EVR 1001 chapter 4

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

.should be before not after

In which period did the number of species increase most rapidly? 0 to 20 years 20 to 40 years 40 to 60 years 60 to 100 years 100 to 160 years

0 to 20 yeras

How much energy is available to the third trophic level, a secondary consumer, if its prey in the second trophic level, a primary consumer, is only able to obtain 10% of the available energy of the first trophic level? View Available Hint(s) 100% 10% 1% 0.1%

1%

In the year 2005 there were approximately ____ more sea otters in total than in 1985. 1,400 2,700 500 100

1,400

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer. 1,000 100 10 1 0

10

In which year was the density of birds greatest? 20 100 105 160 cannot be determined from this graph

105

After 20 years, what was the total number of bird species? 14 60 120 cannot be determined from this graph

14

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level. 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 90-100

5-10

This pyramid shows the ratio of organisms, energy content, and biomass at different trophic levels. Suppose that a system has 5000 grasshoppers. How many hawks would be expected? 5 50 500 5000

50

If the actual increase in total sea otters was 1,400 individuals between 1985 and 2005, how many new sea otters were added to the population (on average) each year? 2,700 70 2 28,000

70

What is the best estimate of the total yearly precipitation in the region represented by this graph? 75 mm 75 inches 500 mm 900 mm 900 inches cannot be determined from this graph

900 mm

What characteristics of lionfish contribute to their ability to spread and become established in new areas? View Available Hint(s) Lionfish typically migrate in large schools to other reefs, where they breed together producing giant egg masses, which cling to the bottom of the coral reef. Lionfish are specialists, consuming just a few types of shrimp, which are widespread in the Caribbean. Lionfish are very good at avoiding predators by hiding in small cracks. Their color is also an excellent form of camouflage. So, lionfish can spread to new locations without being detected. A single lionfish female may produce up to 2 million eggs a year. The eggs float for up to a month, spreading the lionfish populations.

A single lionfish female may produce up to 2 million eggs a year. The eggs float for up to a month, spreading the lionfish populations.

Which continent contains the most desert shrub? North America Asia South America Africa None of the listed responses are correct.

Africa

How did the fish biologists determine the diet of lionfish in the regions where the lionfish have invaded? View Available Hint(s) The fish biologists used many different types of bait to fish for lionfish around coral reefs. The baits that worked best are most likely a part of the lionfish diet. Divers spent thousands of hours watching lionfish around the coral reefs and simply recorded the types of food that the lionfish ate. Biologists kept lionfish in laboratories and experimented with what types of food these captive lionfish would eat. Biologists examined the contents of the stomachs of lionfish caught in the wild.

Biologists examined the contents of the stomachs of lionfish caught in the wild.

Assume that a new parasite that infests blue crabs is introduced into the Hudson River, decimating blue crab populations. Look at the structure of this simplified open-water food web, then drag the labels to predict how the population of each organism would be affected.

Blue crab-decreases Zebra mussel- increases Phytoplankton- decreases Zooplankton- decreases American Shad- decreases Cormorant- decreases

Your uncle works for the Central Arizona Project. Levels of which of the following rivers will be of his highest concern? Colorado River Mississippi River Missouri River Salmon River

Colorado River

What kind of relationship exists between multiple organisms who seek the same limited resource? parasitism competition herbivory predation

Competition

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____. producer primary consumer secondary consumer detritivore tertiary consumer

Detritivore

Which two months have the highest average temperature? May and June July and August September and October

July and August

Why do we classify lionfish populations near the eastern United States as an invasive species? What suggests that these new populations are not an expansion of the lionfish's natural range? View Available Hint(s) Lionfish are not good swimmers and have no other mechanisms to spread their populations over great distances. Lionfish are native to the tropical Pacific. There are no natural water routes of warm water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Lionfish eat only a few specific types of algae that live in isolated regions of the Pacific. If lionfish spread much beyond their native Pacific home, they would have nothing to eat. Lionfish are native to cold waters near the tip of South America. They could not survive in the warmer waters between their native areas and the colder waters of the east coast of the United States. So, it is very unlikely that these South American populations naturally spread north.

