Exam 1 HY 121

rise of big business - Rockefeller, Carnegie, Swift

"Captains of Industry", "Movers and Shakers", "Robbers and Barons". Carnegie- Steel. Rockefeller-oil. Swift: meat-packing

"Petition of Committee in Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Johnson":

"Shermanland" was occupied by newly freed black slaves until President Johnson decided the land should go back to the former owners. The Petition points out that the government had encouraged them to make a life and living on these lands but it was soon rejected and because of that most of these freed people remained poor and without property during reconstruction. They argue that they never broke a law and plead with the president to let them purchase a homestead.

American expansionism/imperialism

- political, economic, cultural impulses: imperialism: one nation extending its control, power, influence over another nation. Can be done through economic, military, diplomatic, and political means. Motivations: economic- expansion of trade, new markets, natural resources, business interests political- military strategic interests cultural- also known as the white man's burden.

Reconstruction amendments

13th- abolishment of slavery. 14th- equality. 15th- no discrimination against race in voting. *women tried but failed to get gender added on to the 15th amendment.

A Second Declaration of Independence

8 hours, work days, better pay, workers also become consumers.

White Supremacy in Wilmington, North Carolina

A rebellion broke out because of some blacks had been elected to office. Twenty people died. The rebellion showed the explosive racism that confronted southern blacks every day.

black codes (Mississippi black code)

Attempted to regulate the lives of former black slaves. These laws granted the freed people certain rights, such as legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts. But denied them the right to testify in court cases that only involved whites, serve on juries or in sate militias or to vote. The black codes also declared that those who failed to sign yearly labor contracts could be arrested or hired out to white landowners.

Carlos Montezuma, "What Indians Must Do"

Carlos stresses the importance of abolishing the Indian Bureau in order for Indians on reservations to escape poverty and marginalization.

Andrew Carnegie, Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie believed in the idea that those who accumulated money had the obligation to use it to promote the advancement of society. He believed in building public institutions rather than just giving to charity. A trustee to the poor. He believed " The man who dies rich dies in disgrace".

Chief Joseph, An Indian's Views of Indian Affairs

Chief Joseph gives a enduring argument about how "... no man owned any part of the earth, and a man could not sell what he did not own." which shows how the Native Americans life is very simple. Chief Joseph also displayed in his letter that he was not a savage from the way he talked about his tribes morals and with it you can see that it contained the same morals that White Americans teach to their own children; such as, "that it was a disgrace to tell a lie; that we should speak only the truth".

Manuel Gamio on a Mexican-American Family and American Freedom

Gamio writes a account of a Mexican- American family and how their freedom in America has changed their culture. This account is particularly interesting in that it follows a fairly rich interracial family that has found solace living in America. The children adapted easier to American culture the their parents.

John Marshall Harlan, Dissent in Plessy

Harlan argues that the "constitution is colored blind" and that the ruling in Plessy Vs. Fergusson was unconstitutional. He states that it was more in favor towards white citizens then blacks and predicts the segregation to follow in the rest of the states other than Louisiana.

Hawaii example of imperialism

Hawaiian Queen Lili'uokalani - over thrown with the help of the US government

Margaret Sanger on "Free Motherhood"

In "Free Womanhood", Margaret Sanger argues that "no women can call herself free who does not own or control her body". Her argument expresses the importance of birth control in order for women to be fully free and independent. If a women can control her body therefore she can focus more on who she is as a individual. Having access to birth control in important for their independence. She argues for voluntary motherhood.

John Ryan, A Living Wage

John Ryan advocates for a living wage for citizens. The right to enjoy the money that you make. A working man is entitled to the money that he makes and he should be able to live off his/hers income.

Domestic Servants on Household Work

Less independence if you worked as a servant. They lived in the workplace. Women were harder on women.

A Plea to Citizenize the Indian

Pratt's speech that argues we should "kill the Indian, but save the man" by forcing them to adapt to our culture and ways of life through boarding schools he believes they are savages because they had been " Left in the surroundings of savagery... to possess a savage language, superstition, and life."

railroads - caused other businesses to boom - steel, lumber, oil, etc

Railroads connected the east to the west. Helped other business to boom.

sharecropping (A Sharecropping Contract)

Sharecropping was a compromise between blacks desire for independence from white control and planters desire for disciplined labor force. It was unfair to the workers because most of them were signing contracts even though they could not read or write. Also, labors often had to pay deductions at the end of the year and ended up not getting payed nearly enough. Many sharecroppers never get out of debt.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Home Life"

Stanton argues for women to take their own emancipation and end the authority that men have over wives in marriage.

