Exam 1 - Developmental Psychology (Ch 1-5)

David Buss believes that not only shapes our physical features but also influences our decision making, aggressive behavior, fears, and mating patterns.

evolution

The dynamic systems theory of motor development emphasizes:

exploration and selection

In thinking about the importance of studying life-span development, research has found that:

extending the life span of human cells in a test tube has implications for expanding human life.

The traditional approach to development emphasizes:

extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, then decline in late old age.

From B.F. Skinner's point of view, behavior is explained through:

external consequences of that behavior.

Most life-span developmentalists recognize that:

extreme positions on these issues are unwise.

If D'Andre is having problems with his vision, this problem might suggest itself through any of the following, EXCEPT:

eye twitches.

Human fertilization typically takes place in the:

fallopian tube.

For menarche to begin and continue:

fat must make up 17 percent of the girl's body weight.

Women outlive men for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT:

financial status.

Which of the following is NOT a visible sign of aging?

fingernails and toenails become thinner.

Mrs. Peters is experiencing contractions every 2 to 5 minutes. She is in which stage of birth?

first

Which of the following smells do infants like the LEAST?

fish

Vitamin supplements called antioxidants may affect health by counteracting effects of:

free radicals

The theory of aging states that people age because inside their cells normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules that ricochet around the cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures.

free-radical

The most rapid growth in the brain for children aged 3 to 6 takes place in the:

frontal lobe areas.

The units of hereditary information that act as a blueprint for cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life are:

genes.

The basic premise of the reaction range model is that:

genetic factors determine a possible range of expressions and environmental factors determine the ultimate expression achieved.

A person's genetic heritage is his or her:

genotype.

The period of prenatal development that occurs in the first two weeks after conception is called the period.

germinal

Which of the following sports settings present special concern for child developmentalists?

gymnastics

Older men who subscribe to a low-calorie diet:

have been shown to live substantially longer than those who do not.

Which of the following can lead to anoxia during the birth process?

having the umbilical cord tighten around the neck of the fetus

Two-day-old Terry's very low Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale score is often a good indicator that

he has brain damage.

Rodin and Langer found that nursing home patients who were given some responsibility and control over their lives became:

healthier

The chronic condition associated with the greatest limitation on work is:

heart conditions.

The three leading causes of death in the United States today are:

heart disease, cancer, and stroke.

A physician might elect to give a pregnant mother an oxytocic if:

her contractions have stopped.

Traits that are produced by the interaction between two or more genes are called:

polygenic.

The main focus of research on the effects of exercise on health has involved:

preventing heart disease.

The advantage of using the neural thread protein test to predict Alzheimer's is that it allows:

preventive measures to be initiated that delay cognitive decline.

Rachel Clifton and her colleagues (1993) concluded that ___________ guide(s) the early reaching of 4-month-old infants.

proprioceptive cues

Parents adhering to the fundamental premise of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "innate goodness" argument would:

provide their children with little monitoring or constraints.

Rozee is 86 years young. She continues to learn phrases in new languages, she writes poetry, and she enjoys going to museums to see the latest up-and-coming artists. These examples of her adaptive capacities demonstrate:

psychological age.

Which of the following would involve a cognitive process?

putting together a two-word sentence

The main advantage of the naturalistic observation technique involves:

real-world validity.

The Hawaii Family Support/Healthy Start Program has been successful in:

reducing abuse and neglect in families.

The answers to questions about the issues of nature-nurture, continuity-discontinuity, and stability-change:

influence public policy decisions and how people live their lives.

Parents who believe their children are basically good and need little discipline have adopted which philosophical view?

innate goodness

Jessica turned her head when she heard footsteps in the hall, then she smiled when she saw her mother come into the room. This demonstrates perception.

intermodal

Albert Bandura criticizes evolutionary psychology because it:

is "one-sided evolutionism."

One difficulty of conducting research in the laboratory setting is that:

it is artificial.

The most extensive research on brain lateralization has focused on:

language.

A negative outcome of a decline in the sense of smell with age is:

less ability to detect smoke from fire.

With improvements in medicine, nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle, our:

life expectancy has increased.

All of the following are normal declines in vision due to aging, EXCEPT:

lower ability to detect events in the center of the visual field.

A common characteristic of babies born to women who smoke during their pregnancies is:

lower birthweights.

Animal studies permit researchers to do all of the following, EXCEPT to:

make accurate assumptions about human behavioral responses.