Lionfish are native to the tropical Pacific. There are no natural water routes of warm water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

How does predation differ from parasitism? Parasitism is beneficial to the host, whereas predation always harms the prey. Parasites are only insects or mites, while predators can be any kind of large animal. Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey. Predation happens between trophic levels, while parasitism happens within a trophic level.

Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.

Which of the following statements best describes the bird populations during the period from 100 to 160 years? The number species declined slightly, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then declined. The number of species slowly increased, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then slowly declined. The number of species slowly reached a peak and then slowly declined, while the number of breeding pairs slowly increased. Both the number of species and the number of breeding pairs were stable.

The number of species slowly increased, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then slowly declined.

You are an Arizona landowner with questions regarding the tamarisk beetle introduction and wish to contact the federal agency in charge of the project that brought them to the U.S. Who should you contact? Environmental Protection Agency United States Department of Agriculture Army Corps of Engineers Fish and Wildlife Service

United States Department of Agriculture

Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species? View Available Hint(s) A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance. Keystone species are always predators. If the keystone species disappears, the whole ecosystem collapses, and nothing survives. Keystone species are the largest-bodied species in a community.

a keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance

Imagine a square meter of leafy forest soil underneath an oak or maple tree. Which of the following is likely to exist within this patch of soil? most species would be microscopic about a quarter of a million individuals about a thousand different species or organisms All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.

all of the listed responses would be expected to occur

What does the red line on the graph represent? average temperature (°F) average precipitation (mm) month of the year average temperature (°C) average precipitation (inches)

average temperature

What does the red line on the graph represent? average temperature (°F) average precipitation (mm) month of the year average temperature (°C) average precipitation (inches)

average temperature (°C)

Which of the following are probably the most abundant but least understood of all forms of life on Earth? View Available Hint(s) insects bacteria trees animals

bacteria

After examining every single cell in your body, you would conclude that humans are made up mostly of __________. View Available Hint(s) fungal cells dead cells plant cells bacterial cells

bacterial cells

Based upon what we are learning about invasive lionfish populations in the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, these lionfish populations __________. View Available Hint(s) can be eliminated by setting traps widely in these regions can be eliminated by holding regular lionfish derbies encouraging people to catch as many lionfish as possible can be controlled by introducing a new lionfish predator from the region where lionfish naturally occur cannot be eliminated by any means currently known

cannot be eliminated by any means currently known

_____ are secondary consumers. Producers Herbivores Plants Cows Carnivores

carnivores

This biome often features wildfires due to extensive dry seasons. View Available Hint(s) chaparral boreal forest (taiga) desert temperate deciduous forest

chaparral

A high concentration of eagles that spend several days in a small region is most likely the result of __________. View Available Hint(s) a major predator in the region a centralized breeding area concentrated food a big and comfortable perch in a tree

concentrated food

Subarctic climates contain primarily which type of vegetation? mediterranean woodland shrub and grassland coniferous forest ice cap tundra mid-latitude prairie and steppe grassland

coniferous forest

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth? tundra coniferous forest temperate broadleaf forest temperate grassland desert

coniferous forest

_______ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest. Bison Snakes Shelf fungi Deer Wolves

deer

Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall? temperate broadleaf forest coniferous forest desert temperate grassland tropical rain forest

desert

Tundra is often present in relatively warm regions of South America and Asia. What factor or factors are chiefly responsible for the presence of tundra in these regions? proximity to the equator local weather patterns proximity to the poles elevation and altitude None of the listed responses are correct.

elevation and altitude

Part complete How is energy transferred from one trophic level to the next? Select all that apply. herbivory predation cellular respiration heat loss parasitism

herbivory predation parasitism

Which of the climates listed would contain the LEAST amount of biodiversity? highland subarctic tropical rainy ice cap All of the listed climates contain equal biodiversity.

ice cap

Techniques to eradicate zebra mussels ________. have not yet been attempted are global and long lived are relatively inexpensive are relatively simple include introducing predators and diseases

include introducing predators and disease

Part complete Between the years of 1985 and 2005 the total number of sea otters: Stayed the same. Increased by approximately 200%. Increased by approximately 100%. Increased by approximately 50%.

