EVR exam 2

Select the 4 best questions to include in the survey. Be sure to avoid:

- On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very little control and 10 is a great deal of control, how much control do you feel you have over the population of deer where you hunt? - On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a male deer with short antlers when you encounter one? - On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a female deer when you encounter one? - On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a male deer with long antlers when you encounter one?

Which two statements are supported by the graph?

-Cambodia and Guatemala have similar fertility rates but differ in their secondary school enrollment rates. -Increasing female secondary school enrollment is strongly associated with reduced fertility rates.

According to this study, which of the following appears to be true for great tits in the UK?

Increased beak length allows for increased food consumption which allows for greater reproductive success.

Between 1972 and 1992, GDP increased by approximately 2 trillion dollars. In comparison, GPI:

Increased only slightly.

Due to many states' recent bans on MTBE, the use of ethanol in gasoline is increasing. What are some potential outcomes of the shift to ethanol?

Increased water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides

Which of the following is true?

Increasing great tit beak length is only being seen in the UK.

Assume that the GDP and benefits for 2012 are the same as GDP and benefits for 2002. If the 2012 environmental costs increase by 100% but the social and economic costs decrease by 50%, the new GPI for 2012 would be:

Lower than the GPI in 2002.

The annual global growth rate of the human population peaked in the ________ and has been declining ever since.

1960s

The world population growth peaked at ________% in the 1960s.

2.1

In 2016, the population of the United States was approximately 325 million people, with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.7%. If the population of the United States were to continue to grow at this rate, it would double around the year ________.

2116

At the point of peak consumption, how many barrels of MTBE were consumed in the United States?

300,000 barrels per day

If a country has a growth rate of 2%, how long will it take to double its population?

35 years

According to the scenario, if the United States continues to lose wetlands at current rates, in approximately what year would the country run out of wetlands?

3800

How much lead was emitted in 1970 from nontransportation sources?

50,000 tons

Due to the PSA and other conservation efforts, forest cover within Costa Rica has recovered since 1983 to cover how much land today?

53%

Which statement most accurately describes recent population control efforts in China?

A One-Child Policy that is enforced through taxation and penalties has successfully controlled population growth.

If current manufacturing, consumption, and energy use trends continue, an increase in global population with time will likely result in:

A higher GDP and higher environmental costs.

Which of the following would be most beneficial for the environment?

A long economic recession.

Which of the following best illustrates the tragedy of the commons?

A nonprofit organization does a winter clothing drive, and the first people to show up to get winter clothing grab far more than they need, leaving nothing for the families that show up a few minutes later.

The United States government commits to preserving the environment. Which of the following would likely push Earth Overshoot Day to the latest day of the year?

A strong commitment to reducing carbon output. Submit

Changing beak length in great tits in the UK has been linked to which of the following?

Amount of money spent on seed.

Which of the following is directly tied to the creation and alteration of National Monuments?

Antiquities Act

Which of the following physical features is most commonly associated with the greatest number of days with heavy fog?

Appalachian Mountains

Based on trends in TFR shown in the graph, in which country has the population control program been more effective in reducing human population growth since the early 1970s?

Both China and Thailand achieved similar success in reducing overall population growth, reaching about the same TFR by 2010.

The Payment for Environmental Services (PSA) program in Costa Rica collects payments from the beneficiaries of ecosystem services and pays landowners to:

Begin reforestation projects.

What federal legislation passed in 1980 regulates the cleanup of hazardous waste sites?

CERCLA

Which statement best explains how emissions of developing BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) compare to those of wealthy developed countries?

CO2 and SO2 emissions by Russia and South Africa are roughly on a par with those of countries like Canada, Germany, and Japan.

A geographer is investigating the claim, "the countries with more years of schooling have higher literacy rates." Which of the following comparisons from Sub-Saharan Africa could he use to refute the claim?

Central African Republic and Chad

Because of the success of China's population control programs, ________.