Rudyard Kipling's "White Man's Burden"

That some nations were destined to dominate over others based on racial superiority. The White Man's burden was to govern and gather nonwhite people.

women's status in society after Civil War

They can't vote, no education, married but can't divorce, no ownership, no right to children if husband divorces, and can't testify in courts.

"Former Slaves Seek to Reunite Their Families" ads

To find their families ads contained where they were sold or who their last master was. This was a goal for newly freed slaves.

Plains Indians/Nez Perce

Tried to confine the tribe to reservations, they fought for their land and lost. They didn't want to fight but they believed they weren't being treated fairly.

strategies of resistance to working conditions

Workers resist these types of conditions by forming unions, and the second declaration of independence, organized strikes "scabs" , informal resistance- have control over your working life by for example slowing down your work, breaking machines.

Social Darwinism

a lot of people believed in this philosophy that the strongest survive.

Josiah Strong, Our Country

an updated version of the manifest destiny, Strong argues the importance for Americans to expand as a Christian missionary impulse.

child labor - why did business owners prefer children over adults as workers?

could be payed cheaper, smaller, less resistance. Has not been outlawed * as young as 3 years old

Second Industrial Revolution

during the gilded age, changes in business practices and innovations in technology especially the railroad.

laissez faire

economic freedom from the government. Limited or zero role from the government towards the free market. "natural order"

labor conditions under industrialization

extremely long hours (10-16hrs no breaks), low pay , dangerous, *lowest pay and highest accidents in the industrialized world.

Booker T. Washington

foundered of the Tuskegee institute. He emphasis in his writings that African Americans should focus on self-reliance and coming together now that they have their freedom. He talks about uplifting African Americans by earning skills and trades. He believes that African Americans should accommodate living with white society

newly freed slaves' conception of freedom after the Civil War

freedom meant escaping the numerous injustices of slavery and sharing the rights and opportunities of American citizens. They wanted: ownership over land/property, the opportunity to vote and find family members.

Gilded Age

growing divide between rich and poor. Seemed like the "golden age" but the only people who were getting richer were the rich.

H. M. Turner

he argues that because African Americans will never be respected in the united states he advocates for the removal of all African Americans. * colonization. He also argues that the United States should pay for it.

settlement house movement

helped immigrants become accumulated.

Emilio Aguinaldo on American Imperialism

his response to the American influence in the Philippines; we just got rid of a colonial power and now the US wants to take control over us. He is asking for independence and self-govern.

W. E. B. Du Bois

is a critic of Washington. He believes in higher education rather then trade school. He is mainly focused on political power and equality. He focuses on uplifting the "talented tenth"

Eugenics

is the idea that through selective breeding you can create a superior race. Margaret Sanger is a important eugenic activist.

Progressive era

major areas of focus or causes for reform.

Lynching

means murder by a mob. *hanging. It was a social event. Most common justification for lynching was rape. If a person was sent to jail a mob would carry the accused and carry out their own justice.

the diverse West - racial/ethnic groups

not easy to make a life in the west. Native Americans, Spanish speaking and Asian immigrants moved to the west for cheap labor. The land is not unsettled which leads to conflicts between Native Americans.

Plessy v Ferguson

said it was lawful to segregate based on race as long as there are equal amenities or facilities. "Separate but equal"

"Jim Crow"

social segregation in hopes it will establish a new social order. The name is based of a cartoon character. "separate but equal"

Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics

that a housewife is a servant. She argues that women have always worked and now even when they get home they have to work. In order for women to advance they need to economically independent. Advocate for economic independence

Carlisle Indian boarding schools

the removal of young Indians from their homes to adapt to American culture.

William Graham Sumner on Social Darwinism

uses Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to explain the success and failure of individuals in social classes.

vertical/horizontal integration

vertical integration- controls every stage in business, from raw materials to finished end product. Horizontal integration- includes vertical integration. They would buy up all the competitors. Rockefeller did this and owned more than a monopoly which is 50% of a market.

Ida B. Wells

was a anti-lynching activist. She talks about a story of 3 grocery store owners near a white grocer had them lynched because he didn't like the competition. Justification: rape of white woman by black man. The real reason for lynching is because these black men were lynched was because they were accumulating wealth.

Jane Addams

was the founder of the settlement house program. The purpose of these houses were to help immigrants become accumulated.

Socialism

where the wealth is spread evenly without social classes. They advocating free college tuition, worker ownership of factories. Emma Goldman was a socialist

disenfranchisement

you don't have the right to vote - poll taxes- had to pay to vote, property requirements- must own $300 worth of property to vote, literacy tests- if you can't pass a literacy test you can't vote, grandfather clause- you are "grandfathered in" and able to vote if your grandfather could read and write, violence- lynching