Eskias, who is 8 months old, has a wasting away of body tissues that is caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency. He is suffering from:

marasmus.

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to suffer from anorexia?

Emily, a White female honor student from an upper-income family.

Your child is overweight. What is the best recommendation to help him slim down?

Encourage him to get more exercise.

_________ is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function.

Alzheimer's

are important dimensions for providing adequate health care for expectant mothers from various cultural groups.

Cultural assessments

______________ theory seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting.

Dynamic systems

_________ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.

Sensation

________, a behavior modification technique in which the smoker is sensitized to smoking cues, has been used effectively in getting some individuals to stop smoking.

Stimulus control

Behavioral geneticists believe that behaviors are determined by:

a continuous interaction between biological and environmental factors.

Today, childhood is conceived of as:

a unique period of life that lays an important foundation for the adult years and is highly differentiated from them.

A fertilized ovum is called:

a zygote.

The key to formal operational thinking is the ability to think about concepts.

abstract

The leading cause of death among children today is:

accidents

The key to survival in an environment based on natural selection involves:

adaptation.

Many of the factors linked to poor health habits and early death in the adult years begin during:

adolescence

Which period of development is characterized by establishing independence, developing an identity, and thinking more abstractly?

adolescence

Which age group has the lowest rate of using private physician services for their health needs?

adolescents

A study designed to discover if the brain activity of adolescents differed from that of adults during the processing of emotional information found that:

adolescents were more likely to process emotional information in the amygdala and adults were more likely to process it in the frontal lobe.

__________ gives people such information as when to duck, when to turn their body through a narrow passageway, and when to put their hand up to catch something.

affordance

Bernice Neugarten has emphasized reemerging life themes in development. Her observations have led her to conclude that:

age is becoming less important for understanding development.

Which phrase best defines a teratogen?

an environmental factor that produces birth defects

Down syndrome is caused by:

an extra chromosome.

Decline in taste with age often leads to:

an increased preference for highly seasoned foods.

Which best demonstrates the basic principle of cephalocaudal development?

an infant first being able to raise the head, then sit up, then stand up

Annette has an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation, which ultimately may lead to her death. Annette suffers from:

anorexia nervosa.

Freud believed defense mechanisms reduce:

anxiety.

Konrad Lorenz discovered that baby geese imprint to:

any large moving object.

Most journal articles in the field of life-span development:

are reports of original research.

The most common chronic disorders for both middle-aged women and middle-aged men are:

arthritis and hypertension.

Pediatricians recommend that parents:

avoid structured exercise classes for babies.

To prevent osteoporosis, young and middle-aged women should do all of the following, EXCEPT:

avoid weight-lifting exercises.

All of the following are environmental influences on body weight, EXCEPT:

basal metabolism rate.

What a child eats during the early childhood period affects all of the following, EXCEPT:

basal metabolism rate.

The second X chromosome that women have appears to give them a health advantage over men in that it may:

be associated with production of more antibodies to fight disease.

Research suggests that sensitivity to taste begins:

before birth

According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, the three factors that reciprocally influence development involve:

behavior, the person, and the environment.

Except for the ancient Asian and Greek physicians, throughout most of history, physical illness has been viewed purely in terms of _________ factors.

biological

According to Martin Seligman, children who are pessimistic:

can become optimistic by adult role models.

Elizabeth Spelke concluded that by 4 months of age, infants:

can recognize where a moving object is when it has left their visual field.

The narrow path marking the development of characteristics that appear immune to vast changes in environmental events is called:

canalization.

Dr. Somberg is using a method of gathering information that gives an in-depth look at one individual. She is using the:

case study.

Rozee's eyes have cloudy, opaque areas in the lens that prevent light from passing through, causing her to have blurred vision. The visual problem she has is:

cataracts.

Development is defined as the pattern of movement or across the life span.

change

The main cause of death in middle-aged and older adults is:

chronic disorders.

A longitudinal study by Gerald Bachman (1997) found all of the following, EXCEPT:

college students drink less than youths who end their education after high school.

All of the following have been found to endanger the unborn child EXCEPT

computer monitors

Nutritionists recommend that infants:

consume approximately 50 calories per day for each pound they weigh.

A common caution for correlational research is:

correlation does not equal causation.

A design compares individuals of different ages (e.g., 30-year-olds, 40-year-olds, and 50-year-olds) at one testing time.

cross-sectional

According to Baltes, the benefits of evolutionary selection:

decrease with age.

