Exam 1

explain the differences bn c12 and c13

-AtomicMass of C: 12.1 -99% of carbon is c12 (which is stable) -1%: c13 is discriminated against when in form of co2 directly and indirectly bc it diffuses more slowly into water and air

How do acacias interact w caterpillars is there are not ants?

-Caterpillar ate all leaves of acacia except the shoot tips bc ant waits until he gets close to the shoot tip where queen it -caterpillar lays eggs, gets bitten by ants, and then leaves -she lays enough eggs that the plant can remain healthy -if there's not ant colony on tree , she'll lay way more eggs that will die of starvation Who are the herbivores that appear to eat the leaves, green thorns, and stems of the ant-acacia cleaned of its acacia-ant colony, and more interestingly, where do they come from? In the image, a katydid (Tettigoniidae) is eating a green thorn. Other herbivores are other katydids, grasshoppers (Acrididae), bugs (primarily Pentatomidae, Coreidae), beetles (Chrysomelidae, Scarabaeidae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae), and caterpillars (Saturniidae, Noctuidae, Geometridae, Notodontidae, Gelechiidae, Elachistidae).

what part of the world do human diets hurt the most and why

-Most foods that humans eat (chocolate, bananas, avocados, peppers, tomatoes, rice, tobacco, melons, squash, sugar) are coevolved and TROPICAL specie -The human genome is extinguishing easily 80% of the terrestrial species that were present during most of human evoltuion -Our coevolution with agricultural animals and plants has two parts: twist the genome (traditioanl crop and animal breeding) and clean away organisms that interfere (the latter is the major problem)

Pigs

-SE Asian omnivores -they plump so quickyl bc they usually dont have food -they live on nothign until bamboo seed crop feast -wild pigs nest and burrow bc their piglets are many and born so poorly developed

What is the origin of carat and why?

-Seed is non photosynthetic and shrink wrapped in seed coat -this mediterranean carob bean seed is dormant and white -one carob bean seed weighs one carat

chrysomeline chrysomelid beetle and milkweed- what's the beetles defense

-When the larvae of the chrysomeline chrysomelid beetles (so ostentatious on the upper leaf surface in image DHJanzen100275.jpg above) eclose as adults, the adults continue their life of feeding and mating directly on the milkweed plant and are colored as expected.-it's brihgt color comes from milkweed's toxic compounds which warns against predators (aposematic) -generally mimicking the red-and-black so common among aposematic insects feeding on milkweeds. they are born red and black

what are facultative defenses

-all organisms' defense systems are facultative -occurring optionally in response to circumstances rather than by nature. -the slower, more heterogenous , flexivle and unpredictable challenges the more important the facultative defenses

predator satiation

-an antipredator adaptation in which prey occur at high population densities reducing the probability of an individual being eaten -when predators are flooded with prey, they can only eat a certain amount- the prey benefit from safety in numbers -this trait is found in animals (wildebeests, cicadas, salmon and plants like bamboos) -biological anarchism

coevolution

-an evolutionary change in a trait of an indv. of one pop. in response to the trait of indvs. in another population, followed by an evol. response by the second population in response to the first

cashews 2ndry compounds

-anacardic acid- when we dry and roast nuts we rid them of the acid but those exposed die at 30

Acacia collinsii

-ants patrol flower but let bees through for pollination -w/o thorns there is not ant colony -once an acacia after 2 or 3 years gets throns, the plant hopes a queen recently full of sperm finds the and lay eggs -breaks off her wings after gathering sperm and travels for 30 days to find a new plant -trees live for 15-20 years -plants NEED ants for growth

why are bamboo semelparous

-aside from the current field of "grass" needing to die to give light and resources to new bamboo sends, bamboo is also semelparous

trophic cascade

-at each trophic level there's a cascade -the organisms w the greatest amount of heavy carbon and Oxygen are at the top of teh food chain -isotopic shift happen at each trophic cascade

bees + strobilanthes

-bees follow the semelaprous strobilanthes and move around -bears followed bees Now Apis dorsata is no clutzy ordinary honey bee. In addition to being able to build their massive wax nests on just about any vertical structure (not requiring a cavity in which to nest as is the case with Apis melifera, our domesticated (African) honeybee), and migrate tens of kilometers in search of massive food sources, this bee can also do what the adult pig or chicken or rat does when there is no bamboo seed crop. It can scavenge, and stay in the game on miserable resources.

