Exam 1
49. Explain why it was necessary to first disprove the concept of spontaneous generation before the germ theory of disease could be accepted.
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50. Discuss at least two reasons why the gram stain is one of the most important stains used in the clinical microbiology lab of a hospital.
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25. What is the average wavelength of visible light? a. 550 nm b. 240 nm c. 700 nm d. 320 nm e. 420 nm
a. 550 nm
52. What do bacteria, algae, viruses, protozoa, and fungi all have in common? a. are too small to study with the unaided eye b. absorb nutrients c. are decomposers d. have nuclei e. have a cell structure
a. are too small to study with the unaided eye
41. Formation of endospores: a. can be triggered by adverse environmental conditions b. allows bacterial reproduction c. occurs when the cell has excess polyphosphate d. is called germination e. occurs in all bacterial cells
a. can be triggered by adverse environmental conditions
38. The Gram stain is based on differences in the __________ of bacteria. a. cell wall b. sportes c. flagella d. nuclear membrane e. ribosomes
a. cell wall
The appearance of a gram + bacteria after the decolorizing agent in the Gram Stain
purple
The appearance of a gram - bacteria after the addition of the mordant in a Gram stain
purple
The appearance of gram + bacteria after adding the counterstain in the Gram stain.
purple
The appearance of gram - bacteria after completing the Gram stain
red
15. Which of the following is NOT true of lipids: a. composed of repeating monosaccharide units b. part of the structure of cell membranes c. includes steroids d. rather insoluble in water e. can be used as an energy source
a. composed of repeating monosaccharide units
19. The bond formed by the attraction between an anion and cation is called a (n) _____ bond. a. ionic b. carbon c. electron d. covalent e. hydrogen
a. ionic
10. All bacteria: a. lack nuclei b. lack a cell structure c. cause disease d. absorb nutrients e. are motile
a. lack nuclei
12. When two or more atoms combine, they form a(n): a. molecule b. proton c. atom d. element e. ion
a. molecule
24. Which of the following is the smallest unit of measure listed: a. nanometer b. meter c. centimeter d. micrometer e. millimeter
a. nanometer
17. The _____ in an atom are added together to obtain the atomic weight. a. neutrons and protons b. neutrons and electrons c. electrons and protons d. electrons, protons and neutrons e. electrons in the outer shell
a. neutrons and protons
64. Which term is used to describe flagella that are found all over the surface of the bacterial cell: a. peritrichous b. monotrichous c. amphitrichous d. atrichous e. lophotrichous
a. peritrichous
27. Light bouncing off of an object and striking your eye is an example of: a. reflection b. absorption c. refraction d. transmission e. diffraction
a. reflection
60. The gram stain: a. will differentiate bacterial cells based on chemical differences in their cell walls b. requires acid alcohol as decolorizer c. requires the use of steam heat while staining the cells on the slide d. can be used to determine if a bacterial cell is capable of photosynthesis e. uses acidic dyes
a. will differentiate bacterial cells based on chemical differences in their cell walls
31. Which of the following not only reveals cell morphology but will provide additional information about the specimen: a. crystal violet stain b. Gram stain c. India ink d. simple stain e. methylene blue stain
b. Gram stain
53. You are examining a drop of aquarium water under the microscope and observe green cells without nuclei. You conclude that the cells are most likely: a. protozoa b. bacteria c. yeast d. viruses e. algae
b. bacteria
29. What is the purpose of the condenser on a light microscope? a. allows viewer to change light intensity b. concentrates the light beams on the specimen c. moves the microscope slide d. focuses the image magnified by the objective lens e. magnifies the microscope slide
b. concentrates the light beams on the specimen
20. What do all organic compounds have in common? a. contain oxygen atoms b. contain carbon atoms c. they are good buffers d. soluble in water e. insoluble in water
b. contain carbon atoms
18. A strong chemical bond that results from the sharing of electrons between two atoms is called: a. electrostatic b. covalent c. hydrogen d. compound e. ionic
b. covalent
Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall worked together to: a. develop antiseptic surgery b. disprove that microorganisms could arise from non-living matter c. discover the cause of French wine spoilage d. develop a cholera vaccine e. develop methods for isolating bacteria in pure culture
b. disprove that microorganisms could arise from non-living matter
22. Which of the following is an example of a protein? a. DNA b. lysozyme c. ATP d. glucose e. cholesterol
b. lysozyme
46. Which of the following would NOT be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: a. cytoplasm b. mitochondria c. ribosomes d. DNA e. plasma membrane
