Exam 1
68) The vasodilation of blood vessels surrounding muscles due to the production of carbon dioxide during exercise is an example of which of the following? A) neural control B) long-distance control C) reflex control D) local control E) hormonal control
D
7) Which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body? A) cell membrane B) red blood cells C) intracellular fluid D) extracellular fluid E) All of the answers are correct.
D
81) Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others. A) hydrophilic B) a physical barrier C) structural D) selectively permeable E) metabolically active
D
9) The study of body function in a disease state is A) necrology. B) physiology. C) microbiology. D) pathophysiology. E) histology.
D
11) Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger? A) negative feedback B) positive feedback C) local control D) nociceptive feedback
B
12) Which of the following are examples of cations? A) SO42- B) Ca2+ C) HPO42- D) HCO3- E) Cl-
B
14) A study in which a participant acts as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in another part of the experiment is called a ________ study. A) double-blind B) crossover C) meta-analysis D) retrospective
B
19) If a scientific model is supported or verified repeatedly by multiple investigators, it may become a A) model. B) theory. C) hypothesis. D) law. E) variable.
B
2) The literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of A) organs. B) nature. C) science. D) chemistry. E) math.
B
21) You are interested in learning more about Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that primarily affects motor function. Which is the best source to begin your investigation? A) Ask.com B) MedlinePlusPubMed C) public library D) physiology textbook E) a physician
B
22) Which of the following systems does NOT exchange material with the internal and external environments? A) respiratory system B) circulatory system C) digestive system D) urinary system E) All of the above.
B
4) The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1. tissue 2. cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system The correct order from the smallest to the largest is A) 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5. B) 4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5. C) 4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5. D) 4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5. E) 6, 4, 5, 2, 3, 1.
C
5) "Glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs." This type of explanation is A) mechanistic. B) theological. C) teleological. D) metalogical. E) scatological.
C
67) ________ are kept within normal range by physiological control mechanisms which are used if the variable strays too far from its ________. A) Setpoints, regulated variable B) Independent variables, steady state C) Regulated variables, setpoint D) Dependent variables, lowest value E) Steady state values, integrating center
C
69) Which of the following are used to keep our systems at or near their setpoints? A) positive feedback loops B) response loops C) feedback loops D) open control loops E) feedforward control loop
C
7) Cell membranes are said to be A) impermeable barrier. B) freely permeable barrier. C) selectively permeable barrier. D) only permeable to water soluble molecules. E) None of the answers are correct.
C
30) You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered a dependent variable? A) age of subjects B) sex of subjects C) intensity of exercise D) heart rate E) More than one of the answers is correct. Answer: D
D
32) You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. Which type of graph would be best to display this information? A) bar graph B) line graph C) scatter plot
A
5) Which of the following terms is NOT used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A) a cell wall B) a cell membrane C) plasma membrane D) plasmalemma E) All of the answers are correct.
A
38) An ion has gained or lost A) a proton(s). B) a neutron(s). C) an electron(s). D) a carbon atom(s). E) a double bond.
C
39) The term secretion refers to A) the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space. B) synthesis of a protein for export from the cell. C) the manufacture and assembly of a material. D) storage of a material, until it is time for it to leave the cell. E) None of the answers describe secretion.
A
13) A physician basing clinical decisions on primary research published in biomedical literature is doing ________ medicine. A) evidence-based B) traditional C) alternative D) whimsical E) holistic
A
17) A technique used to resolve contradictory results in scientific studies is A) meta-analysis. B) retrospective analysis. C) prospective analysis. D) cross-sectional analysis. E) longitudinal analysis.
A
6) "Glucose is transported from blood into cells by transporters in response to insulin." This type of explanation is A) mechanistic. B) theological. C) teleological. D) metalogical. E) scatological.
A
65) The law of mass balance states: A) if a substance is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss. B) that homeostasis can be maintained when the load of a substance is continuously lost. C) if one is to survive they must have a certain amount of mass. D) that all matter is neither created or destroyed. E) that all substances in the body have equal mass.
A
79) An element's ability to bind to and with other elements is determined by which of the following? A) the arrangement of electrons in the outer shell of an atom B) its amino acid composition C) its state of glycosylation D) the number of enzymes required E) the amount of folding in its subunits
A
8) Which of the following is one of Cannon's "internal secretions"? A) hormones B) nutrients C) water D) inorganic ions E) None of the answers are correct.
