EVR1001 CH: 4-6

it loses a keystone species or suffers a major climatic change

A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift if ________.

steady-state economies that, like natural systems, neither grow nor shrink

A distinguishing feature of ecological economics is the concept of

Concentrated food

A high concentration of eagles that spend several days in a small region is most likely the result of __________.

The non-native species occurs in lakes.

A new non-native species has recently been discovered in your area of North America. What information about the species would suggest the need for immediate action?

tertiary consumer

A seal that just ate a clam is eaten by a shark. The shark is acting as a ___

comes from the sciences, with additional input from the public and private sectors

According to the figure, the basis for government policy regarding environmental issues ________.

Graph 2

Ants from urban locations tolerate heat slightly less than ants from rural locations.

Graph 3

Ants from urban locations tolerate heat slightly less than ants from rural locations.

5-10

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level.

Increased by approximately 100%.

Between the years of 1985 and 2005 the total number of sea otters

Modifying fire regimes

Daniel Simberloff states that non-native species are responsible for which of the following?

return ecosystems to a more "natural" state, often what they were like before industrial civilization altered them

Ecological restoration tries to

many species in the blast zone survived the eruption

Ecologists researching Mount Saint Helens after the 1979 eruption determined that ________.

secondary consumers

Fish that eat zooplankton would be considered ________.

coevolution

Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees and other pollinators begin the search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community

Sea otter populations would increase.

In 1991, scientist James Estes and his team observed a new trend of orcas preying on sea otters. Orcas normally prey on great whales, but those populations had been dramatically reduced by industrial whaling. Estes hypothesized that the decrease in the great whale population had caused orcas to turn to smaller prey -- sea otters. If this hypothesis is correct, predict what might happen to sea otter numbers if great whale population numbers increase.

producers

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____

1400

In the year 2005 there were approximately ____ more sea otters in total than in 1985.

occurs after a fire or flood

Secondary succession ________.

Cheatgrass is causing regional declines of native plant communities.

Simberloff mentions Mediterranean cheatgrass as one example of a non-native species that has affected millions of acres. If Davis were the scientist talking to reporters, how might he frame the issue?

the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions

Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and drier. This would result in

moderate temperatures and moderate amounts of precipitation

Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by

Carnivores

are secondary consumers.

deer

are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest

resource partitioning

Two species of lizard live on the same tree and consume the same sorts of food. Regardless, neither species is in direct competition with the other. The key to this scenario is that one of the species is nocturnal; the other is diurnal. What is this called?

temperate rainforest

What biome is depicted in this climate graph?

chaparral

What biome is highly seasonal, with mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers?

external costs

What costs are associated with transactions that can result in damage to the environment, human health, and property?

Thermal springs heat and break up the ice.

What is occurring in the region around the Chilkat River in Alaska that allows chum salmon to spawn during the winter months?

carbohydrates

What potential energy-bearing compound is produced through photosynthesis and made available for consumers?

Ecological economics

What type of economic discipline maintains that society, like natural populations, cannot surpass environmental limitations?

secondary consumer

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism

When many bald eagles are concentrated within a small region, their feeding behavior usually involves __________.

desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest

Which list includes biomes in the correct order from those that have the lowest annual rainfall to those that have the highest?

Uniting agriculture and ecology.

Which of the following appears to be critical for successful use of microbes?

bacteria

Which of the following are probably the most abundant but least understood of all forms of life on Earth?

ecological economists

Which of the following groups advocates economies that neither grow nor shrink but remain stable?

influenza virus

Which of the following is a pathogen?

There are many species and large populations.

Which of the following is true regarding soil microbes?

lichens

Which of the following might be first to populate an area after glaciers melt in response to global climate change?

vulture

Which of the following organisms has a feeding pattern most similar to a bald eagle?

many non-native species are not harmful

Which of the following statements would the two authors agree on?

A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.

Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species?

After a disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state.

Which statement is correct concerning the process of ecological succession?

first

Which trophic level provides energy for all of the other trophic levels?

Increase your use of microbes and decrease your use of chemicals.

You are a farmer interested in low-input agriculture. Which of the following do you do?

To decrease competition.

You study beetles and wish to apply niche partitioning to your research. Why?

are an invasive exotic species that clog pipes and cover boat propellers

Zebra mussels ________.

10

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer.

herbivory

Many plants have developed complicated defenses to protect themselves against __________.

mutualism

Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mycorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this?

None of the thousands of native plant species in North America has ever gone totally extinct due to a non-native species.

Mark Davis argues that non-natives rarely threaten natives with extinction. Davis would further say that:

Graph 6

There was a flaw in the experimental design.

bacterial cells

After examining every single cell in your body, you would conclude that humans are made up mostly of

detritivore

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a

Graph 4

Ants from urban locations tolerate heat less than ants from rural locations.

Graph 1

Ants from urban locations tolerate heat more than ants from rural locations

primary consumers

Grazing animals such as deer are ________.

Predation

Herbivory is actually a type of ________.

Parasites rarely kill their host while predators kill their prey.

How does predation differ from parasitism?

The use of microbes in agriculture will increase.

If current trends continue, which of the following will be true?

begin to support more desert species

If global climate change results in an area of temperate grassland receiving less rainfall and higher temperatures, it will

70

If the actual increase in total sea otters was 1,400 individuals between 1985 and 2005, how many new sea otters were added to the population (on average) each year?

primary succession

If the climate warms significantly, glaciers may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may lead to ________ in the community

its annual rainfall and temperature

If you were to randomly visit a specific area on Earth, what two factors would you need to know to determine the type of biome you will visit?

insects

Imagine a large state park near your home. Which of the following are probably the most crucial and essential part of that park's ecosystem?

All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.

Imagine a square meter of leafy forest soil underneath an oak or maple tree. Which of the following is likely to exist within this patch of soil?

- Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center.\ - Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region.

It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas. Select the two best experimental designs for comparing the thermal tolerance of ants in urban areas to ants in nearby rural areas.

savanna

Of the following, chaparral has a climate most similar to

Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases. Submit

Regions with otters tend to host dense forests of kelp, a brown seaweed that anchors to the seafloor. Kelp forests provide a physical structure in which diverse marine communities find shelter and food. Sea otters prey on urchins, which consume kelp. According to James Estes, sea otter populations have dropped dramatically in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. If sea otter populations in these areas continue to decline, what might happen with populations of sea urchins and kelp?

Mutualism

The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________.

biomes

The statement, "hiking up a mountain in the southwestern United States is like walking from Mexico to Canada," is meant to demonstrate that ________ change(s) rapidly as you change altitude and latitude.

Graph 5

There is little to no difference in the heat tolerance of ants from each type of location.

Sustainable development

involves meeting the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.