You bring them into a common laboratory environment free from factors causing extrinsic mortality and find that species A lives twice as long as species B. Based on the evolutionary theory of aging, you would predict that: a) species B has lower extrinsic mortality in its natural habit than species A b) species B reproduces later in life than species A c) the average age of individuals in wild populations of species B is higher than species A d) species B has higher extrinsic mortality in its natural habitat than species A e) a and c are correct

d) species B has higher extrinsic mortality in its natural habitat than species A

Mary Anning: -was the first female biologist -discovered fossils supporting the idea of extinction -developed theories of plate tectonics -developed a now incorrect theory for change over time -all of the above

discovered fossils supporting the idea of extinction

Which of the following statements about genetic recombination is FALSE? -genetic recombination acts independently of independent assortment -genetic recombination occurs during the production of sperm -genetic recombination is important to the process of natural selection -genetic recombination is one factor that increases variation within populations of organisms -during mitosis, chromosomes can cross over and exchange segments of DNA so that chromosomes of gametes are different from those of their parents

during mitosis, chromosomes can cross over and exchange segments of DNA so that chromosomes of gametes are different from those of their parents

How does allopatry differ from sympatry? a) Allopatry occurs when populations are in separate, non-overlapping geographic areas. b) Sympatry occurs when populations are in the same area. c) Allopatry involves some type of geographic barrier to gene flow, but sympatry does not. d) a and b are correct e) a, b, and c are correct

e) a, b, and c are correct

Under the biological species concept: a) a species represents a group of interbreeding (or potentially interbreeding) populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups b) species are evolutionary independent units c) different species do not exchange genes d) a and c are correct e) a, b, and c are correct

e) a, b, and c are correct

What is/are the most important factor(s) generating genetic diversity among individuals in a population of eukaryotes? a) mutation b) independent assortment c) genetic recombination d) b and c only e) all of the above are important in generating diversity in eukaryotes

e) all of the above are important in generating diversity in eukaryotes

The transition of from single-celled to multi-celled organisms: a) happened once b) happened on multiple occasions c) occurred before the origin of eukaryotes d) a and c are correct e) b and c are correct

e) b and c are correct

Which of the following statements accurately describes Hox genes: a) they code for traits such as legs or wings in the developing embryo b) their expression gives positional information to other genes c) they are transcription factors d) a and b are correct e) b and c are correct

e) b and c are correct

If cheating can be a successful behavioral strategy, how might slime molds remain cooperative? a) Group selection b) Kin recognition c) Inclusive fitness d) All of the above e) b and c only f) Slime molds aren't cooperative

e) b and c only

Why is heritable variation among individuals an important factor for natural selection? a) because variation has to be heritable for a species to survive b) because variation has to be heritable for individuals to pass down their beneficial mutations c) because when individuals respond to the environment they can pass the traits they acquire on to their offspring d) because natural selection cannot act when all individuals are absolutely identical e) both b and d f) all of the above

e) both b and d

How does the genome structure of eukaryotes differ from the genome structure of bacteria? -bacterial genomes carry a large amount of non-protein coding DNA -eukaryotic genome size is tightly correlated to organismal body size -eukaryotic genomes contain far more mobile elements -all of the above are true

eukaryotic genomes contain far more mobile elements

Although primates have trichromatic vision (three types of cones), all other placental mammals are only dichromatic (two types of cones). Somewhat surprisingly, the ancestral condition for tetrapods is actually trichromatic or even tetrachromatic (four types of cones!). Based on this evidence, trichromatic vision in primates is likely a(n): -evolutionary reversal -evidence of horizontal gene transfer -evidence of vertical gene transfer -exaptation -polymorphy

evolutionary reversal

Is inbreeding by itself a mechanism of evolution? a) Yes. Inbreeding rearranges alleles so that homozygotes for rare recessive alleles become more common. b) No. Inbreeding rearranges alleles so that homozygotes for rare recessive alleles become more common. c) Yes. Inbreeding changes the frequency of alleles in a population. d) No. Inbreeding does not change the frequency of alleles in a population. e) a and b f) b and d