A
97) The designation Ca2+ means calcium has A) space for two more electrons. B) gained two more electrons. C) space for two more protons. D) gained two more protons.
A
41) Why is it necessary to label the axes of a graph?
A graph with no axis labels is meaningless—without knowing what trend is being illustrated, there is no communication of scientific information.
What is the difference between a peer-reviewed article and a review article?
A peer-reviewed article describes original research by one author (or group of authors working together) that has gone through a screening process in which a panel of qualified scientists evaluate the work. A review article is a summary (usually a collection of published research that was previously peer-reviewed, usually from more than one independent lab) that discusses a particular topic in the field.
59) You are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time. A. Which is the dependent variable? B. Which is the independent variable? C. Briefly describe some ways you might manipulate the independent variable. D. Name three stimuli you could use, and how you might measure reaction time for each. E. Write an appropriate hypothesis for this study. F. You compute the following average values from your experiment. What would be a logical conclusion for these data? Average caffeine consumer's reaction time: 400 ms Average noncaffeine consumer's reaction time: 650 ms G. Sketch a simple graph to convey these results to your classmates. What kind of graph did you choose? Why? Which variable did you plot on the x-axis? Which one did you plot on the y-axis? Why? H. Do the results of this experiment support the hypothesis you chose?
A. Reaction time B. Caffeine consumption C. Vary the amounts of caffeine consumed; vary the source, for example, use coffee, pills, cola drinks, and/or chocolate; vary both the amounts and sources. D. Answers will vary. Example: a computer-based timer could measure the time elapsed between the subject's detecting the appearance of an object on the computer monitor and depressing a key on the keyboard. Auditory or touch stimuli could be used, too. E. Depending on the answer to C, could choose: "Consumption of caffeine decreases reaction time" or similar statement. F. Consumption of caffeine improves reaction time by 250 ms, on average. G. Bar graph; allows comparison of the average of two groups. The x-axis: group, caffeine or none. The y-axis: reaction time in milliseconds. H. Yes, in case of hypothesis written in D.
45) You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various levels of exercise influence heart rate. Explain why only 18-year-old males were used as subjects.
An important part of scientific inquiry is to remove sources of variation from among subjects. By choosing subjects of one gender in a particular age group, it is easier to determine that the dependent variable (heart rate, in this case) depends only on the independent variable, level of exercise. This also allows a study to have fewer participants, assuming that subjects were randomly assigned to a level of exercise. If subjects were of random ages and genders, data would have to be collected from many more individuals.
159) Cell membranes consist of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate in relative amounts that vary according to cell type. Describe the relative proportions of these substances in three structures, and relate these differences to cell function where possible.
Answer: (Note to instructor: This may be a good question to use on a comprehensive final exam, as it ties together basic membrane composition with cell functions revealed in later chapters.) See Table 3.1 in the chapter. Red blood cells have nearly equal amounts of protein and lipid, with a small amount of carbohydrate, in this ratio of protein:lipid:carbohydrate: 49:43:8. Myelin is almost all lipid, followed by protein and carbohydrate in this ratio of lipid:protein:carbohydrate: 79:18:3. In later chapters on the nervous system, it will be seen that this preponderance of lipid results in electrical insulation, which is one of the main functions of myelin. The inner mitochondrial membrane is mostly protein, in this ratio of protein:lipid:carbohydrate: 76:24:0. This reflects the function of this membrane in chemical synthesis that relies on a variety of protein enzymes.
28) Adaptive significance is an important concept in physiology because it describes the A) importance of a highly variable external environment. B) physiological functions that promote an organism's survival. C) ability of an organism to monitor and restore its internal state to normal conditions when necessary. D) similarities between ancient and modern marine organisms. E) parameters necessary to maintain a constant internal environment.
B
3) Because anatomy and physiology have different definitions, they are usually considered separately in studies of the body. A) True B) False
B
34) A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse. Which type of graph would be best to display the race finish times of this horse? A) bar graph B) line graph C) scatter plot
B
10) Homeostasis is the ability of the body to A) prevent the external environment from changing. B) prevent the internal environment from changing. C) quickly restore changed conditions to normal. D) ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest. E) prevent excessive blood loss.
