ex2
In 2013, what percentages of cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures were performed on women in the United States?
90
Some chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans have been taught:
American Sign Language
All human languages use the same set of sounds.
False
All of the languages in Europe belong to the Indo-European family.
False
Although nonhuman primates can use language, the distinction is that they do not cognize symbols.
False
An ethnic group and a culture have the same boundaries.
False
Displacement is a part of all communication systems.
False
Edward Sapir and Noam Chomsky pioneered ethnolinguistic research in the 1930s.
False
English is a tonal language.
False
Ethnolinguistics is part of historical linguistics.
False
The idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language is called linguistic nationalism.
False
We do not believe that Neandertal were capable of fully modern speech.
False
Race does not function as a social or political category that promotes inequality because there is no objective scientific merit for race.
False
All human cultures require language.
True
Aymara has more than 200 words for potato.
True
Every culture has distinctive norms for closeness.
True
Humans are biologically programmed for language.
True
It takes many years of practice for people to master the muscular movements needed to produce the precise sounds of any particular language.
True
Nearly 775 million adults worldwide cannot read or write.
True
Not all cultures are equally dynamic; some change more easily than others.
True
Our use of language reflects the rest of our culture.
True
Race is a social myth that argues that humans form different subspecies groups based on phenotypic expressions.
True
Routine greetings are similar around the world.
True
Selective borrowing is a force for linguistic change.
True
The development of different languages from a single ancestral language is known as linguistic divergence.
True
The preservation of native languages is essential to the preservation of native cultures.
True
Two-thirds of illiterate adults worldwide are women.
True
Whistled speech is used to expand acoustic space.
True
Being able to refer to events that occurred at another time and in another place is called:
displacement
Among the Kapauku, descent reckoning through men and near constant warfare tends to promote:
male dominance
You share mitochondrial DNA with all of the following except:
your father
Approximately how many people speak English as a foreign language?
1.5 billion
More than 80 percent of Internet users are speakers of how many world languages?
10
During the age of exploration, there was estimated to be approximately how many languages existing?
12,000
In North America, how many of the original indigenous languages are extinct?
150
In what period did European scholars first begin a systematic study of human variation?
18th/19th centuries
In the word heated, how many morphemes are there?
2
Approximately what number of people claims English as their native language?
400 million
During the past 500 years, approximately how many of the world's languages have become extinct due to warfare, epidemics, and colonialism?
6,000
It is estimated that what percentage of our total human communication takes place nonverbally?
60
How many adults worldwide cannot read or write?
775 million
Members of the genus Homo were almost exclusively creatures of the tropics until about:
800,000 years ago
Lactose intolerance is associated with what percentage of adults worldwide?
85
In northern latitudes people have less melanin to promote the manufacture of which vitamin?
D
The Rosetta stone allowed linguistic researchers to decode which linguistic system?
Egyptian hieroglyphics
Which of the following is an Indo-European language?
English
Which individual, as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, did the most to combat racism in the United States?
Franz Boas
Why is speech unique to humans?
Great apes do not have the anatomy to speak like humans.
Which of the following is a difference between Hopi and English?
Hopi can express that the event talked about is a regular thing that generally occurs.
All of the following are reasons that S. Neyooxet Greymorning chose Bambi as a good film to be translated to Arapaho and used as a linguistic tool except:
It had been translated to Arapaho already and was easily available for the program.
Which of the following is not an area in which Amish are frequently located?
Montana
The language of Samoan is part of the family of languages called:
Oceanic
The idea that each language provides particular grooves of linguistic expression that predispose speakers of that language to perceive the world in a certain way is known as:
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Which of the following statements about culture is incorrect?
The more fluid and open a culture, the more adaptable it is.
Which of the following statements about the origins of language is not correct?
The soft tissues of the vocal tract are well preserved in the fossil record.
What was the primary problem with the original Arapaho public school language instruction program?
There were various native languages being taught in school and no focus.
What racial incident was provoked by reporters covering Jeremy Lin's success as a professional basketball player in the United States?
They used a racial slur to refer to him.
What is the role of tone in nontonal languages?
Tone is used to indicate attitude and feeling.
In which of the following countries, based on perceived linguistic dominance, would you most expect speakers to not see the need for a second language?
United States
Which of the following is not a benefit of spoken language over gestural language?
You are much closer to the other person with spoken than gestural language.
Nonverbal communication and paralanguage are two components of:
a gesture-call system
The gradual process of adjustment to local conditions is called:
adaptation
Noam Chomsky, in an oft-quoted saying that reveals the common relationship between language and power, says that "a dialect is a language without a(an) . . ."
army
If language does mirror cultural reality, then it would follow that changes in a culture will sooner or later:
be reflected in changes in the language
In colonial Mexico, individuals were labeled by various versions of ancestry referred to as:
castas
In the past, one of the most powerful forces for linguistic change has been:
colonialism
What is the greatest linguistic risk that is posed by the growing popularity of the Internet?
decline in linguistic diversity
What kinds of information are transmitted through the gesture-call system?
emotions and intentions
All humans eat when they are hungry; however, they eat food that is considered acceptable within their culture at times that are culturally prescribed. This is an example of:
enculturation
Through what process does each person learn socially appropriate ways of satisfying basic biological need?
enculturation
The Biocultural Connection in this chapter explores the prevalence of plastic surgery among those of East Asian descent as they seek to alter their phenotypic appearance. What type of phenotypic characteristic do they seek to change?
epicanthic eye fold
The Amish are most specifically classified as a(n):
ethnic group
The expression of the set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group is called:
ethnicity
Which of the following biological aspects is not routinely used to categorize people into racial groupings?
gender
Which of the following is not normally part of the cultural adaptation complex?
genes
Which of the following is not a main branch of linguistics?
gestural linguistics
Human speech is always embedded within a:
gesture-call system
Which of the following would best be classified as a symbol?
handshake
A high retention of lactase is found in populations with a long tradition of:
herding
The method for notating and analyzing body language is called:
kinesics
What is meant by the term click languages?
languages that use a specific set of consonant sounds associated with Africa
To ensure group survival, each person must:
learn to postpone certain immediate personal satisfactions
French attempts to purge their language of non-French words are an example of:
linguistic nationalism
What is the greatest strength of modern descriptive linguistics?
objectivity of its methods
The ability to comprehend two languages but express oneself in only one is known as receptive or what type of bilingualism?
passive
Edward Hall pioneered the study of:
proxemics
What do we call the cross-cultural study of human perception and use of space?
proxemics
The doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical features is:
racism
Culture is considered to be all of the following except:
static
A national flag and national anthem are mostly symbols of a society's:
superstructure
The sounds and gestures of language are classified as:
symbols
The rules or principles of phrase and sentence making in a language are called the:
syntax
What anatomically allows the characteristic human sound of speech?
the lowered position of the larynx and epiglottis
Twentieth-century linguists have focused studies on:
the reasoning process behind language construction and the development of theories
Why was Ota Benga brought to the United States?
to be exhibited at the 1904 World's Fair
A language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning is called what type of language?
tonal
About 70 percent of the world's languages are:
tonal languages
Descriptive linguistics primarily provides information on all of the following except:
various types of instinctive calls in a language
Accelerated Second Language Acquisition, used as part of the Arapaho language program, uses what innovative technique to aid in language learning and retention?
visualization
Found within about thirty thirty languages worldwide, this type of speech uses a phonetic emulation of the sounds:
whistled speech