increased by approximately 100%

What factor is most likely to have caused the change in the number of bird species that occurred between years 30 and 60? evolution of new bird species decreasing food supply increasing competition among bird species increasing number of bird habitats

increasing number of bird habitats

Imagine a large state park near your home. Which of the following are probably the most crucial and essential part of that park's ecosystem? birds mammals insects trees

insects

What kind of interaction occurs when two cardinals (birds of the same species) are trying to build a nest in the same tree? View Available Hint(s) intraspecific competition mutualism interspecific competition fundamental competition

intraspecific competition

What moves through the community from one trophic level to another as organisms feed on one another? View Available Hint(s) disease and parasites water and energy matter and energy matter and water

matter and energy

What do the blue bars on the graph represent? monthly precipitation average yearly temperature average monthly temperature yearly precipitation

monthly precipitation

Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mycorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this? competition parasitism mutualism herbivory

mutualism

What does the left y-axis of the graph represent? number of breeding pairs per 100 acres ecological age number of bird species stage of ecological succession

number of breeding pairs per 100 acres

Part complete What does the blue graph line represent? species density ecological age breeding pairs per 100 acres number of species

number of species

Secondary succession ________. requires primary succession to precede it occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape typically begins with lichen colonizing rock is predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community occurs after a fire or flood

occurs after a fire or flood

You live in Arizona and remove a stretch of tamarisk trees on your property. Which of the following should you do to best increase the chances of keeping the tree at bay? Turn the soil monthly for one year. Douse the area with herbicides. Plant native species in their place. Burn the area annually for the next three years.

plant native species in their place

What is the best description of the pattern of precipitation shown by this graph? Precipitation is greatest in the winter and spring. Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer. Precipitation is greatest in the summer and fall. Precipitation is greatest in the fall and winter.

precipitation is greatest in spring and summer

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____. detritivore tertiary consumer primary consumer secondary consumer producer

primary consumer

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase the levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides in our atmosphere. Measurable warming of Earth due to these greenhouse gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can lower levels of sea ice and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increases sea surface temperatures, which can subsequently melt permafrost in the tundra and increase the intensity of hurricanes in vulnerable areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. If the climate warms significantly, tundra permafrost may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may next lead to ________ in the community. facilitation coevolution secondary succession primary succession climax

primary succession

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____. secondary consumers producers primary consumers detritivores tertiary consumers

producers

________ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars. Detritivores Secondary consumers Primary consumers Heterotrophs Producers

producers

Two species of lizard live on the same tree and consume the same sorts of food. Regardless, neither species is in direct competition with the other. The key to this scenario is that one of the species is nocturnal; the other is diurnal. What is this called? View Available Hint(s) herbivory symbiosis parasitism resource partitioning

resource partitioning

Chaparral has a climate most similar to ________. savanna boreal forest tundra tropical dry forest temperate rainforest

savanna

In 1991, scientist James Estes and his team observed a new trend of orcas preying on sea otters. Orcas normally prey on great whales, but those populations had been dramatically reduced by industrial whaling. Estes hypothesized that the decrease in the great whale population had caused orcas to turn to smaller prey -- sea otters. If this hypothesis is correct, predict what might happen to sea otter numbers if great whale population numbers increase. Sea otter populations would increase. Sea otter populations would stay the same. There is not enough information. Sea otter populations would decrease.

sea otter populations would increase

Regions with otters tend to host dense forests of kelp, a brown seaweed that anchors to the seafloor. Kelp forests provide a physical structure in which diverse marine communities find shelter and food. Sea otters prey on urchins, which consume kelp. According to James Estes, sea otter populations have dropped dramatically in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. If sea otter populations in these areas continue to decline, what might happen with populations of sea urchins and kelp? Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases. Sea urchins decrease and kelp decreases. Sea urchins increase and kelp increases. Sea urchins decrease and kelp increases.

sea urchins increase and kelp decreases

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____. detritivore secondary consumer producer tertiary consumer primary consumer

secondary consumer

Part complete Zooplankton-eating fish are ________. detritivores herbivores secondary consumers primary consumers producers

secondary consumers

Which climate type primarily borders arid lands (deserts)? highland humid continental, warm summer semiarid humid subtropical None of these climate types primarily borders arid lands.