The age at which puberty arrives is _______ with each passing decade.

decreasing

In the aging brain, at least through the seventies, it appears that:

dendritic growth compensates for loss of neurons.

An experiment involves the effects of aerobic exercise by pregnant women on their newborns' breathing and sleeping patterns. In this experiment, the newborns' breathing and sleeping patterns are the variable.

dependent

In Gibson and Walk's (1960) experiment, infants placed on one side of a visual cliff refused to go to their mothers who coaxed them from the other side, demonstrating:

depth perception.

Erik Erikson's theory emphasized:

developmental change throughout the human life span.

A major criticism of the large-scale study involving 22,000 physicians that demonstrated the beneficial effect of an aspirin every other day on coronary heart disease is that the study:

did not include women.

Cross-cultural research demonstrates that infant sleep patterns around the world:

differ for each culture

In studying changes in the way we think as we age, Dr. Long notes a child moves from not being able to think abstractly about the world to being able to, which is a qualitative change in processing information. Dr. Long emphasizes:

discontinuity.

If amniocentesis is performed to determine if a woman's fetus is genetically normal, this will involve:

drawing a sample of the fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb.

The proximodistal progression pattern is seen in children's:

drawings, which are first done using the entire arm, and eventually using only the wrist and fingers.

The ability to form mental representations that allow us to connect sensory input from different modes develops:

during the second 6 months of life.

An approach consisting of several different theoretical perspectives is referred to as:

eclectic.

A skin defect might be traced back to an initial problem with the embryo's cells.

ectoderm

Charles Nelson has made great strides in finding out about the brain's development in infancy by using:

electrodes.

While looking over a newborn, a physician notes that the neonate's outer ears are severely deformed. Based on her knowledge of prenatal development, the physician would suspect the damage occurred during the stage of development.

embryonic

T. Berry Brazelton (1956) found that most infants:

engage in considerable sucking behavior unrelated to feeding.

A major strength of ecological theory is its framework for explaining:

environmental influences on development.

Which of the following is NOT a condition that can produce unusually short children?

ethnic origin

Two important factors that can produce individual differences in height are:

ethnic origin and nutrition.

Children who are highly active, easily distracted, and move quickly often elicit adult attempts to quiet them down, punishment for lack of concentration, and angry warnings to slow down. This describes an example of a(n) ______ environment interaction.

evocative genotype

Researchers now believe that maternal stress may lead to birth defects by:

reducing the amount of oxygen received by the embryo and fetus.

Now in her middle twenties, Harriet exercises rarely, skips breakfast to get to work early, and parties hard on weekends to compensate for the long hours of hard work she must put in to support her ambitious career plans. Late in life, when she has achieved success and retired, Harriet will be:

relatively less healthy and dissatisfied with her life because of her poor lifestyle choices early in life.

Neuroscientists believe that wires the brain.

repeated experience

Amanda stroked her 2-month-old baby's right cheek, and the baby turned his head in that direction, demonstrating the reflex.

rooting

Romero is a normal 3-year-old. We would expect that he would be able to:

run back and forth.

The use of _______ would reduce the most common cause of severe injury and death in elementary-aged children.

safety-belt restraints

Which of the following might be expected to occur when an individual reaches age 30?

sagging chins and protruding abdomens

Harold believes he can master most situations he's in, and by doing so, produce a positive outcome. Harold is high in:

self-efficacy.

Robert Fantz (1963) found that infants as young as 2 days old:

showed a preference for patterned stimuli over plain stimuli.

Which of these syndromes is NOT sex-linked?

sickle-cell anemia

Duran is a normal, healthy second-grader. He is most likely to become fatigued by long periods of:

sitting

Since 1992, when the American Academy of Pediatrics began recommending that infants , the frequency of SIDS has decreased.

sleep on their backs

The period of middle and late childhood involves:

slow, consistent growth.

Research on adolescents smoking patterns has demonstrated:

smoking in the adolescent years causes permanent genetic changes in the lungs.

Chronic conditions such as inadequate housing, dangerous neighborhoods, and economic uncertainties are ____________ factors that cause stress.

sociocultural

The study of nuns in Mankato, Minnesota (Snowdon, 1995, 1997) has found that:

stimulating the brain with mental exercises may increase dendritic branching

All of the following are recommendations to help older adults sleep better at night, EXCEPT:

take short naps during the day.