China's population growth rate is much lower than it was in the 1970s

________ is the world's most populous nation, home to ________ of the people living on Earth.

China; one-fifth

Your cousin heads to Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument for a spring break trip. Which of the following will he be unable to do?

Collect fossils

Based on previous success, where should the Cucapá focus their conservation efforts to best make use of the tides?

Dredge the riverbed.

In which part of Europe are rates of natural increase the lowest?

Eastern Europe

Which of the following is true regarding this study?

DNA evidence supports the change in great tit beak length.

You wish to decrease your harmful impact on the environment. Which of the following diets would likely be the best choice?

vegan

The 2014 age-structure pyramid for Niger indicates that the population of Niger ________.

was increasing

As forest cover has been rising due to the PSA, how has per capita income responded?

Per capita income increased.

Which of the following statements is correct about the population distribution of South America?

Population densities in Brazil are highest along the coasts, especially along the southeastern coast.

The population policies of most nations are based on the Cornucopian view held by many economists. Under what idea do these policies operate?

Population growth is not a problem as long as resources can be replaced when depleted.

When an agrarian economy transitions to an industrial economy, what effect does it have on the population?

Population growth rate slows.

Which region of Australia is the most densely settled?

Southeast

Most Southeast Asian countries have total fertility rates well above the replacement level. One exception to this trend is the country of __________, where the total fertility rate is lower than replacement level.

Thailand

Which statement describes the effects of having a total fertility rate of 2.1?

The value means that two children plus a fraction to compensate for the death of offspring will replace the average male and female in the population.

Which of the following correctly identifies the relationship between high and low pressure cells and average annual precipitation?

The world's subtropical deserts, which receive under 10 inches of rainfall annually, are found under high pressure systems.

The Smithsonian decides to apply this method to other species of birds. Which of the following do they compare?

The year the specimen was collected, and the amount of light reflected off of it.

Douglas McCauley argues we should protect natural resources by valuing:

Their cultural significance to humans.

Why are diseases such as AIDS, which reduce population density, undermining the ability of developing countries to make the transition to more modern, industrialized societies?

They are causing "demographic fatigue," which leaves these countries without a professional class.

Based on the joined map, which country would be the most likely to experience food insecurity (i.e., experience high food prices and/or suffer from food shortages)?

Yemen

In the Netherlands in 2014, people between the ages of 45 and 54 made up the largest percentage of the population. What factor is most likely to have caused this bulge in the age pyramid?

a surge in the birth rate after World War II ended in 1945

In 2014, how many 25- to 29-year-old women lived in Niger?

about 0.6 million

Enforcement and elaboration of U.S. legislation is given to ________.

administrative agencies

In the Netherlands in 2014, which age classes contained the largest number of people?

adults between 45 and 54

The original Clean Air Act was designed to reduce lead emissions, and the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments were designed to reduce urban smog. As implied by the graph's data, one unintended consequence of the legislation and its amendments was _________.

an increase in water pollution

Which of the following was a factor in helping to reduce total fertility rate of developed countries in the recent past?

better medical care

In which of the following ways did neoclassical economics contribute to environmental problems?

by encouraging society to view the supply of resources as infinite

The amount of soot in the atmosphere is directly tied to use of which of the following?

coal

If the U.S. government is interested in making the most money off the lands in question, which of the following should be encouraged?

coal extraction

Most of the environmental progress made over the past few decades has come about through __________ methods.

command-and-control

According to the graph's data for lead and MTBE use, from 1992 to 2000 lead emissions ________ and MTBE consumption _________.

declined nearly 100%; increased nearly 200%

In neoclassical economics, the practice of "discounting" is used to ________.

decrease the importance and value of future people and goods

Most of the world population growth in the near future will be in ________.

developing countries

Leaders striving for sustainable development aim to satisfy a triple bottom line, which involves what three goals?

economic advancement, environmental protection, and social equity

An ______________ is a social system that converts resources into goods (material commodities made and bought by individuals and businesses) and services (work done for others as a form of business).

economy

Environmental damage from industry or land development has traditionally been labeled as ________ by economists.