Milkweed

-cardiac glyocide stops horses hearts . Its cardiac glycoside would probably just one more in the long list of compounds that protect plants from their herbivores, except that it also gives protection to the US national butterfly - the monarch.

inducible defenses

-deposits tanins in tunnels in leave where microbes and roganizmss have entered, instead of just leaving the tree -Inducible defenses are responses activated through a previous encounter with a consumer or competitor that confer some degree of resistance to subsequent attacks. PLants changes its defenses!!! THIS IS PLANT BEHAVIOR

Role of TCH

-gets you high and kills ovaries of female insect -growing pot in sun makes plant female and concentrates TCh in seeds

Hemlock

-humans die from it, birds can it a ton and store it in muscles

How did caroline paroquet go extinct

-in addition to losing their nest sites in bamboo, they were dependent on 7 year cane bamboo seed crop -these crops were wiped out and so were the parrots

what are the secondary compounds of plants?

-lectins, alkaloids, cyanogenics, terpenes, flavonoids, phenolcis, protease inhibitors, saponins

what do stable isotopes do? (2 things)

-link carbon and water cycles -trace co2 procsesses

how to branches work

-made by the tree the year before to hold the leaves (solar panels) -it's just another way to maek a leafy bunch -there can be different leaves on a branch or one bud that can give rise to a branch and leaves

Explain relationship of jungle fowl and bamboo

-mal chicken has a harem in teh forest w low grade food that keeps them all alive -each morning, the male crows to its neighbors seeing there they are -the male and the harem follow to the missing spot if they hear no response bc he's been taken by predator or the spot is vacant bc someone found a bamboos that dropped its seeds -if the latter is the case they eat and mate and dont fight (jungle fowl dont need insects)

rats +bamboo

-native to SE asia -they reproduce rapidlfy in response to feed from bamboo seed crop -these extra rats torment rice farmers bc rice is a product of grass like bamboo seeds are product of bamboo grass

how do cicadas model semelparous predator satiation?

-nymph cicadas eat for 13 or 17 years on roots of trees (millions of them) -after finishing nymph development they emerge and molt to adults, these adults reproduce and are highly edible, they lay their eggs and die. The nymphs then move underground for 13 to 17 years -during the emergence EVERYONE eats cicadas

at what temp does photosynthesis happen for different plants globally

-photosynthesis occurs at higher temperatures in cold places and a lower temperatures BUT almost all trees do photosynthesis at the same temperature -needlepacking is common in colder tree species so there's a less efficient of dissipation of heat

what are some non secondary compound defenses

-physical ( size ) -behavioral (fighting back) -hard/mechincal/structural (shell, trichomes, needles, spheres)

what are stable isotopes indicators of?

-plant env. interactions

what undergos respiration what creates oxidation

-plants, animals, microbes -fossil fuel combustion

why are secondary compounds so named

-scientists thought these wer was products

Cotyledon

-seedling leaves -they store nutrients from seed w -"The primary leaf in the embryo of the higher plants (Phanerogams); the seed-leaf -The store nutrients from seed from mom when being developed This storage organ is a leaf , they photosyntehsize The second set of leaves are what we think of as leaves

how does mating of pseudomyrmex acacia ants work

-sperm is release from one past mating incident and if she fertilizes it a female is made, if not fertilized it's a male worker ant

how do buds work

-the bud has no additional cellulose or water -leave was made the year before but is kept as bud until it warms and water is introduced -the water expands leaf and protein fills in w water until they are expanded

how do plants have an internal semelparous calendar

-the pattern of shorter and loger days (meanign length of sun expose) create a calendar -this can be replicate on a much shorts sclae by subjecting platn to same pattern of light and dark over time -this is why bamboo doesnt grow on equator bc nights and days arent long enough