The most noticeable changes in body growth for females during adolescence include all of the following, EXCEPT:

tendencies toward obesity.

Whereas is responsible for development of genitals, increase in height, and changes in boys' voices, is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls.

testosterone/estradiol

Aisha is using a childbirth strategy that includes a detailed anatomy and physiology course during pregnancy and a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor. She is using which method?

the Lamaze method

Researchers in the New England Centenarian study have found that contributes to living a long life.

the ability to cope successfully with stress

In the process of meiosis:

the cells divide into gametes, which have half the genetic material of the parent cell.

All of the following statements represent Vygotsky's views of development, EXCEPT:

the child's way of knowing is best advanced through internal mechanisms, which are separate from the social environment.

Researchers who are proponents of the nurture perspective would argue that:

the environment a person is raised in determines that individual's longevity.

Evolutionary psychology emphasizes:

the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" to explain behavior.

Myelination improves the efficiency of the central nervous system in the same way that:

the insulation around an electrical extension cord improves its efficiency.

As he was studying life-span development, Tyrell had to learn several interrelated, coherent sets of ideas that would help him explain and make predictions about development. Tyrell had to learn:

theories.

Recent research using brain scans has found that from ages 3 to 15:

there are dramatic changes in local patterns within the brain.

Exposure to _______ increases children's risk for developing respiratory and middle-ear diseases.

tobacco smoke

According to Baltes (1987), the life-span perspective has the following characteristics, EXCEPT being:

unidirectional.

During the second trimester, the amniotic sac is filled mainly with:

urine.

Experimental designs are superior to correlational approaches when dealing with:

variables that need to be manipulated.

Research comparing sleep patterns of childhood with those of adolescence have found that adolescents:

wake up later than children.

To help hearing-impaired adults, the text suggests:

wearing two hearing aids balanced to correct each ear separately.

All of the following are typical changes in late adulthood, EXCEPT:

weight gain

The American Pediatric Association would advise mothers NOT to breast-feed in all of the following situations, EXCEPT:

when the mother is overweight.

As the older population continues to increase in the 21st century, concerns are raised about the number of older adults who will be:

without either a spouse or children.

Which of the following would be considered a fine motor skill?

writing your name

Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of psychoanalytic theory?

Psychoanalytic theories present an image of humans that is too optimistic.

is a period of rapid physical development involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence.

Puberty

____________ are individuals who chronically restrict their food intake to control their weight.

Restrained eaters

Considering normal aging processes, whose blood pressure would be expected to be highest?

Sally, a 60-year-old woman who is postmenopausal

Sleep researchers have found that

infants engage in more REM sleep than adults.

The newborn's vision is estimated to be:

20/600

A 1997 national poll found that ___________ of elementary school children were physically active for 30 minutes every day of the week.

22 percent

Each human gamete has:

23 unpaired chromosomes.

A "preterm" baby cannot have gestated for more than weeks.

38

Approximately _______ percent of adults 65 and older reside in nursing homes, compared with more than _______ percent of those older than 85.

5/23

Elmer occasionally forgets his wife Martha's name, is largely unaware of recent events in his life and his surroundings, needs some assistance for daily living, and is often anxious and agitated. Elmer is in which stage of Alzheimer's disease?

6

Leonard Hayflick believes that cells can divide a maximum of about times and that as we age, our cells become increasingly less capable of dividing.

75 to 80

Who would be classified as the "oldest old"?

Noah, who is 88

______ is a pattern of behavior characterized by an overwhelming involvement with using a drug and securing its supply.

Addiction

How well do college students use their knowledge about health?

Although most of them know what it takes to be healthy, most don't apply it.

How does the placenta/umbilical cord life-support system prevent harmful bacteria from invading a fetus?

Bacteria are too large to pass through the placenta walls.

Which of the following statements about bonding between mothers and newborns enjoys supporting evidence?

Bonding with mothers is helpful to preterm infants and adolescent mothers.

Which statement most accurately describes height and weight changes during infancy?

Both height and weight increase more rapidly during the first year than during the second year.

__________ involves removal of a small sample of the placenta.

Chorionic villi sampling

_________ typically marks the end of the early childhood period of development.

First grade

Which pattern best portrays changes in gross and fine motor skills in the elementary school years?

Girls outperform boys in fine motor skills.

Which statement most accurately portrays the sleep/wake cycle of infants?