f) b and d

Which mating system is most likely to produce sexual conflict: -males and females partner for life and share parenting duties -females mate once but males mate multiple times -females and males both mate multiple times -males mate once but females can mate multiple times -all of the above are likely to produce equal amounts of sexual conflict

females and males both mate multiple times

If the neutral theory of molecular evolution is correct, most substitutions are fixed by: -sexual selection -natural selection -genetic drift -migration -none of the above

genetic drift

Which of the scenarios below will produce the largest response to selection within a population? -h2 = 0.9; S = 0.6 -h2 = 0.5; S = 0.9 -h2 = 0.2; S = 0.1 -h2 = 0.5; S = 0.5

h2 = 0.9; S = 0.6

You are studying how tools have evolved through cultural evolution. You find several instances where groups with very different technologies meet and there is a transfer of technology from one group to the other. This is most similar to what process in biological evolution: -genetic drift -natural selection -Mendelian inheritance -horizontal gene transfer

horizontal gene transfer

When population geneticists refer to a fixed allele, what do they mean? -that the allele is constrained by natural selection and won't be changed by muatation -it is the only allele remaining in a population after all of the alternatives have disappeared -that the genomic structure around the allele is constrained -all of the above

it is the only allele remaining in a population after all of the alternatives have disappeared

Which of the following would be most likely to produce a gene tree that matches the species tree: -long branch lengths; short coalescence time for alleles -short branch lengths; long coalescence time for alleles -long branch lengths; long coalescence time for alleles -short branch length; short coalescence time for alleles

long branch lengths; short coalescence time for alleles

Which statement(s) helps explain why male pipefish produce very few sperm: -male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can fertilize -male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can care for -male fitness is limited mostly by the limited number of females available for mating -none of the above

male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can care for

Which statement(s) helps explain why male little brown bats produce a lot of sperm: -male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can fertilize -male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can care for -male fitness is limited mostly by the limited number of females available for mating -none of the above

male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can fertilize

Males of some species have proteins in their ejaculate that cause the female to be less attractive to other males for some period of time. Such a trait probably evolved initially through _______, but could also lead to ______ if remating is beneficial for females. -male-male competition; sexual conflict and antagonistic coevolution -male-male competition; female choice -female choice; sexual conflict and antagonistic coevolution -runaway selection; female choice

male-male competition; sexual conflict and antagonistic coevolution

Which of the following statements is correct: -microRNAs bind DNA and block transcription -microRNAs bind mRNA and block translation -microRNAs bind ribosomal RNA and block translation -all of the above

microRNAs bind mRNA and block translation

During development, cells respond to molecular signals from other cells known as: -histones -morphogens -paralogs -microRNAs

morphogens

Why will the fossil record never be complete? -it is already complete -most organisms don't fossilize well -we cannot excavate under all of the cities and towns we have constructed -it can be complete, we just need to work harder

most organisms don't fossilize well

If a gene is evolving ____________, we expect the he ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations (dN/dS) to be equal to one. If the dN/dS ratio is greater than one, it suggests that the gene is evolving ____________. -neutrally; purifying selection -under positive selection; neutrally -neutrally; under positive selection -under purifying selection; neutrally -under purifying selection; under positive selection

neutrally; under positive selection

Based upon current scientific knowledge, which of the following statements is/are accurate? -new world monkeys are more closely related to apes and hominins than old world monkeys -new and old world monkeys are equally related to apes and hominins -old world monkeys are more closely related to apes and hominins than to new world monkeys -apes descended from old world monkeys

old world monkeys are more closely related to apes and hominins than to new world monkeys