semiarid

When many bald eagles are concentrated within a small region, their feeding behavior usually involves __________. View Available Hint(s) fights to the death over available food burying prey under logs or bushes to hide it away from other eagles domination by a single bird who consumes all of the group's prey sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism

sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism

Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a ________ association. pathogenic symbiotic benthic homeopathic parasitic

symbiotic

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right.

temperate deciduous forest temperate grassland temperate rainforest chaparral tropical dry forest desert

Which of the following biomes does this climatograph most likely represent? tundra temperate grassland desert tropical savanna

temperate grassland

Which of the following biomes has the most annual rainfall? View Available Hint(s) the chaparral temperate deciduous forest temperate rainforest the tropical dry forest

temperate rainforest

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? temperature and light temperature and rainfall light and rainfall plants and animals temperature and plants

temperature and rainfall

A seal that just ate a clam is eaten by a shark. The shark is acting as a _____. primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer detritivore producer

tertiary consumer

The climax, or final stage, of old-field succession is an oak-hickory forest, which is usually well established after 160 years. What happens to the diversity of bird species after 160 years? The number of species remains stable, while the number of breeding pairs slowly declines. Both the number of species and the number of breeding pairs remain stable. The number of species slowly increases, while the number of breeding pairs slowly declines. The answer cannot be determined from this graph.

the answer cannot be determined from this graph

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase the levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides in our atmosphere. Measurable warming of Earth due to these greenhouse gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can lower levels of sea ice and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increases sea surface temperatures, which can subsequently melt permafrost in the tundra and increase the intensity of hurricanes in vulnerable areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and dryer. This would result in ________. increased damage from crop pests and diseases a shift from grassland toward chaparral and savanna less stress on groundwater and aquifers to irrigate crops in the area the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions the need to plant temperate deciduous forest trees to shelter crops from the sun

the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions

Based upon what we are learning about the lionfish diet, what is most likely going to happen to Caribbean coral reefs invaded by lionfish? View Available Hint(s) The alga populations growing on and near the reef will be greatly reduced, increasing the growth of corals. Lionfish diets are specific to just a few species of clams. These clams may go extinct in the coral reefs where lionfish have invaded. As lionfish stir up the bottom sediments searching for food, the water will be increasingly cloudy. Cloudy water will hurt the growth of algae and corals growing in the reef. There will be fewer algae eating fish. More algae will grow over and damage corals.

there will be fewer algae eating fish. more algae will grow over and damage corals

What is occurring in the region around the Chilkat River in Alaska that allows chum salmon to spawn during the winter months? View Available Hint(s) Large mounds of darkened rocks are heated by the sun and keep the river from freezing. Thermal springs heat and break up the ice. A nuclear power plant is generating wastewater heat that prevents the river from freezing. Warm winds and ocean currents from the south keep the river from freezing through most of the winter.

thermal springs heat and break up the ice

Which of the following is true regarding tamarisk beetles? They are moving through Arizona more quickly than predicted. They are damaging people's homes. They are native to South America. They eat only tamarisk leaves.

they are moving through arizona more quickly than predicted

Why was the tamarisk tree brought to the United States? To provide food for cattle. To help control soil erosion. For its valuable fruit. To supply fast-growing lumber.

to help control soil erosion

The energy content and biomass of ________ is lowest in any food web. producers small carnivores such as spiders and lizards decomposers top carnivores detritivores

top carnivores

Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes? temperate grassland coniferous forest tropical rain forest desert tundra

tropical rainforest

________ terrestrial biome has the most biodiversity. Boreal forest Prairie Temperate deciduous forest Temperate rainforest Tropical rainforest

tropical rainforest

Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost? taiga tropical forest tundra coniferous forest desert

tundra

Drag the terrestrial biome on the left to the description given on the right. Not all terms will be used.

tundra savanna temperate grassland tropical rainforest desert temperate deciduous forest

Which of the following organisms has a feeding pattern most similar to a bald eagle? View Available Hint(s) pelican vulture hummingbird woodpecker

vulture

What is the best description of the yearly temperature range shown by this graph? Temperatures are very cold throughout the year. Winters are mild and summers are hot. Winters are cold and summers are cool. Winters are cold and summers are hot. Temperatures are mild throughout the year.

winters are cold and summers are hot