the tree has water isotopic ration of o2

-the tree has the isotope ratio of the water coming through stem and some component of ratio of enrichments of the water

passenger pigeons + predator satiation

-they are beneficiaties of predator satiation of acorns -they are specialists are moving bn fruiting oak trees -oak seed crop is huge, feeding bears, pigeons, and deer

how has carbon isotop work improved crop water use efficiency

-they can select for grains that grow well in a certain env. -carbon isotopes in tree rings can be used to reconstruct climate

what do stable isotopes indicate

-they serve as indicatros of plant env. interactions

What happens to a tree without an ant colony that's already tall?

-vines take over the plant and act like trellises -the plant has no chem defenses bc it relied on plants

describe queen's colony

. Note that in contrast to the case with ordinary thorns, where almost all of the worker ants could be induced to leave the brood and go out to attack (and be vacuumed up), about 70 worker ants stayed in the queen thorn with her even when it was torn from the tree. She is very visible in the center with the very distended abdomen. Also included with her are masses of white eggs. The destiny of these eggs would have been to have been carried out to the various ordinary thorns on the tree and the larvae reared there. Larvae are not reared in the queen thorn. There is normally just one reproductive queen in the colony (the winged queens in the colony will not return once they have gone out on their mating flight, and the ant colony kills any queen from any source that attempts to enter the colony).

What are some coevol. traits of ants and acacias?

1-acacias have huge thorns that most animals can't process 2-Sugar producing glands on acacias are extrafloral 3-acacia leaves evolved into food bodies and can be kept in dry weather 4-Ants live in acacia's hollow stems -acacia thorns are thick and have volume that ants can hollow out to live in -acacias feed ants and feed their whole colony -ants defend acacia -Beltian bodies on plants leaf tips provide ants w animal protein to provide food they'd otherwise need to find somewhere else

How do the ants defend the acacia

=they sting and bite invading plants, leaving an open cylinder of space -they clear even underneath the plant

21. During what two physiological processes do plants discriminate against 13C compared to 12C? A. Diffusion into the leaf and photosynthesis B. Diffusion into the leaf and respiration C. Photosynthesis and respiration D. Photosynthesis and transpiration E. Respiration and the synthesis of defense compounds

A. Diffusion into the leaf and photosynthesis

76. Which of the following species is semelparous? A. Salmon B. Squirrel C. Red oak D. Humpback whale E. Acacia

A. Salmon

what does bamboo put all its energy into making? how often does it do this

And then one year the bamboo sends up - instead of leafy stems - stems that bear millions of wind-pollinated flowers, just like gigantic grass inflorescences. And no leaves. None at all. EVERYTHING goes into making those flower-bearing, and then seed-bearing stems, and then the plant dies. -SEEDS FALL IN ENORMOUS NUMBERS And in the case of this Phyllostachys bambusoides in Panama, this is 120 years after its parent flowered and fruited and died. And when this happened, P. bambusoides all over the world - England, Morocco, Brazil, Alabama, Japan, China - all flowered and fruited after 120 years of silence (to be accurate, the flowering was spread over a 2-3 year period if the globe as a whole is considere

Which of these is a benefit that acacia ants provide to their acacia tree? A. Removal of unnecessary material from the insides of the swollen acacia thorns B. Relief from plant-plant competition C. Protection from all animals that touch the tree D. Nutrients in the form of sugars E. Nutrients contained in Beltian bodies

B. Relief from plant-plant competition

describe bamboos semelparity?