Imagine you are building a phylogeny to understand the relationships between different species of cats (Felidae). You include character data for a hyena, which is not a member of the Felidae, in order to infer ancestral states. In this scenario, the hyena is serving as a(n): -character -synapomorphy -outgroup -polytomy

outgroup

You are studying speciation in mosquitos and you find that males and females from different populations will mate, but those matings result in very few fertilized eggs. This is an example of what type of reproductive isolating barrier: -premating -postmating-prezygotic -intrinsic postzygotic -extrinsic postzygotic

postmating-prezygotic

How does purifying selection differ from positive selection? -purifying selection removes deleterious alleles, -positive selection results in more non-synonymous substitutions that purifying selection -purifying selection is a common form of disruptive selection -all of the above are true

purifying selection removes deleterious alleles,

You are studying a population of wolves and you find 5% of the alleles at a specific coat color locus in your population are recessive. If you were to consider this information in the context of the Hardy-Weinberg theorm, the 5% you have been given represents: -q -2pq -q^2 -p^2 + 2pq -allele frequency

q and allele frequency

You are studying a population of armadillos and you find 34% of the population is homozygous for a recessive allele. If you were to consider this information in the context of the Hardy-Weinberg theorm, the 34% you have been given represents: -p -q -2pq -q^2 -allele frequency

q^2

Which of the following molecules has NOT been used as a biomarker, an organic chemical signature of once living organisms? -carbon isotopes -oxygen isotopes -sodium ions -cellular pigments -all of the above have been used as organic chemical signatures

sodium ions

The earliest animal fossils appear similar to modern day: -sponges -archaea -fungi -jellyfish

sponges

The earliest generally accepted fossils of living organisms are: -yeasts -stromatolites -zircons -stable isotopes

stromatolites

Modern day mammals are descended most recently from what group: -synapsids -reptiles -fish -amphibians

synapsids

Which of the following is true in reference to the major evolutionary faunas: -the Cambrian fauna is now extinct -the Modern fauna originated in the Cambrian -the Paleozoic fauna never rebounded to previous levels of diversity after the Permian extinction -the Modern fauna has persisted for the least amount of time

the Modern fauna originated in the Cambrian

Evolution occurs when: -individuals in a population change in response to the environment -the average value of a trait in a population changes from one generation to the next -species gradually become better adapted to their local environment over evolutionary time -all of the above are correct -none of the above are correct

the average value of a trait in a population changes from one generation to the next

What is the selection differential (S)? -negative selection -the difference between the trait mean of reproducing individuals and the trait mean of the general population -a measure of evolution -the difference between narrow sense heritability and the response to selection

the difference between the trait mean of reproducing individuals and the trait mean of the general population

You are reading Science News and learn about a new gene that has been discovered in the placenta which is responsible for diverting more nutrients to the developing fetus in the individuals who carry it. Based on what you've learned on genomic imprinting, you predict: -the father's copy is turned on; the mother's copy is turned off -the mother's copy is turned on; the father's copy is turned off -both the mother and the father's copy are turned on -both the mother and the father's copy are turned off

the father's copy is turned on; the mother's copy is turned off

Complete dominance occurs when -the phenotype of a heterozygote is identical to one of the homozygotes -the phenotype of a heterozygote is not identical to either homozygote -the genotype of a heterozygote is identical to one of the homozygotes -the genotype of a heterozygote is not identical to either homozygote -none of the above

the phenotype of a heterozygote is identical to one of the homozygotes

Which of the following is/are NOT critical for Darwin's idea for natural selection: -differences in traits can influence reproductive success -individuals exhibit variation, with no two individuals the same -the traits that individuals exhibit can change during their lifetime -none of these are critical -all of these are critical

the traits that individuals exhibit can change during their lifetime

Which of the following is true regarding mobile genetic elements? -they may spread through populations even if they lower the fitness of the individuals that carry them -they will be eliminated from populations unless they are beneficial -they do not affect protein coding regions so have no effect on fitness -none of the above is true.

they may spread through populations even if they lower the fitness of the individuals that carry them

Which of the following is true of QTL association studies: -they pinpoint the specific gene(s) responsible for phenotypic variation -F1 offspring are examined to look for genetic markers linked to phenotypic variation -they rely on recombination to create a wide range of phenotypic variation -all of the above -none of the above are correct

they rely on recombination to create a wide range of phenotypic variation

Which of the following refers to the ability of a pathogen to cause a disease? -epigenetics -oncogenes -resistance -virulence

virulence