external costs

Published in the 1960s, Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring ________.

focused on chemical pollutants, including industrial chemicals

A plant nearly identical to the Kemper plant is built in Canada. What is the coal turned into so it can be burned?

gas

A tax on an environmentally harmful activity or product is called a __________ tax.

green

You spend the night at a hotel and notice a sign in the bathroom asking you to place dirty towels on the floor and to hang up towels that you wish to reuse. By doing so, the hotel chain can help "save the planet" by conserving water and detergent. You recognize that the hotel chain would also save a lot of money by not having to launder so many towels, and you begin to wonder cynically whether the hotel isn't just practicing ________.

greenwashing

Wetlands in the United States ________.

have decreased due to human development

Imagine that the i-Tree program was used to determine the value of an urban tree island. Given the abilities and limitations of the i-Tree program, if the parcel is adjacent to high-value commercial real estate, the most likely outcome is:

i-Tree will incorrectly assess the true value of the trees and land because it does not assign monetary values for their inherent natural qualities.

The entire environmental policy process ________.

includes more steps than the average citizen is able to accomplish alone

International environmental policies arise from ________.

international conventions or treaties

The World Bank ________.

is a major source of funds for global economic development

If the Kemper coal plant is finished, mining of which of the following will increase in the region?

lignite coal

Drag the description from the Torres-Porras experiment on to the position it represents in the scientific method.

make observation: populations of red deer do not all seem to be the same ask question: does the tragedy of the commons influence red deer population do background research: learn more about the tragedy of the commons, red deer, and hunting laws construct hypothesis: The tragedy of the commons is influencing populations of red deer develop predictions: male red deer in fenced populations will, on average, be older and have longer antlers Test with an experiment or detailed observations: collect demographic data from fenced and unfenced red deer populations Analyze results draw conclusion: analyze the data to see if male red deer in fenced populations are older with longer antlers Hypothesis supported: the results show that male red deer in fenced populations are older with longer antlers Hypothesis NOT supported: the results show that male red deer in fenced populations are not older with longer antlers Report Results: publish a paper that details the experiment in a scientific journal

What is the population in Canada likely to experience soon?

more senior citizens

During the second wave of U.S. environmental policy, in 1872, Congress designated Yellowstone as the world's first __________.

national park

If the Kemper coal plant is finished, coal's main competitor in the region will likely be affected. What industry is this?

natural gas

According to the graph, what type of relationship exists between a nation's total fertility rate and its female secondary school enrollment rate?

negative

If the Kemper coal plant is finished, which of the following industries will benefit from the carbon captured?

oil

The environmental justice movement started because __________.

people realized that environmental damage is not equally distributed among all classes and racial groups; minority and low-income communities tend to contain a much larger share of the environmental damage (such as landfills, incinerators, toxic waste sites, etc.) Submit

Cap and Trade is a system that ________.

permits industries that pollute under the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute over the cap

Which of the following is an ecosystem service?

pollination of crop plants

Based on a comparison of the age-structure pyramids, which of the following would likely be a higher priority in the Netherlands than in Niger?

providing long-term care for the elderly

Madagascar's age-structure diagram ________.

reflects a population with a high growth rate

Recent research suggests that ________ has/have contributed to the large drop in fertility rates in Brazil over the past several decades.

soap operas

Which of the following factors drives TFR down?

social security

The Cucapá hope to negotiate a deal to get more water by talking to those in charge of the allotment. Who are they in discussions with?

the U.S. government

Look at the age-structure pyramids. The numbers between the bars (in the middle of the graphs) serve as the y-axis. What do these numbers represent?

the age classes, in 5-year ranges

What do the bars on the graphs represent?

the number of males and females in each age group

At what stage is the United States in the demographic transition model?

the postindustrial stage

Regarding the issue of global warming, until the hurricane season of 2005, the federal government's official stance was that the information available from the scientific community was neither conclusive nor persuasive. This governmental position was probably due to ________.

the private sector's reluctance to change manufacturing and land use strategies

The "sensitivity factor" (S) that is often used in the IPAT (IPATS) model denotes ________.

the sensitivity of an environment to human pressures

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of economics?

the study of how humans use potentially scarce resources to meet demand

Gross domestic product (GDP) is ________.

the total monetary value of goods and services produced by a country

What does the T stand for in the IPAT model?

