Exam 1 study

List Koch's postulates

(1) The agent must be found; (2) inoculations of a pure culture must reproduce the same disease in animals; (3) the agent must again be present in the experimental animal; and (4) a pure culture must again be obtained.

What scientific contributions did Louis Pasteur make?

(considered one of the founders of microbiology) made enormous contributions to our understanding of the roles of microorganisms in many aspects of medicine and industry. He developed two vaccines (rabies and anthrax) and clarified the actions of microbes in fermentation. He also invented pasteurization and complete some of the first studies showing that human disease could arise from infection. His studies eventually became part of germ theory of disease.

What scientific contributions did Antone VonLeeuwenhoek make?

(considered the father of bacteriology and protozoology) contribution was his single-lense microscope. During his life he constructed more than 250 small powerful microscopes.

What scientific contributions did Sir Edward Jenner make?

(considered the father of immunology) created first vaccination in which he used to control smallpox.

How do Viruses differ from bacteria and eukaryotic cells?

* The only parts to a virus include: covering ( capsid or envelope) and a central core ( containing nucleic acid molecules = DNA or RNA. or Matrix proteins )* Very small , not cellular in nature (sturcture very compact and economical), have capsids (protein shell), Lack enzymes, lack machinery for synthesizing proteins.

Name Koch's 4 Postulates

1.) the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts. 2.) The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased host ( and from all other microorganisms) and grow in a pure culture. 3.) When susceptible, healthy animals are infected with pathogens from the pure culture, the specific symptoms of the disease must occur. 4.) The microorganism must be re-isolated from the diseased animal correspond to the original microorganism in pure culture.

Eukaryotic

A cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane (a well defined nucleus), membrane-bounded subcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division.

Theory

A collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event.

Pure culture

A container growing a single species of microbe whose identity is known.

Mixed Culture

A container growing two or more different, known species of microbes.

species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. ( In the levels of classification, the most specific level of organization.)

Protozoa

A group of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms that feed on other cells and usually have a locomotor organelle. (animal like)

Agar

A polysaccharide found in seaweed and commonly USED TO PREPARE SOLID CULTURE MEDIA.

What are Koch's Postulates?

A series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused.

Hypothesis

A tentative explanation of what has been observed or measured.

Helminth

A term that designates parasitic worms such as roundworms and flatworms.

What scientific contributions did Oliver Wendel Holmes make?

American physician that observed that mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections that did mothers who gave birth in the hospital

Contaminiation

An undesirable or not intentional organism outside of its intended container.

What are the 5 kingdoms of life?

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera

Pathogen

Any agent—usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth—that infects body tissues and causes disease.

Prion

Any of various infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins, that proliferate by inducing the normal protein to convert to the abnormal form, and that in mammals include pathogenic forms.

Attenuated

Any process that substantially lessens or negates the virulence of viruses or bacteria

What organisms are contained in the Kingdom Protista and why is is so diverse?

Any simple eukaryotic cell that lacks multicellular structure or cell specialization (generally categorized as Alga (photosynthetic) or protozoan( nonphotosynthetic).

What distinguishes the Prokaryota from the Archae? ( why are the archea placed in a different domain even though they are prokaryotic cells?)

Archea have are able to preform protein synthesis and have similar ribosmal subunit structures to eukarya vs prokaryotes. They also have the ability to thrive in really harsh environments.

What is the name of the Rod-Shaped Bacteria.

Bacillus

How to Prokaryotic Cells reproduce?

Binary Fission.

Describe at least 3 different ways that humans use microorganisms to their benefit.

Biotechnology - applying the power of microbesto the manufacture of industrial products,foods, and drugs. Genetic Engineering- altering genetic material to produce new products and modified life forms. Bioremediation - Using microbes to clean up pollutants and wastes in natural environments.

Immunology

Branch of microbiology that studies the complex web of protective substances and reactions cause by invading microbes and other harmful entities.

What scientific contributions did Semmeweis make?

Building on Holmes's observation of mothers giving birth in a hospital experienced more infections than mothers who gave birth at home. Semmeweis furthered the observation by showing that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians coming directly from the autopsy room.

Bacteria

Category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls and a single, circular chromosome. This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earth's habitats.

What is the name of the spherical-shapped bacteria

Coccus

What are the major characteristics of the Kingdom Monera?

Consists of all bacteria. Unicellular, lack nucleus and organelle bound by cell membrane.

What is the correct order of the taxa from most general to most specific

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

What scientist pioneered vaccinations?

Edward Jenner

What scientific contributions did John Tyndall make?

English physicist, provided the initial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance and that particularly vigorous treatment is required to destroy them.

What scientific contributions did Robert Koch make?

Established Koch's Postulates, a series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused. Also realized that study of the microbial world would require separating microbes from each other and growing them in culture.

Which of the 5 Kingdoms are studied in Microbiology?

Fungi, Protista, and Monera

What is the proper use of Binomial Nomenclature?

Genus name first with the first letter capitalized followed by the species name lower cased in all italics. ( if writing by hand just underline since you cannot use italics)

What scientific contributions did Ferdinand Cohn make?

German botanist, building on Tyndalls observations , discovered heat-resistant baterial endospores and clarified why heat would sometimes fail to completely eliminate all microorganisms.

Fungi

Heterotrophic unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organism that may take the form of a larger macroscopic organism, as in the case of mushrooms, or a smaller microscopic organism, as in the case of yeasts and molds

Strain

In microbiology, a set of descendants cloned from a common ancestor that retain the original characteristics. Any deviation from the original is a different strain.