C
12) An immunoliposome is a liposome that A) suppresses the immune system. B) stimulates the immune system. C) can recognize cancer cells. D) None of the answers are correct.
C
12) How genetics influences the body's response to drugs is called A) pharmacokinetics. B) pharmacogenetics. C) pharmacogenomics. D) pharmacodynamics. E) pharmageddon.
C
16) A placebo is A) any drug being tested in a clinical trial. B) any drug in a class of drugs commonly used as pain relievers. C) a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect. D) a nutritive and respiratory organ in fetal development. E) a hole in a cavity wall through which an organ protrudes.
C
17) The chemical bonding behavior of an atom is directly determined by the A) number of protons. B) number of neutrons. C) number and arrangement of electrons. D) size of the atom. E) mass of the atom.
C
18) A scientifically logical guess is a A) model. B) theory. C) hypothesis. D) law. E) variable.
C
23) The human environment is terrestrial, dry, and highly variable. However, our bodies expend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant internal environment. Studying why our bodies do this is what kind of scientific endeavor? A) mechanistic B) translational C) teleological D) anatomical E) meterological
C
24) Individuals with Type I diabetes do not make enough insulin. Which of the following would be a mechanistic explanation of how insulin is used by the body? A) Cells need insulin because glucose will not cross the cell membrane. B) Insulin is a hormone involved in glucose transport. C) Insulin binds to its receptor which triggers the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane. D) Since all cells need glucose, insulin is required. E) Without insulin most cells in the body would be unable to produce enough ATP.
C
29) You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered an independent variable? A) age of subjects B) sex of subjects C) intensity of exercise D) heart rate E) More than one of the answers is correct.
C
36) There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. Which type of graph is best to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose? A) bar graph B) line graph C) scatter plot
C
1) Physiology is the study of A) the structure of the body. B) the tissues and organs of the body at the microscopic level. C) growth and reproduction. D) the normal function of living organisms. E) the facial features as an indication of personality.
D
10) Which structure is a lipid bilayer that controls which objects can leave or enter the cell? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) nucleus D) plasma membrane E) ribosome
D
13) A positively-charged ion is called a(n) A) electron. B) proton. C) neutron. D) cation. E) anion.
D
15) The Internet database for molecular, cellular, and physiological information is called the ________ Project. A) Human Genome B) Physiognomy C) Physiosome D) Physiome E) Manhattan
D
25) Excretion is a function of the body. Which of the following would be considered excretion? A) Movement of sodium from the intestines to the bloodstream. B) Movement of glucose from the kidney to the blood stream. C) Movement of potassium from kidney cells into one's urine. D) Movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin. E) Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood stream.
D
11) A liposome is A) only an additive to creams and lotions. B) only a drug-delivery vehicle. C) only a type of lipid. D) only a structural component of cell membranes. E) an additive to creams and lotions and a drug-delivery vehicle.
E
16) A free radical is a A) charged particle. B) molecule with an extra electron. C) molecule with an extra neutron. D) molecule with an extra proton. E) molecule with an unpaired electron.
E
20) Place these terms in the typical sequence in which they appear in the process of scientific inquiry: experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication. A) experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication B) replication, hypothesis, experimental data, theory, model, observation C) theory, observation, experimental data, hypothesis, replication, model D) observation, replication, model, experimental data, hypothesis, theory E) observation, hypothesis, experimental data, replication, model, theory
E
66) Mass balance involves determining the total amount of a substance in the body. We can determine the rate of production (i.e. Mass Flow) of this substance by which of the following formulas? A) intake + production - excretion - metabolism. B) (amount of substance / min) × (concentration of the substance) C) volume of flow / (amount of substance / min) D) (concentration of a substance) / volume flow E) (concentration of a substance) × (volume/min)
E
78) Electrons travel around the center of the atom at high speed forming a(n) A) atom. B) molecule. C) element. D) nucleus. E) shell.