Bamboo: big woody grass -120 year cycle -the overproduce seeds so another generation can come -regarldess of locations

and all the good things which an animals like have the worng sort fo swallow or too many spikes

Because the herbivores selected the plants to be that way But that rules out secondary compounds

94. In which of the following plants would you be most likely to find a chlorophyllous developing embryo (green seed)? A. A tropical understory shrub B. A temperate understory herb C. A vine with relatively translucent fruit D. A tree with relatively opaque fruit

C. A vine with relatively translucent fruit

17. Analysis of stable isotope ratios has many applications outside of studying ecosystems. Which of the following is not one of them? A. Determining the geographic origin of illicit drugs B. Detecting illegal steroid use in professional athletes C. Determining the age of objects by radioactive decay D. Tracing the past movements of individual people E. Finding the origin of counterfeit US money

C. Determining the age of objects by radioactive decay

27. Why would it be a problem for the acacia plant (now called Vachellia because of a taxonomic name change in 2015) if its ants patrolled its flowers in the same way as they patrol the leaves and branches? A. Acacia flowers are very fragile and the ants might damage them by climbing on them. B. Acacia flowers are toxic to the ants and might harm the ant colony, thus harming the acacia. C. The acacia needs other animals to access its flowers in order to reproduce. D. The scent of the ants may deter potential pollinators. E. If the ants get too close to the flowers, would-be pollinators may attack the ants.

C. The acacia needs other animals to access its flowers in order to reproduce.

how was counterfeit money proved to be manufactured elsewhere

Cotton used to produce money in a region of texas w a very specific isotope ratio, but there were extra bills and the only way we could detect the counterferit was the raiot of isotopes in the cotton native to Ukraine

69. What function does a sweet potato serve for the vine that produces it? A. It stores energy and nutrients to help the plant's seeds become established. B. It attracts animals that will disperse the plant's seeds. C. It stores nutrients for a single bout of reproduction. D. It stores nutrients for a period of very fast growth. E. It helps anchor the plant more firmly into the ground.

D. It stores nutrients for a period of very fast growth.

42. Why is it commonly believed in Asia that bamboo flowering years cause famines? A. The weather that triggers bamboos to flower is too dry for crop plants to prosper. B. The weather that triggers bamboos to flower predisposes crops to succumb to fungal diseases. C. The abundance of bamboo seeds makes it more difficult for animals to find more nutritious food, thus many animals starve or become malnourished in bamboo flowering years. D. Populations of seed predators such as rats and mice increase following bamboo massive seed production, and then spread into agricultural landscapes. E. This is a superstitious belief rooted in local folklore that science has recently refuted.

D. Populations of seed predators such as rats and mice increase following bamboo massive seed production, and then spread into agricultural landscapes.

96. Why do Passiflora vines benefit from having leaves of many different shapes? A. The leaves deter herbivores by mimicking the silhouettes of the herbivores' predators. B. The leaves attract pollinators by mimicking the shapes of flowers. C. The distinctive leaf shapes attract animals that will disperse the tree's seeds. D. The leaves deter herbivores by mimicking other, less suitable plants for oviposition E. The different leaf shapes fit closely together to maximize the plant's ability to use available light.

D. The leaves deter herbivores by mimicking other, less suitable plants for oviposition

68. You want to make a leather pouch from a squirrel skin. You poach a squirrel from the Biopond in the dead of night, boil oak bark in a pot of water and add your squirrel skin to the pot. After soaking for 48 hours in hot water, you refrigerate the skin and then eventually stretch it out in the sun to dry. What does the oak bark do to the squirrel skin to make this possible? A. The oak bark only contributes the brown color of leather; boiling in water alone would be sufficient to sterilize and preserve the squirrel skin. B. Tannins from the oak bark react with tannins the squirrel sequestered in its skin, giving it the characteristic brown color of leather. C. The oak bark releases sugars when boiled, which caramelize over the squirrel skin, preserving it and turning it brown. D. The oak bark releases tannins when boiled, which oxidize with the protein in the squirrel skin, protecting it from microbial enzymes. E. Lignin and cellulose from the oak bark are chemically transferred to the squirrel skin and render it difficult to decay

D. The oak bark releases tannins when boiled, which oxidize with the protein in the squirrel skin, protecting it from microbial enzymes.

