Exam 2

Mindful meditation's link to attention could best be described by ______.

its activation of the prefrontal cortex

Sensory neglect (also called hemineglect) occurs when patients suffer damage to the ______ lobe.

parietal

What technique can be used to lengthen the time that information stays in short-term memory?

rehearsing

You meet someone new when you go out, and they give you their phone number. Unfortunately, you've forgotten your phone at home and desperately try to repeat the number to yourself over and over again until you can get home and put the number into your phone. You're engaging in what memory technique?

rehearsing

If rehearsal of information is disrupted, you'd likely see ______, but not ______.

retrieval; encoding

The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on ______.

the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing

According to the primacy effect, which of the following should show the best memory recall?

the first word from a larger list of words

ERP signals associated with attention should be visible by about ______ ms after stimulus presentation.

100

The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be ______.

7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information

Stroop interference peaks at around the age of ______ years.

8

Attended information is held for periods of less than 1 second in short-term memory.

False

High working memory capacity is associated with high susceptibility to interference.

False

Information in iconic memory is maintained (i.e., stored) for 20-30 seconds.

False

Research supports the conclusion that information in STM is coded semantically.

False

The capacity of short-term memory is thought to be about 12 units, give or take 3.

False

What characterizes hemineglect?

Patients tend to ignore information processed through a damaged hemisphere.

Of the following, which would most likely be characterized as a difficulty to encode new memories?

anterograde amnesia

Auditory sensory memory is referred to as the echo or echoic memory.

True

Our sensory memory for visual information is called iconic memory.

True

Research supports the conclusion that when information is organized in STM individuals retrieve the information with a parallel search.

True

The majority of research supports the conclusion that forgetting of information in STM is due to the process of interference.

True

There is more activation in the right parietal, right temporal and right frontal lobes when people are engaged in spatial WM tasks.

True

In the Brown-Peterson short-term memory task, recall performance was hurt most by ______.

a large number of interfering items

Broadbent, in proposing his filter theory of attention, argued that an attentional filter lets some information through and blocks out the rest. This filter is based upon ______.

a physical characteristic of the message

In Treisman's experiments on feature integration, the number of distracters did not matter when participants were asked to spot ______.

an S among Ts and Xs

Treisman's theory argues that "unattended" information is actually ______.

attenuated but not entirely blocked

The string of letters OMGTTYLLOL would usually exceed our short-term memory capacity. If we break it into three smaller units of OMG, TTYL, and LOL, though, we can more easily handle all of the same information. This is referred to as ______.

chunking

When listening to a conversation, your attention is momentarily diverted when you hear your name spoken in a different conversation across the room. This is an example of ______.

cocktail party effect

When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say that ______ has occurred.

encoding

In a ______ task, a person listens to an audiotape and hears two separate messages presented simultaneously to the left and right ears.

dichotic listening

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of ______.

directing the flow of information

Parts of the frontal, parietal, and subcortical lobes are involved in ______.

disengaging attention from where it was previously focused

Disrupting the process of long-term potentiation leads to ______.

disruption of learning and remembering

When we cannot retrieve information from memory, we say that ______ has occurred.

forgetting

Stroop interference lessens when participants are ______.

given more practice at naming colors

Glancing out your window, you notice a woman in a blue coat walking with a child in a red coat. Later, you recall seeing a child in a blue coat. You have fallen victim to the phenomenon known as ______.

illusory conjunction

Information is stored in iconic memory for ______.

less than 1 second

Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in the fifth grade is stored in ______ memory.

long-term

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely result in ______.

loss of the ability to form new memories

Information stored in long-term memory is assumed to be coded primarily by ______.

meaning

In a study of inattentional blindness, Daniel Simons and colleagues presented an unexpected event, such as a woman with an umbrella crossing the room from left to right, to a group of participants who were trying to monitor the number of passes that a particular basketball team made in a film. When questioned later about "anything unexpected" that happened in the film, ______.

only about half of participants noticed the woman

Given our understanding of working memory, it would be possible to try to remember a list of words while completing a maze because ______.

phonological and spatial information are processed independently

Written words that you are trying to commit to memory would most likely be processed by which part of Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model?

phonological loop or sensory recorder

In Waugh and Norman's probe digit task, ______.

presentation rate had no effect on performance

Words from the beginning of a list are more likely to be recalled than words from the middle of the list. This phenomenon is known as the ______ effect.

primacy

The word "cat" is ______ by the phrase "The dog chased the...." That is, the word cat is especially ready to be recognized or attended to.

primed

Which of the following is NOT a component of automatic processing?

processing that is not subject to error

Of the following, which would most likely be characterized as a difficulty to retrieve old memories?

retrograde amnesia

Which of the following is NOT a component of working memory as described by Baddeley and Hitch?

sensory recorder

Comparing all items in a stimulus set simultaneously would be classified as a ______ search.

serial

If you are unable to find your keys and begin searching every single drawer in the house, you are undergoing a ______ search.

serial

Information is held in ______ memory for 20-30 seconds.

short-term

Which of Atkinson and Shiffrin's different memory storage components would be most closely associated with our day to day, moment to moment conscious experience?

short-term memory

Baddeley's research indicated that storing a string of digits in short-term memory ______.

slowed down reasoning only at large memory loads

Information in short-term memory is assumed to be coded primarily by ______.

sound

Daydreams are a type of ______.

stimulus-independent thought

PET scan studies ______.

support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems

Greater effort or concentration results in better performance on ______.

tasks that require resource-limited processing

The effect of masking is usually that participants ______.

tend to have difficulty remembering items that are masked

You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the ______ word.

tenth

The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to the loss of ______.

the ability to form new memories

Retrieval involves ______.

the calling to mind of previously stored information

Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model?

the icon

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the allocation of mental resources in Kahneman's capacity model?

the lateness of selection

Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory?

the phonological loop

Encoding occurs when information is ______.

translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use

Results from dichotic listening studies indicate that, while a person is shadowing one message, he/she notices which of the following features of the unattended message?

whether it is speech or simply noise

According to Treisman's attenuation theory, the cocktail party effect occurs because ______.

words like your own name have permanently lowered thresholds for recognition

Of the following, which is NOT part of Atkinson and Shiffrin's modal model of memory?

working memory

The concept of fluid intelligence is highly related to ______.

working memory capacity