exam 1 questions

Which two of these polymerases function with the central dogma of biology. (This does not include viral polymerases.)

*DNA -dependent RNA-polymerase *DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase

DNA is replicated by

DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase

Which experimental trial shows the highest efficacy?

Experiment 3

How are most cancers named?

From the type of tissue from which the cancer arises.

The astronomer Carl Sagan proposed that he had an indivisible, undetectable dragon in his garage.

This is an invalid scientific hypothesis, and one cannot know if it is right or wrong.

When are chromosomes copied?

between the growth phase (G1) and preparation for cell division (G2).

You are looking at two articles, both posted on the same day but one in a pre-print server and one in a peer-reviewed journal. Which two of the following statements below are correct? (Select two.)

*The authors might consider revising the article in the pre-print server, but not the one in the journal. *The article in the pre-print server was probably written more recently than the one in the journal.

Which of the following relationship between apoptosis and genes associated with cancer is true?

An inactive tumor suppressor leads to less apoptosis

Which of the following statements about homeostasis is false?

Homeostasis works only at the level of the organism. Other mechanisms are responsible for maintaining cellular processes.

Which of the following statements correctly describes telomere length in normal and cancer cells?

Telomeres are longer in embryonic cells than in most adult cells.

Which of the following in not a possible outcome of a base substitution in a protein-coding gene.

The protein might be unchanged chemically but changed functionally.

Suppose that a cell's replication of DNA is prevented from finishing. You would expect the cell

to arrest the cell cycle in G2.

If a person has a cancer that interferes with organs of the urinary system, that person may have trouble

with regulating the water-salt balance of the blood.

If a breast cancer patient has not responded to treatment and the cancer has spread to the brain, the patient is classified as having Stage ______ cancer.

4

Which of the following is a valid scientific hypothesis?

If you go directly South exactly 112 miles from the middle of goat island in the Niagara river you will find three hobbits living under an old oak tree.

Which of the statements below is the best description of confirmation bias?

Overvaluing ideas or information that appears to match our pre-existing worldview.

Consider an aardvark liver cell and a worm muscle cell in the aardvark and worm respectively. The two cells have different shapes and carry out very different functions. The direct cause of these differences is:

The cells have different proteins.

Which of the following are reasons comparing efficacy in different experimental treatments may not give an accurate picture of the relative effectiveness of those treatments against disease?

The method of calculating efficacy changes over time.

Consider two DNA-dependent DNA-polymerases, each bound to a strands of the DNA double helix and directly apart from one another. As they become active, which of the following results are possible. (Assume that each has already started polymerizing so that it can continue to add new nucleotides.)

The polymerases would go in opposite directions.

Suppose that a t-test revealed a p-value of 0.04. What would you conclude?

You would reject the null hypothesis and would say the differences are significantly significant.

Benign tumors are not considered a threat because they

do not spread or cause more tumors.

Myc is an proto-oncogene/oncogene, BRCA is a tumor suppressor. Which of the statements below is true?

1 abnormal copy of myc can promote tumorigenesis but it takes 2 abnormal copies of BRCA to promote tumorigenesis.

Humans have 23 "sets" of chromosomes. Suppose that you are looking at a cell just entering M but before the separation of the chromosomes to the daughter cells. You would expect:

46 chromosomes each with 2 chromatids.

Suppose you have a gene that contains a single nucleotide deleted halfway through the coding sequence for a protein. You would expect:

The first part of the protein to be similar to wild-type, but the last half of the protein will have very different amino acids.

An editor for a journal is selecting peer reviewers for a manuscript. Which of these qualifications is most important?

The peer reviewer should be an expert in the area.

Which of these statements best describes a p-value?

The probability that the difference in the average (means) in the treatments is due to chance, assuming the null is true.

Hydroxychloroquine has been proposed as a treatment for COVID. Suppose that you are trying to determine if 50 mg hydroxychloroquine reduced the possibility of college-age students coming down with COVID. The independent variable would be:

Whether the students were given a pill containing hydroxychloroquine or a pill with no active ingredient.

Cells within the inside of a tumor secrete growth factors, which cause capillaries to grow toward the tumor. This process is called ______, and contributes to the growth and spread of the tumor.

angiogenesis

A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene can lead to cancer because these genes are involved in:

checking the DNA for damage during the cell cycle.

You are reading an article about a person being diagnosed with a type of sarcoma. This type of cancer affects __________.

connective tissue

Consider the two hypothetical experiments shown here. The average values in the control and experimental treatments are the same in both cases, and therefore the difference between them is the same too. (Experiment 1 is to your left.) In which experiment, would you have more confidence that the treatment really caused the difference in average values?

experiment 1

You have heard an advertising jingle for a cleaning product multiple times. When you are in the store looking at cleaners, you are ___ likely to associate that brand with cleaning than the other brands due to ___.

more / cognitive ease

Which stage of a clinical trail is the one that requires the use of a control with placebos, involves large numbers of patients and must be passed before FDA approval of the treatment.

stage 3

Most cells in your body are at a particular cell cycle checkpoint. Which one?

G1

In a double-blind experimental design for a medical trial:

Neither the patient nor the doctors know who has gotten the experimental treatment and who got the control treatment.

Which of the following can be directly tested with statistics?

The average heights are the same in college-aged men born in the odd and months.

You are comparing two studies that focused on whether cell phone use is dangerous. In both cases, the investigators compared 100 students who spent more than 3 hours a day on the phone with other 100 students who spent less that 15 minutes a day on the phone. In study A, the investigators compared the student outcomes with respect to 80 different diseases and found that there were significant differences in 4 of them. In study B the investigators focused on only 1 disease that they were concerned about and found a significant difference between the groups. As a student who uses their cell phone more than 3 hours a day...

You should be more worried about study A, because it was a much more comprehensive study which considered many more outcomes.