E
8) What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer in the cellular membrane? A) the absorption of fats only B) the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules only C) to provide a framework for membrane proteins only D) to carry water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment only E) the formation of a barrier that is a selective for lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins
E
128) Ahmed is trying to memorize chemical structures of every compound his professor has indicated are important to the human body. Explain to him that an easier way is to memorize a few rules of chemical bonding and then figure out the structure of the important compounds, especially the simpler compounds.
Elements combine to form molecules in predictable ways because of how the outer shell electrons combine between atoms. In most cases, the outer shell will be most stable with a total of eight electrons. This information is easily discernible from the periodic table. Therefore an atom with seven outer shell electrons, such as K, combines very readily with an atom with one outer shell electron, such as Cl; an atom with six outer shell electrons, such as Ca will combine with an atom with two outer shell electrons or with two atoms with one outer shell electron each, and so on. Examples: KCl, CaCl2, CH4.
46) Use the following terms to develop a concept map: brain, sensory neuron, an eye, foot, soccer ball, motor neuron
Eye sees soccer ball.
42) Why is it necessary to space grid marks on a graph proportionally to the quantity measured (example: each square represents one centimeter)?
If this is not done, a trend would be obscured or even misrepresented.
Why are physiology and anatomy frequently studied together?
It's important to understand how the structure (form, or anatomy) of an organism is related to its function (physiology).
50) You are designing a study to assess the effects of a new treatment for hypertension. What ethical considerations would you employ when monitoring your progress?
Major considerations should involve assessing the efficacy of the treatment such that the control group patients are not deprived as well as ensuring that the experimental treatment is not less effective than the standard treatments.
147) If a person who has not exercised regularly begins a consistent exercise routine, she will notice that her metabolism will seem to increase as her endurance improves. Why is this?
Metabolism will increase with endurance because the number of mitochondria will increase with consistent exercise. The increase in mitochondria will improve endurance and increase metabolism of glucose because they will be metabolizing more glucose into ATP.
40) Sarah has just flown around the world in the last 48 hours. She is having trouble sleeping, a condition known as insomnia. How do you think Sarah's long flights and her insomnia are related to biological rhythms?
Our sleep-wake cycle is a biological rhythm that lets our body know when it is time to rest. Most likely Sarah has ignored the signals like sleepiness, changes in body temperature, and mood that her body is sending. By ignoring these rhythms she has disrupted the cycle and the body is struggling to maintain homeostasis.
142) Describe the two general meanings of the term membrane, as used in biology. Which usage indicates layers of cells and which indicates layers of molecules?
Prior to the use of microscopes, membranes were simply thin, flexible layers of cells that separated large compartments or lined large cavities. When microscopic study of cells allowed visualization of the cell envelope and organelles, the term membrane was additionally applied to thin layers of molecules.
143) Give three examples of structures whose formation involves molecular interactions that either increase or decrease contact with water molecules, explaining how they are similar and how they differ from each other. (Hint: They all involve molecules that have both polar and nonpolar portions.)
Phospholipids have a polar portion that is attracted to water and a nonpolar portion that repels water. The molecules orient in water such that water is excluded from contacting the nonpolar portions. This is seen in: the bilayer arrangement of phospholipids in cell membranes, in which hydrophobic tails are in the middle of the layer; micelles, in which a single layer of phospholipids forms a sphere with the hydrophobic tails in the middle; and liposomes, which are hollow spheres made from phospholipid bilayers that can be filled with water-soluble molecules.
51) You are designing a study to assess the effects of a new drug treatment for hypertension. In your study of this drug's efficacy in treating hypertension, your subjects are white males, ages 40 to 60 years. Is your study applicable to all people? Explain.
Possibly, but not necessarily. There are gender differences in appropriate therapies because of physiological effects of higher testosterone in males compared to females, for example. Drugs are often not tested in children, and children also have a different hormonal environment than adults (again, sex hormones are a good example, because their levels are low until just before the onset of puberty). There are also racial differences in effectiveness of therapies, and while it is a contentious issue as to whether these represent genetic or socioeconomic influences, they should be considered.
What is the major problem with the deconstructionist view of biology?
Return to the topic of function and process. The deconstructionist view of biology predicted that once we uncovered the sequence of the human genome, the inner workings of the human body would be revealed. In reality, it is possible to know HOW a gene codes for a particular protein without knowing WHY that protein exists. Our knowledge of the human genome is only a piece of the puzzle.