Why do marijuana growers cultivate their plants only in high light and fertile soils? (Note: the active ingredient of marijuana is tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC). A. Marijuana plants will not grow under other conditions. B. These conditions cause the plant to make more leaves, which are harvested for their high THC concentrations. C. These conditions cause the plant to make a longer stem, which is harvested for its high THC concentration. D. These conditions allow the plant to make more female reproductive parts, which are harvested for their high THC concentrations. E. Fertile soils tend to contain higher microbial diversity than poorer soils, which increases the diversity of chemicals in the soil, making it more likely that the plant will take up and concentrate THC.

D. These conditions allow the plant to make more female reproductive parts, which are harvested for their high THC concentrations.

Acacias have nectaries both in their flowers and on their leaves (i.e. both floral and extrafloral nectaries). Which of the following is true of the nectars they produce? A. They are nutritionally similar because the two kinds of nectaries have the same developmental origin. B. They are nutritionally similar because they evolved to feed the same kind of animal. C. They are nutritionally different because extrafloral nectaries are evolutionarily newer and thus less well optimized to the dietary needs of the animals they feed. D. They are nutritionally different because they have evolved to feed different kinds of animals. E. They are nutritionally different because only one evolved to be eaten by an animal.

D. They are nutritionally different because they have evolved to feed different kinds of animals.

40. Which of these best describes the process of coevolution? A. One species evolving the ability to eat individuals of another species B. Two species evolving similar characteristics in response to similar environmental conditions, despite being unrelated to each other C. Two species evolving in response to their environment D. Two species evolving in response to each other's evolutionary changes E. Two species evolving tolerance to a similar set of abiotic stresses.

D. Two species evolving in response to each other's evolutionary changes

53. Which of the following statements about the assembly of ecological communities is false? A. Studying what happens when certain species are removed can tell us about which orders of colonization are possible and which are not. B. The majority of propagules entering a community will fail to establish and reproduce. C. The initial species present in a community can affect which species will subsequently become established in the community. D. Ecological communities are assembled by repeated colonization and extinction by individual species. E. Ecological communities include many species that have coevolved extensively with each other.

E. Ecological communities include many species that have coevolved extensively with each other.

31. Recall that carbon has an atomic mass of 12.01 atomic mass units. What does this tell us about carbon isotopes in nature? A. All naturally occurring carbon is 12C, and the extra 0.01 atomic mass units includes the mass of its electrons. B. Most naturally occurring carbon is 13C, but rare heavier or lighter isotopes exist. C. Most naturally occurring carbon is 12C. Rare heavier isotopes exist, and all are stable. D. Most naturally occurring carbon is 12C. Rare heavier isotopes exist, and all are radioactive. E. Most naturally occurring carbon is 12C. Rare heavier isotopes exist, which may be either stable or radioactive

E. Most naturally occurring carbon is 12C. Rare heavier isotopes exist, which may be either stable or radioactive

51. Which of these mechanisms might a plant use to optimize its female reproductive function? A. Chemically defending pollen grains against pollen predators. B. Depositing pollen selectively on those insect visitors most likely to leave that pollen on other plants. C. Producing increased floral rewards such as nectar during the time of year that the female parts of most other neighboring conspecifics are most receptive. D. Producing most of its pollen at the time of year that its most effective pollinators are active. E. Selectively aborting low-quality seeds to maximize investment in higher-quality seeds.

E. Selectively aborting low-quality seeds to maximize investment in higher-quality seeds.

57. Which of the following is not true of plant defenses? A. Plant defense strategies include physical and chemical mechanisms B. Some plant defenses are effective against parasites or predators other than the ones they initially evolved to repel C. Some plant defenses are not currently effective against the parasites they initially evolved to deter D. Lignin and cellulose are chemical, not just physical defenses E. Some plant defenses are effective against all herbivores

E. Some plant defenses are effective against all herbivores

97. Which of the following traits of non-mutualistic Pseudomyrmex ant species has been modified in acacia-dwelling ants? A. They prefer to live in hollow woody plant tissues such as hollow stems B. They are fast and agile runners, and see well C. The larvae can survive several weeks without food D. The worker ants do not have distinct morphological castes E. They eat insects

E. They eat insects

Lee sought to test whether later-successional tree seedlings grew differently on soils inhabited by grasses compared to soils inhabited by birch trees. Why did he cut down the grasses and birch trees in half of his plots? A. To protect his seedlings from plant diseases. B. To control for potential differences in mycorrhizal fungal communities in the soil. C. To deter deer from eating his experimental tree seedlings. D. To make it easier to plant and measure his experimental tree seedlings. E. To control for potential differences in aboveground competition from grasses and birches.

E. To control for potential differences in aboveground competition from grasses and birches.

what happens if an acacia seedling doesnt have ants

In contrast with the plant in DHJanzen100139.jpg, this control plant (no ants, shade) has grown not at all and is dying. Most of the other members of its experimental plot are dead. acacias also need a lot of sun- hence why keeps predatros out means more than just getting close.

What do these ant do on and for acacias?

In many cases, the ants not only forage on this foliage, but territorially protect the nectaries and their vicinity from any (or most) intruders. -by both reducing herbivory and reducing shading by neighboring upright plants and vines (see later)

how has ant-acacia changed the location of acacias?

In other words, an ant-acacia is a dryland plant that has evolutionarily moved into more mesic (moist) habitats by virtue of having a protective ant colony. they reside in coastal mexico

what's a downside for the queen living in her set of thorns

Note that all but two of her six legs have been amputated. This damage occurs when she is changing thorns. When she is to move to a new thorn, she stops reproducing and her abdomen slims somewhat. She then attempts to go out the exit hole in the thorn (which the workers also attempt to enlarge) but often gets stuck. The worker ants pull very hard on her legs to help her through the hole, and in the process sometimes cut or rip off pieces of legs. The fewer legs, the more likely she is to fall once out of the thorn and moving to the next. If she falls, the chance of loss of the queen by the colony is very high (the ants can pick her up from the ground and take her back up, but she has a good chance of being taken by a predator when on the ground). She has the physiology to survive 20 years of this treatment, but I suspect often does not.

what are the qualities of a new acacia seedling

Note that in its first growth, it does not invest in swollen thorns or Beltian bodies (the first leaves DO have nectaries). The seedling ant-acacia eventually produces its first several thorns, here visible in the crown of the young small plant. Newly fecundated queens, searching the habitat for unoccupied ant-acacias find these plants and attempt to occupy one of the thorns.

what do O isotopes vary with?

O Isotopes vary with plant type, but 18O content reflects: plants and weather to some extent

When do acacia seek height in their life time

Once the young sapling has a healthy young colony (100 to 1000 worker ants), it grows upward at a very high rate After growing 12-15-20 years, the ant-acacia dies of (programmed senescence). This 15-year-old individual was cut out of the general vegetation surrounding (and now, overtopping) it and put out against the sky to see it better. Its ratty top is heavily defoliated because its ant colony has died recently (probably of old age, or an accident to the queen).

how are scarab beetle (pelidnote punctulata ) and acaia not co evolved?

Pelidnota (beetle) Tank or armored car, ants try to sting through the armor but they can't The beetle usually eats roots in the soil, the only species of plant it feeds on is the beetle If the beetle can sit there and feed on the leaf, this way the beetle gets some protection for the ants against birds, bats The beetle must have the behavior to not flee the acacia ants, so the beetle can stay put This wouldn't work in general world where some species of the ants could get through the beetle armour

how is pig reproduction dependent upon bamboo seed crop

Pigs are not only pumping out the kids that are dependent almost from birth on an external source of food, but also the mother is set up for multiple subsidy stations. This is a machine designed to be a pig in the presence of a bamboo seed crop.

what have plants been doing and how much to keep up w humans?