Infants sleep less as they grow older.

Which of the following statements about a shortened gestation period is most accurate?

It alone does not necessarily harm an infant.

What changes are noticed in height as a person moves through middle adulthood?

It decreases.

Which of the following is NOT a reason the text gave to study life-span development?

It is a requirement for such fields as nursing, psychology, and child development.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between age and pregnancy outcome is most accurate?

Mothers over age 30 are most likely to have retarded babies.

What evidence indicates that a fetus can hear?

Newborns prefer to hear stories that were read to them in their mother's womb.

Was William James right when he proclaimed that newborns experience a "blooming, buzzing" world of confusion?

No, because infants display visual preferences.

Which of the following statements about fetal alcohol syndrome is most accurate?

The infant is often physically deformed and below average in intelligence.

What is true concerning the biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes?

They are intricately interwoven.

The typical female chromosome pattern is:

XX.

Inwhich country do adolescents exercise the least?

US

Which industrialized nation has the highest rate of adolescent drug use?

US

At age 30 you find you are a successful, hard-working executive, but you are also slightly overweight and have increasing difficulty coping with the tension in your life. What do the "experts" recommend you do to ensure good health?

Walk or jog at a brisk pace for 30 minutes every day.

Now that Eric and Luz have established their careers and are in their mid-twenties, they are planning to have a baby. In terms of Eric's concerns about the paternal factors that may affect his child, he should be most concerned about:

his low dietary intake of vitamin C.

Which infant motor event typically occurs first?

holds the head erect

Which factor of the Type A personality is most related to coronary heart disease?

hostility

In research with children, once the parents have provided consent:

if the child does not want to participate, the psychologist must not continue testing the child.

Left-handedness is associated with:

imagination and creativity.

Blumenthal et al. (1989) found that older adults who were _______ experienced significant improvement in cardiovascular fitness.

in an aerobic exercise group

Recent research about puberty suggests all of the following, EXCEPT:

in early adolescence, early-maturing girls show less satisfaction with their figures than do late-maturing girls.

Peak physical performance is typically reached:

in early adulthood

Research on language processing in the brain has found that:

in normal people, the complex thinking required to produce language results from communication between both hemispheres.

During the elementary school years, body changes occur:

in the skeletal and muscular systems.

In the twentieth century life expectancy has ___________.

increased by 30 years.

During the 1980s, the rate of cesarean deliveries performed in the United States:

increased dramatically.

Hans Selye observed that, despite the type of stress a person faces, all of the following symptoms appeared EXCEPT:

increased fatigue.

Penny is just beginning to use language and other symbols. If she is developing normally, we would expect her to be in which developmental period?

infancy

The portrayal of the oldest old today is:

more optimistic than in the past.

Researchers have found physicians are:

more responsive to younger patients.

Many older persons become wiser with age, yet perform more poorly on cognitive speed tests. This supports the life-span perspective notion that development is:

multidimensional.

In her research on locomotor skills, Karen Adolph (1997) found that newly crawling infants:

ndiscriminately went down steep slopes.

Eighty-year-old Ethel noticed she cut her foot, although she didn't feel any pain. Because it is normal for older adults to be less sensitive to pain, Ethel:

needs to be aware of this because not feeling pain may mask injury or illness that needs treatment.

The onset of puberty is an example of:

normative age-graded influences.

The AIDS epidemic in the United States would be an example of a:

normative history-graded influence.

One current controversy concerning the medical treatment of infants involves:

not using any anesthetics when performing surgery on young infants.

An aging disorder associated with calcium and vitamin D deficiencies, estrogen depletion, and lack of exercise is:

osteoporosis.

All of the following are periods of prenatal development, EXCEPT:

ovulation

The information-processing approach to development emphasizes:

perception, memory, reasoning ability, and problem solving.

The recent research (Thelen, 2000) on perceptual and motor development suggests that:

perceptual and motor development do not occur in isolation from one another.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to play a role in obesity?

personality

During the stage, Freud believed that pleasure centers on the genital area and resolution of the Oedipus complex occurs.

phallic

The way an individual's genetic heritage is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics is his or her:

phenotype

The Apgar primarily assesses a newborn's:

physiological health.

The important endocrine gland(s) for controlling growth and regulating other glands.

pituitary gland is an

Like many other adolescents today, Deanna is likely to develop a hearing problem much earlier than in past generations. The most common reason would be:

playing her music too loud.