b. mitochondria
61. Which is true of bacterial cell walls: a. contain cellulose b. protects against osmotic shock c. selectively permeable d. chemically identical in all bacterial cells e. also called capsules
b. protects against osmotic shock
47. Which of the following would be the most immediate result of destruction or inhibition of a cell's ribosomes: a. no ATP production b. protein production would stop c. the DNA would be destroyed d. photosynthesis would stop e. lysozymes would enter the cytoplasm and destroy the cell
b. protein production would stop
44. What would you expect to see if you prepare a gram stain slide of the gram negative bacillus, Escherichia coli: a. comma-shaped, red cells b. rod-shaped, red cells c. corkscrew-shaped, purple cells d. rod-shaped, green cells e. round, purple cells
b. rod-shaped, red cells
34. Which of the following microscopes produce three dimensional images? a. dark field b. scanning electron c. phase contrast d. fluorescent e. transmission electron
b. scanning electron
28. Why are blue filters used on the light source of light microscopes? a. to make clear cells appear blue b. they allow only shorter wavelengths of light to pass through c. decrease resolution d. they cause the specimen to fluoresce e. they decrease reflection
b. they allow only shorter
26. Which of the following functions of light allows the greatest magnification by a microscope? a. absorption b. transmission c. diffraction d. reflection e. refraction
b. transmission
13. What is the most important solvent in living cells? a. carbon dioxide b. water c. hydrogen d. carbon e. ATP
b. water
Where do meningococcal bacteria commonly live? a)In your anus b)In the kitchen c)In your throat d)In your cerebral spinal fluid e)In fresh water
c) In your throat
32. A stain that is used primarily to identify Mycobacterium: a. flagellar stain b. Gram stain c. acid fast stain d. spore stain e. negative stain
c. acid fast stain
59. Which of the following stains would be most suitable for microscopic study of bacterial cells that have a high lipid content in their cell walls: a. negative stain b. spore stain c. acid-fast stain d. Gram stain e. flagellar stain
c. acid-fast stain
8. Which of the following is NOT true of viruses: a. replicated only when inside host cells b. too small to be seen in a light microscope c. all cause human disease d. contain only one type of nucleic acid e. acellular
c. all cause human disease
23. Which of the following is NOT found in nucleic acids? a. sugars b. nitrogenous bases c. amino acids d. hydrogen bonds e. phosphate molecules
c. amino acids
63. Which of the following is NOT associated with the prokaryotic cell membrane: a. is selectively permeable b. regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell c. contains peptidoglycan d. contains enzymes e. contains proteins and phospholipids
c. contains peptidoglycan
62. Which one of the following allows bacterial cell motility? a. cilia b. plasmid c. flagella d. capsule e. pill
c. flagella
54. You are working in a laboratory that inserts human genes into bacterial cells so that the bacteria can produce a needed human biochemical. What field of microbiology are you in ? a. immunology b. environmental microbiology c. genetic engineering d. virology e. chemotherapy
c. genetic engineering
56. If a cell is expending a lot of energy, which of the following would be the best nutrient molecule to be broken down for immediate energy: a. water b. fat c. glucose d. starch e. protein
c. glucose
51. Who was the first person to develop an effective vaccine for smallpox? a. Pasteur b. Lister c. Metchnikoff d. Jenner e. Domagk
d. Jenner
42. Which of the following is mismatched: a. vibrio - comma-shape b. coccobacilli - intermediate between round and rod c. coccus - round d. bacillus - flexible and wavy e. spirillum - corkscrew-shape
d. bacillus - flexible and wavy
43. Lipopolysaccharide: a. is found in the periplasmic space b. is found in cells that will appear purple after the gram stain c. is found in all bacterial cell walls d. can induce fever and dilation of blood vessels in infected patients e. is extremely thick in gram positive bacteria
d. can induce fever and dilation of blood vessels in infected patients
14. Which of the following serves as the main energy source for most living cells? a. nucleotides b. proteins c. acids d. carbohydrates e. water
d. carbohydrates
33. What dye in the Gram stain do Gram positive bacteria retain? a. iodine b. malachite green c. sarfanin d. crystal violet e. methylene blue
d. crystal violet
57. What happens inside cells when phosphate bonds in ATP molecules are broken: a. an endergonic reaction occurs b. anions are formed c. peptide bonds are broken d. energy becomes available for cell activities e. the H+ ion concentration increases
d. energy becomes available for cell activities
5. Spontaneous generation is associated with which of the following: a. aseptic techniques b. life from life (pre-existing cells) c. germ theory of disease d. life from non-living materials e. animalcules