Prior to industrial revolution, photosynthesis and respiration were approximately balanced globally. The increase in atmospheric CO2 is undoubtedly due to the burning of fossil fuels. Half of all fossil fuel CO2 released has been assimilated by photosynthesis (meaning the plants have saved our butts so far...).

how do acacias specfically protect the Queen

Queen thorns are much stronger than ordinary thorns, and much harder to break or rip open. They have fibers running at angles through the thorn walls, and have clearly been evolved to protect the colony queen - if she is killed, the colony dies (it does not replace the queen) and the tree is then without its defenses.

turpenes

Scraped from the wound in the tree, these dry resins can be processed and distilled into very liquid parts (turpentine) and other more gooey resins to be incorporated into varnish and other hard commercial resins. (resins, one of which is turpentine); it appears to be the outer part of the sapwood. Terpenoids (terpenes) occur in all plants and represent the largest class of secondary metabolites with over 22,000 compounds described. The simplest terpenoid is the hydrocarbon isoprene (C5H8), a volatile gas emitted during photosynthesis in large quantities by leaves that may protect cell membranes from damage caused by high temperature or light. Terpenoids are classified by the number of isoprene units used to construct them. For example, monoterpenoids consist of two isoprene units, sesquiterpenoids (three units), diterpenoids (four units), and triterpenoids (six units). Monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids are the primary components of essential oils, which are highly volatile compounds that contribute to the fragrance (essence) of plants that produce them. Essential oils often function as insect toxins and many protect against fungal or bacterial attack

why are syssphinx mex. and acacica not co evolved

Syssphinx mexicana (Saturniidae) is a large yellow moth While the adult moth does not feed, the large caterpillar has just one kind of food plant - ant-acacias. It is an obligate feeder on ant-acacias, a trait that presumably evolved as part of the evolution of its food plant specificity. Finding an ant-acacia, she grabs a leafy branch and relatively slowly begins to lay her eggs (see below) one at a time, gluing them firmly to the underside of a leaf. Simultaneously, the ants patrolling that branch pile onto her and begin to bite and sting. At first, all they get is a mouthful (mandibleful) of yellow hair, but within a minute or two have gotten past that and down to the cuticle below the hair. When she feels this contact, she stops ovipositing and flees. The egs cant be destroyed by the ant and are killed 6 days later and the eggs acquire the tree's scent Syssphinx mexicana has evolved a number of traits as part of its obligatory use of ant-acacias (its larvae develop poorly or not at all on other species of Fabaceae, presumably because of the defensive chemicals in the foliage of these other plants), but there is no indication that the ants have evolved any trait (either repulsive or facilitatory) in response to the presence and activities of Syssphinx mexicana eggs, caterpillars and adults.

tannins

Tanning -from tanins -boil wood that makes tanins -this liquid binds to proteins on animals skin, ideally stretch it and put it in sun Persimmons: have tannins but are edible bc we've bread persimmons to have the tannins to bind to existing compounds in the plant Ebony (from persimmon trees) -center of a tree trunk -it cuts across the rings -the tree is sequestering nasty cyanides, it makes a rock hard core, waiting for hte rain to leach the secondary compounds

what is in tea?

Teine (yes, you are correct, it is yet another alkaloid - along with morphine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine, cocaine - a small, nitrogen-containing molecule that passes readily through intestinal and cell walls and then interferes with various kinds of cell metabolism). And tannin (see below). So a cup of tea is really a soup of a powerful narcotic drug and a tanning agent. We drink it for the teine - the tannin comes off as flavor, but in fact it is actually tanning our gut and interfering with digestion by binding to the gut wall (the astringent taste in your mouth) and to enzymes in the gut. So now you know why regular tea drinking societies often put milk in their tea - the tannins bind with the milk proteins rendering them non-noxious to your own gut.

how is farming chicken reminiscient of bamboo mast seeding

a farmer is just the Bamboo seed crop -chickens are a machine -their behavior is not domestication, it's inherent -the dependent upon predator satiation in the wild

why is the world not really colored green

but L-dopa, cocaine and caffeine. AND, biodiversity prospecting.

what are stable isotopes in water a function of?

h2o16 evaporates easier than h2o18. but o18 is pereferentially removed relative to o16 by precipitation. therefore, oceans are rich in o18 and glaciers hole the precipitated o16. 18O is two neutrons heavier than 16O and causes the water molecule in which it occurs to be heavier by that amount. The addition of more energy is required to vaporize H218O than H216O, and H218O liberates more energy when it condenses. In addition, H216O tends to diffuse more rapidly. 18O is a rare form and is found in only about 1 in 500 atoms of oxygen. Furthermore, evaporated 16O water returns preferentially to the atmospheric system as it evaporates and 18O remains in liquid form or is incorporated into the body water of plants and animals As an air mass moves from a warm region to a cold region, water vapor condenses and is removed as precipitation. The precipitation removes H218O, leaving progressively more H216O-rich water vapor. This distillation process causes precipitation to have lower 18O/16O as the temperature decreases.

what do all plants have a defense againt

herbivores however, each defense is breached by some herbivore; no herbivore can breach all

Why does acacia stay green in dry season?

it holds onto leaves to keep the ants for the next season though all else drop leaves . By retaining its leaves throughout the dry season (which presumably has its cost in deeper roots, more waxy leaf cuticles, greater resistance to herbivory, and ??), the ant-acacia maintains a full and healthy acacia-ant colony. The large leaves (produced during the previous rainy season) long since have had their Beltian bodies eaten off, but continue to produce foliar nectar daily. The continuous crop of Beltian bodies is produced by producing shoots with dwarfed leaves (and often minute non-swollen thorns) but full-sized Beltian bodies.

-figs, papaya (ficin, papain) defense

latex -proteolytic enzymes: these enzymes degrade proteins, specifically proteins of parasite -Ficus glabrata latex has been a well-known anthelminthic (parasite) remedy in the neotropical regions since ancient times. The latex has been commercially exploited for decades because of its content of the proteolytic enzyme-complex ficin As mentioned in a previous lecture, Asclepias syriaca foliage is rich in latex-bearing vessels. Here, a broken leaf oozes cardiac glycoside-rich latex at its stump.

herbivores do not eat:

latin binomials. they eat parts of them meaning parts of a tree, not the whole thing -every acceptable food however has a satiation level

what arae heartwood's adaptations

makes the inside toxic to preadators, but the heartwood does not put toxic chemicals in the center. The most toxic part of heartwood is near the outer perimeter. The tree produces a hollow core, it's roots grow into hollow core and insects and animals live in hollow core. They shit and pee and the tree harvest nutrients from the -Rather, the rotten, hollow core is an adaptive trait, selected for as a mechanism of nitrogran and mineral trap[ing. A rotten core is a site of animals nest, animal defecation, and microbial metabolism that should result in a steady fertilization of the soil under the base of the tree

can only leaves photosynthesize

no the bark can too, like on aspens! -desert and arctic species have photosynthetic green stems

are all secondary compounds intrsinically toxic

no, one beast' drink is another beast's poison -every acceptable food however has a satiation level

what has less c13 plants or the air

plants Plants have less 13CO2 than the atmosphere. The amount of 13C that plants contain varies by: Plant type Plant response to climate: more 13C = more water use efficient = more Carbon gained per H2O lost. Where they are grown

semelparous

reproduce and die- like salmon, 13 + 17 year cicadas, and Bamboo

best known ex of semelparous predator satiation

salmon- the grow for 3-6 years , first in river and then return to sea, the spawn back in rivers -

are all green seeds photosynthetic?

tbd

allelopathy

the chem inhibition of one plant by another, due to the releaseinto the end. of substances acting as germination or growth inhbitiors

how are plants anachronistic

the do not have linear combinations fo traits over time, they have traits that vary and change w time

Which of these is a function of an immature fruit?

to protect the seeds from being eaten

where does O2 in plants comes from

water water with 16o enters to make water w 18o inside the plant and co2 is given off -the tree has the isotope ratio of the water coming through stem and some component of ratio of enrichments of the water

Is bamboo a semelparous predator

we have a plant that synchronously over large areas (under natural circumstances) produces enormous quantities of highly edible seeds - this is massive semelparous satiation of seed predators.

Iteroparous

you produce and dont die