48) Write a teleological explanation for why heart rate increases during exercise. Now write a mechanistic explanation for the same phenomenon.
Teleological: Heart rate increases because the increased activity of skeletal and cardiac muscles requires increased delivery of blood contents such as oxygen and glucose. Mechanistic: Heart rate increases in response to signals from the brain (pacemaker cells of the heart are stimulated by the nervous system).
homeostasis & regulation structure/function relationships compartmentation biological energy transformation communication & information flow
The key concepts or themes in physiology
Answer: It is the phenomenon whereby a patient who has been informed of the side effects of a drug he is taking is more likely to experience some of the side effects than an otherwise similar patient receiving the same drug who has not been so informed.
The nocebo effect
43) Explain why the prefix homeo- is used in the term homeostasis. Why do some physiologists prefer the term homeodynamics over homeostasis?
The prefix homeo-, meaning like or similar, is used to indicate that the body's internal environment is maintained within a range of acceptable values rather than a fixed state. Some physiologists argue that the term homeodynamics better reflects the small but constant changes that continuously take place in the internal environment, as opposed to homeostasis, which erroneously implies lack of change.
33) You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. What would the labels be for the graph axes?
The x-axis is horse name or number; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.
35) A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse. What would the labels be for the graph axes?
The x-axis is race number or date; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.
37) There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. What are the labels for the graph axes?
The x-axis is vitamin dose; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.
44) Explain why animals are used in research. Are there any limitations to the application of animal data to human physiology? Could these limitations be addressed using cell or tissue culture, or computer simulations?
There is a brief discussion of using humans or animals in research in the chapter. This question is intended to stimulate students to think about how science is done, how data are generated, and how the process is challenged by social issues. Generally, there are limitations to the usefulness of computer simulations and cell/tissue culture systems for the same reason that nonhuman animal data are not 100% applicable to human physiology. How human organ systems perform may be different in very subtle ways from corresponding systems in other species. Cells in culture are in an artificial environment, and while much has been learned from such systems, it has also been noted that the behavior of cells in culture is not identical to cells in a living body. Furthermore, cells cultured from established lines can change over time, becoming less like the original cells from which they were derived, and presumably less like normal cells. Computer simulations are valuable, but are only as good as the data entered, and given that we don't know everything there is to know about physiology, we can't write a perfect computer program. All three approaches are useful, but for different reasons, and therefore one research system does not completely substitute for another, nor is it appropriate to abandon one entirely.
52) High cholesterol levels have been shown to be a contributing factor to heart disease and death due to cardiovascular disease for many decades. In the 1970s, scientists used this information to develop a hypothesis that giving a medicine to reduce blood cholesterol levels could reduce the chances of developing cardiovascular disease or dying from cardiovascular disease. They tested a group of people living in a town called Framingham, Massachusetts. This study became known as the Framingham Study, and it is very well known because it did not support the hypothesis that giving cholesterol-lowering medications would reduce the risk of developing or dying from cardiovascular disease. Does this mean that high cholesterol is not a risk factor for heart disease? What does this demonstrate about the scientific process, especially as it pertains to human studies? You can find a copy of the study online and read it, if necessary.
This demonstrates the difficulty in doing human research because, even though elevated cholesterol levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, reducing cholesterol levels without addressing the reason those levels were high in the first place may not have the expected effect on reducing heart disease. Human testing on hypotheses is important because humans don't always respond to treatments like other animals do, they may actually respond quite differently and each person may respond differently from the rest. It is why we need to test each hypothesis in circumstances as similar to the actual real group that would be treated.
49) What is a hypothesis? What are the steps involved in following the scientific method? How does one distinguish the dependent variable from the independent variable in an experiment? How are each of these represented on a graph?
This is discussed in "The Science of Physiology" section of the chapter and in Figure 1.15.
53) Know how to look at a table and its corresponding graph and spot the errors
Units, axis labeling, is there a legend
47) Provide an example of a control system. Be sure to include the three main components: an input signal, a controller, and an output signal.
Variable. One example is blood glucose concentration. The input signal is a blood glucose concentration outside of the normal range, the controller is the pancreas, and the output signal is release of either insulin or glucagon.