Technology

Which of the following would lead to a GPI value closer to the GDP value for any given year?

Adopting manufacturing processes with lower energy and resource use.

In which country is the dependency ratio most likely NOT a significant economic concern?

Albania

How does the distribution of cities in Australia and New Zealand compare to the rest of the countries in the region?

Australia and New Zealand have multiple major cities, whereas the rest of the countries in the region tend to have just one large city.

How do economists assess (calculate) the economic health of a nation?

Gross Domestic Product

Which Southeast Asian island is the most densely populated?

Java

In which country is a woman most likely to give birth to the highest number of children but the least likely to have attended secondary school?

Ethiopia

For both France and the United Kingdom, most international immigrants in 2015 originated from which region?

Europe

Which of the following descriptions of resources best explains why some African countries receive ODA amounting to more than 16% of GNI?

Few to none low-value or high-value mineral resources

Which of the following areas in Central America has a high population density and areas of serious concern for soil erosion?

Guatemala

Which of the following can be inferred from the figure?

For countries in which >50% of females attend secondary school, there is no relationship between TFR and the education of women.

Pollution changes the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) How does this occur?

GDP goes up when the polluting substance is produced and again when society pays to remove the substance from the environment. Submit

Select the 3 graphs that best represent the results from the experiment. Drag a check mark to each graph that should be included. Drag an X to each graph that should not be included.

Graph 1: X Graph 2: yes Graph 3: yes Graph 4: X Graph 5: yes Graph 6: X

Earth Overshoot Day is determined by the estimate of which of the following?

How long it takes humanity to use one year's worth of resources.

Which of these climate zones is associated with the areas of highest population density in Australia?

Humid subtropical, moist all year

Which of the following is an input to a given population?

Immigration

Which of the following would be ethical and effective approaches to help the country reach zero population growth? Select all that apply.

Increase educational opportunities for women and maintain reproductive rights. Identify reasons why birth rates are high. Increase access to family planning programs and modern contraceptives.

If trends continue, which of the following will happen to Earth Overshoot Day?

It will move to earlier in the year.

All of the following are among the world's top five most populous nations EXCEPT:

Japan

Which of the following best demonstrates the amount of soot in the atmosphere in the United States over time?

Soot fluctuated in the early 1900s, then increased followed by stabilization and finally a drop off.

Given these results, what is the best hunting regulation the government could enact in order to increase the harvest of male red deer with long antlers in unfenced populations?

Pass a law that restricts harvesting young male deer.

Which Sub-Saharan African country has a GNI per capita at PPP of $2,000 and the most Internet users?

Mali

Which of the following statements accurately describes the distribution of cellular phones and televisions throughout the world?

Mauritania has more cellular phone subscribers per 1,000 than the United States, but fewer televisions per 1,000 people.

Which of the following is likely to get the most water from the Colorado river allotment as it is currently written?

Mexican farmers

Shanghai is very polluted. Which of the following would you expect to find there as compared to the United States?

More soot in the atmosphere and more soot found on birds.

Which of the following statements accurately describes countries with student-teacher ratios below 20 pupils per teacher?

Most countries with low student-teacher ratios are at least 50 percent urban.

Compare the GNI per capita, HDI, and gender maps and determine the relationship among these indicators for the world regions.

Most of the countries in Latin America have high to very high HDI but the percentage of adult females with only a primary education is quite high. Submit

What are the economic characteristics of former colonies?

Most of the former colonies of the United Kingdom and France have incomes that fall below $5,000 with a very high aid dependency.

Based on the map, which area appears to have the lowest population density?

Northern United Kingdom

Which statement below is true about the global distribution of gross national income per capita?