d. life from non-living materials
36. The portion of lipopolysaccharide that is responsible for the toxic effects of the molecule is: a. tetrapeptides b. teichoic acid c. peptidoglycan d. lipid A e. polysaccharide
d. lipid A
30. How do you determine the total magnification of a light microscope? a. wavelength of light x 2/numerical aperture b. magnification of ocular lens x condenser c. magnification of objective lens x condenser d. magnification of objective lens x ocular lens e. magnification of objective lens x diaphragm
d. magnification of objective lens x ocular lens
35. Which of the following would NOT be applicable for visualizing living microorganisms? a. hanging drop b. dark field microscope c. phase-contrast microscope d. smears e. wet mounts
d. smears
16. Which of the following nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but NOT in RNA? a. guanine b. uracil c. adenine d. thymine e. cytosine
d. thymine
11. Louis Pasteur designed swan-necked flasks to: a. keep flies away from decaying meat b. pasteurize wine c. develop a vaccine for rabies d. trap microorganisms from the air in the neck of the flask e. allow dust to reach sterile infusions
d. trap microorganisms from the air in the neck of the flask
7. Louis Pasteur: a. was the first person to view microorganisms with a hand-held lens and became the Father of Microbiology b. developed antiseptic surgery techniques c. developed the postulates that explained how to prove the "germ" theory of disease for most infectious agents d. was able to eliminate contamination of wine in France by a process now called pasteurization e. disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by developing solid media upon which he grew organisms in a pure culture
d. was able to eliminate contamination of wine in France by a process now called pasteurization
40. The average diameter of prokaryotic cells is: a. 10.0 to 15.0 um b. 100 to 200 um c. 1.0 to 2.0 um d. 10 to 50 nm e. 0.5 to 2.0 um
e. 0.5 to 2.0 um
21. A change in the pH from 8 to 10 represents a _____ times _____ in the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration: a. 10. increase b. 2. increase c. 2. decrease d. 100. increase e. 100. decrease
e. 100. decrease
48. Identify the person who, around 350 b.c., first classified living organisms and became known as "The Father of Biology." a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek b. Robert Koch c. Francesco Redi d. Louis Pasteur e. Aristotle
e. Aristotle
4. Which of the following pioneers of microbiology is credited with the discovery of microorganisms using quality magnifying lenses: a. Semmelweis b. Hooke c. Koch d. Lister e. Leeuwenhoek
e. Leeuwenhoek
6. Who demonstrated that maggots appeared on decaying meat that had been exposed to flies? a. Lister b. Leeuwenhoek c. Semmelweis d. Tyndall e. Redi
e. Redi
9. Koch's postulates establish: a. that spontaneous generation does not occur b. that cells are the fundamental units of life c. that viruses are filterable d. that solid media is needed to obtain pure cultures e. a cause-effect relationship between a specific microorganism and an infectious disease
e. a cause-effect relationship between a specific microorganism and an infectious disease
55. Which of the following does NOT describe enzymes? a. sub-units joined through peptide bonds b. can increase the rate of chemical reactions c. have primary, secondary, tertiary and possibly quaternary levels of structure d. molecules containing amino and carboxyl groups e. are chemically changed during their participation in chemical reactions
e. are chemically changed during their participation in chemical reactions
45. Which of the following is not true of the ribosomes: a. are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells b. are assembled in the nucleoli of eukaryotic cells c. smaller in prokaryotic cells d. certain antimicrobial drugs e. can be found on the endoplasmic reticulum in prokaryotic cells
e. can be found on the endoplasmic reticulum in prokaryotic cells
3. Which of the following is NOT considered a microorganism? a. virus b. bacteria c. protozoa d. fungi e. mosquito
e. mosquito
37. The peptidoglycan molecule is responsible for the: a. entry and exit of molecules into and from the cell b. flexibility of the cytoplasmic membrane c. motility of the bacterial cell d. genetic characteristics of the bacterial cell e. semirigid cell wall structure of prokaryotes
e. semirigid cell wall structure of prokaryotes
Variolation was an early attempt to control: a. cholera b. syphilis c. plague d. cowpox e. small pox
e. smallpox
39. Which one of the following statements does NOT describe flagella: a. are not produced by all bacteria b. made of protein c. presence on bacteria detected by observing for motility d. location on the bacterial cell aids in identification e. they are responsible for attachment
e. they are responsible for attachment
58. Which one of the following microscopes has the greatest resolving power? a. compound light b. fluorescent c. phase d. scanning electron e. transmission electron
e. transmission electron