Refraction

In optics, the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another with a different index of refraction.

Family

In the levels of classification, a mid-level division of organisms that groups more closely related organisms than previous levels. An order is divided into families.

Order

In the levels of classification, the division of organisms that follows class. Increasing similarity may be noticed among organisms assigned to the same order.

Class

In the levels of classification, the division of organisms that follows phylum.

Kingdom

In the levels of classification, the second division from more general to more specific. Each domain is divided into kingdoms.

Genus

In the levels of classification, the second most specific level. A family is divided into several genera.

Phylum

In the levels of classification, the third level of classification from general to more specific. Each kingdom is divided into numerous phyla.

What does agar offer over gelatin?

It does not melt at room temperature and cannot be digested by microbes.

How Broad is the scope of Microbiology?

It is very broad. Microbiology is one of the largest and most complex of the biological sciences because it integrates subject matter from many diverse desciplines

What scientific contributions did Carl Von Linne make?

Laid down the basic rules for taxonomic categories, or taxa

Eucaryote

Living organisms composed of one or more cells with a nuclei, membrane bound organelles, and capable of mitotic cell division. Includes all forms of life except archaea and bacteria (the prokaryotes) and viruses.

Compound Microscope

Micro scope that has two lenses (ocular and compound)

Procaryote

Microorganism that lacks a nucleus and organelles.

simple microscope

Microscope consisting of one single magnifying lense

Virus

Microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

How do Eukaryotic Cells reproduce?

Mitosis

What modern Technology contributed to the need for the Woese-Fox taxonomic scheme?

Molecular biology ? Microscopes?

What are the major characteristics of the Kingdom Animalia?

Multicellular highly complex organisms

Why was it necessary to generate the 3 domains in the taxonomic scheme?

New technology allowed scientists to examine the structure and function of individual genes . So to clarify relationships between organisms based on similarities in their genetic material rather than simply shared characteristics.

Media

Nutrient used to grow organisms outside of their natural habitats.

What scientific contributions did Joseph Lister make?

One of the first people (surgeon) to introduce aseptic techniques aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting and preventing wound infections. Mainly involved disinfecting the hands and the air with strong antiseptic chemicals.

What does the addition of agar to microbial media allow?

Providing a mixture of nutrients that could support the growth of a variety of bacteria and fungi.

How did Louis Pasteur disprove the theory of Spontaneous Generation? And What problems remained?

Setup an experiment that he believed would prove that air and dust were the source of microbes and that fermentation of beer and wine were brought about by activities of microbes introduced into the beverage from air, fruits,and grains. His experiment included swan-neck shaped tubes one that would be snapped off to introduce air and another with the neck in place. His experiment was a success.

What are the major characteristics of the Kingdom Protista?

Simple Eukaryotic cell , highly specialized for feeding, reproduction and locomotion

Prokaryotic

Small cell lacking special structures such as a nucleus and organelles. All prokaryotes are microorganisms.

What is the name of the spiral-shaped bacteria?

Spirillum

Describe the process of Tyndallization

Sterilization designed to destroy spores indirectly. A preparation is exposed to flowing steam for an hour, followed by incubation to permit spore germination. The resultant new vegetative cells are destroyed by repeated steaming and incubation.

Taxa

Taxonomic categories.

What is the advantage of solid media?

The ability to isolate and culture bacteria and fungi.

Magnification

The ability to make objects appear larger

Resolution

The capacity of an optical system to distinguish two adjacent objects or points from one another

Taxonomy

The formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things.

Phylogeny

The natural relatedness between groups of living things.

Parasitology

The study of Parasitism and parasitic organisms - traditionally including pathogenic protozoa, helminth worms, and certain insects.

Bacteriology

The study of bacteria - small single-celled prokaryotic organisms

Mycology

The study of fungi- a group of eukaryotes that includes both microscopic Eukaryotes (molds and yeasts) and larger organisms (mushrooms, puffballs)

Microbiology

The study of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and algae)

Morphology

The study of organismic structure.

Protozoology

The study of protozoa - animal-like and mostly single-celled eukaryotes

Epidemiology

The study of the factors affecting the prevalence and spread of disease within a community.

Molecular Biology

The study of the function of genetic material and biochemical reactions that make up a cell's metabolism

Virology

The study of viruses - minute, noncellular particles tht parasitize cells.

Culture

The visible accumulation (or growth ) of microorganisms in or on a nutrient medium.

What purpose do Koch's Postulates serve?

To aid in determining the causative agents of disease.

What are bacterial endospores?

Tough, non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

Compare and Contrast the whittaker taxonomic scheme with the Woese-Fox Taxonomic Scheme

Whittaker = 5 classifications , Wose-Fox = 3 classifications

What is a prion?

a group of noncellular infectious agents that are not viruses and really belong in a category all by themselves

What is a virus?

a unique group of biological entities known to infect every type of cell, including bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, and animals.

Plankton

large floating community of microscopic organisms that play an essential role in aquatic food webs and contribute significantly to the oxygen content of the atmosphere through photosynthesis.

What are the major characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi?

mostly unicellular or colonial with few exceptions. Contain the polysaccharide ,chitin, in their cell walls and a sterol, ergosterol in their cell membranes. Kingdom split into two basic morphological types: Hyphae and Yeasts.

A ____ lives in or on the body of a larger organism called the host and derives most of its sustenance from that host. Its actions usually damage the host through infection and disease.

parasite

A ___ is defined as a disease causing agent.

pathogen

Microbial Physiology

study of microbial functions

Inoculate

to implant microorganisms into or upon culture media

What diseases are associated with Prions?

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies