Exam 1 part 1

The research method in which people or animals are directly observed in their natural environments is called _____ ____________.

naturalistic observation

Knowing that height and body weight are positively correlated means that as height increases, weight _____.

increases

With surveys, researchers try to obtain a _____ sample, one that will be representative of the ______ being studied. In such a sample, every person ______ have a chance of being included.

random, population, does

An important factor in the validity of survey research is the ______ of questions

wording

Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables? A) a correlation coefficient B) a random sample C) a double-blind procedure D) an independent variable

A) a correlation coefficient

In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the ________ variable. A) dependent B) experimental C) control D) independent

A) dependent

Akira believes that her son has become a good student because he is frequently praised for his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. A) behavior genetics B) neuroscience C) psychodynamic D) behavioral

D) behavioral

. The scientific study of mental activities associated with perceiving, processing, and remembering information is most central to A) clinical psychology. B) humanistic psychology. C) evolutionary psychology. D) cognitive psychology

D) cognitive psychology

Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes? A) evolutionary psychology B) Freudian psychology C) behavior genetics D) behaviorism

B) Freudian psychology

Which research method assesses how well one variable predicts another without demonstrating a cause-effect relationship between the variables? A) naturalistic observation B) correlational research C) the case study D) the experimental method

B) correlational research

One research team studied the ups and downs of human moods by counting positive and negative words in 504 million Twitter messages from 84 countries. The researchers' method best illustrates the use of A) experimentation. B) naturalistic observation. C) case studies. D) a survey

B) naturalistic observation

Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of the findings? A) naturalistic observation B) replication C) random sampling D) the case study

B) replication

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses? A) evolutionary B) neuroscience C) behavioral D) behavior genetics

C) behavioral

. An experiment enables researchers to isolate the effects of one or more factors by manipulating the factors of interest and also by A) obtaining participants' informed consent prior to beginning the experiment. B) summarizing participants' responses with a correlation coefficient. C) holding other factors constant across experimental and control groups. D) fully debriefing participants after completing the experiment

C) holding other factors constant across experimental and control groups.

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on A) natural selection. B) brain chemistry. C) unconscious conflicts. D) learned behaviors.

C) unconscious conflicts.

Sherry is often overly generous in sacrificing her time to help others. Her friend suggests that by keeping busy in this way Sherry avoids confronting her own unconscious conflicts. Her friend's suggestion illustrates the type of explanation that is most typical of A) evolutionary psychology. B) cognitive neuroscience. C) structuralism. D) Freudian psychology.

D) Freudian psychology

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative sample of a population is known as A) naturalistic observation. B) debriefing. C) a case study. D) a survey

D) a survey.

Assessing how well one variable predicts another variable is to _________ as detecting cause-effect relationships between different variables is to _________. A) naturalistic observation; case studies B) descriptive methods; correlational methods C) a control group; an experimental group D) correlational research; experimental research

D) correlational research; experimental research

. In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, mental alertness would be the A) control condition. B) independent variable. C) experimental condition. D) dependent variable

D) dependent variable.

Random assignment minimizes ________ between experimental and control groups. Random sampling minimizes ________ between a sample and a population. A) similarities; differences B) differences; similarities C) similarities; similarities D) differences; differences

D) differences; differences

. In an experimental study, men with erectile disorder received either Viagra or a placebo. In this study, the drug dosage (none versus peak dose) was the A) confounding variable. B) dependent variable. C) random sample. D) independent variable.

D) independent variable.

. A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n) A) hypothesis. B) control condition. C) replication. D) operational definition

D) operational definition.

Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's A) childhood memories. B) genetic predispositions. C) unconscious thought processes. D) potential for growth.

D) potential for growth.

Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? A) evolutionary B) neuroscience C) cognitive D) social-cultural

D) social-cultural

Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about A) what experimental hypothesis is being tested. B) whether the experimental findings will be meaningful. C) how the dependent variable is measured. D) which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.

D) which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving

Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation do not explain behavior; they simply _______ it.

_describe

A correlation between two events or behaviors means only that one event can be _____ from the other.

_predicted

Psychologists use the __________ __________ to guide their study of behavior and mental processes.

_scientific method_

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events is a _________. Testable predictions that allow a scientist to evaluate a theory are called ________. These predictions give direction to ________.

_theory_, _hypotheses, _research_

Although case studies can suggest directions for further study, a potential problem with this method is that any given individual may be _______.

atypical_

When neither the participants nor the person collecting the data knows which condition a participant is in, the researcher is making use of the ______-_____ procedure.

double - blind

The research strategy in which one or more individuals is studied in depth in order to reveal universal principles of behavior is the _______ _______.

case study

When changes in one factor are accompanied by changes in another, the two factors are said to be _______, and one is thus able to ________ the other. The statistical expression of this relationship is called a ______ ________.

correlated, predict, correlation coefficient

The tendency to perceive an outcome that has occurred as being obvious and predictable is called the _____ _________. This phenomenon is ________.

hindsight bias, Rare

If your level of test anxiety goes down as your time spent studying for the exam goes up, you would say these events are ____ correlated.

negatively

To prevent theoretical biases from influencing scientific observations, research must be reported precisely—using clear ______ _______ of all concepts—so that others can ______ the findings.

operational definition, replicate

Researchers sometimes give certain participants a pseudotreatment, called a _____, and compare their behavior with that of participants who receive the actual treatment. When merely thinking that one is receiving a treatment produces results, a _____ _____ is said to occur.

placebo, placebo effect

If two factors increase or decrease together, they are ________ _____. If, however, one decreases as the other increases, they are ______ ______.

positively correlated, _negatively correlated

. The method in which a group of people is questioned about their attitudes or behavior is the ______.

survey

If eating saturated fat and the likelihood of getting cancer are positively correlated, what could you say about the relationship between saturated fat and cancer? ______

the more you eat the more likely it is that you will have cancer