Norway has the highest income and Central African Republic records the lowest income per capita.

Consider all the economic and social indicators. Should these trends continue over the next 25 years, what effect would this have on the socio-economic conditions of various countries in the world?

Norway may be the richest nation, but may not have the highest life expectancy.

If you wanted to study some of the oldest indigenous cultures in Australia and Oceania, to which of these islands would you likely travel?

Papua New Guinea

Which of the following is the main concern of neoclassical economics?

Production

In 1962 environmental costs amounted to approximately 1 trillion dollars. By 2002 environmental costs had:

Quadrupled.

Of the following cities, which receives the most snowfall and has the highest overall average annual precipitation?

Québec, QC

Of the following, which provides the most complete picture of whether a population of humans grows, shrinks, or remains stable?

Rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration

Who signed the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)?

Richard Nixon

Which large country is currently experiencing zero or even negative population growth?

Russia

Which of the following countries has the strongest international trade position with a high GNI per capita PPP and the highest, positive trade balance?

Russia

Which kind of development would be promoted if a government worked on finding a balance between economic security, environmental protection, and social equity?

Sustainable

Which of the following best describes the human population from early times to the present?

Slow, uneven growth until the 1800s, then increasingly rapid growth

What is the pattern of infant and maternal mortality rates and how do these two indicators compare with life expectancy for these countries and regions?

Some countries with the highest maternal mortality and infant mortality rates include Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Sudan.

Regarding the species used in this study, which of the following is true?

Soot accumulated on their feathers annually.

You wish to study other species using the same methods as this study. Which of the following is the best way to do this?

Study populations of a bird species that feed at feeders as well as populations that do not feed at feeders. Submit

A young Cucapá woman is interested in learning her people's history. What will she discover when it comes to why they have so little water?

The Cucapá were never consulted regarding the allotment.

If trends continue, which of the following is most likely?

The Cucapá will have to find a new food source as sea bass are declining.

How does the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) differ from the GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator)?

The GPI takes into account externalities (both good and bad) and other nonmarket values, while the GDP does not.

The Payment for Environmental Services Act (PSA) was designed to protect forests and their services. How did Costa Rica fund the PSA?

The PSA was funded mostly through taxes on industries that benefited most from the program.

An area of Nebraska is found to have unique prehistoric artifacts. Who has the power to declare this area a National Monument?

The President

Which of the following organizations is described accurately?

The World Trade Organization has recently acquired the ability to impose fines on nations that trade unfairly. These actions can then have effects that worsen or improve the environment.

The period in a woman's life between sexual maturity and menopause is known as what?

The reproductive window

Which of the following is currently the largest obstacle for clean coal technology?

The excessive cost.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the average number of annual hail storms in the U.S. and thunderstorm occurrence?

The greatest number of annual hail events occurs in northeastern Colorado, though this area has between 51 and 60 thunderstorms a year.

An ideal valuation model achieves the following:

The model output incorporates both ecosystem-service values and aesthetic and cultural values.

The colors of the bars on the graphs indicate the life stage of the people in that age class. What does it mean if a bar is colored red?

The people in that age class are past reproductive age.

Assuming that current trends continue, predict how the age structure of the Netherlands in 2034 will likely differ from that in 2014.

The proportion of the population made up of older adults (65+) will increase.

If trends continue, which of the following will occur?

Tourism will increase at Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument.

Which statement correctly describes the urban geography of Europe?

Urban populations are likely distributed across multiple urban areas within one country.

Which of the following countries shows high urban population concentration in more than one urban area?

Vietnam

Which of the following is a correct pair that identifies a Chinese province with a per capita GDP lower than its neighboring country?

Xinjiang Uygur and Kazakhstan

Which of the following areas has the lowest total fertility rate (TFR)?

Western Europe

Many communities are considering river floodplain restoration as a viable alternative to floodwalls and other "engineering solutions." The use of natural system restoration:

Will provide both flood control and ecosystem function benefits.