Exam 2

Julian Black

John Roxborough's partner

Nat Holman

Head coach of CCNY

Harry Wills

The best challenger of the 1920s who never got a shot at the title (Dempsey) because he was black

Nuremburg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Scandals at West

1951, Earl Blake (head football coach, respected, West Point), the cadet honor code (I will not lie cheat steal or tolerate those who do), investigation determined that the standards of excellence and integrity hardly existed, dozens of football players guilt of cribbing (cheating on exams, cadets are tested every day, players would have study sessions, early lectures would tell questions to later lectures), board didn't let cadets who were guilty to graduate, critics blamed win over everything mantra, Truman had a federal investigation of the military and naval academies

Pete Rozelle

1960 NFL commissioner, architect of modern NFL, moves league office from Philly to NYC, build relationships with television networks in NY, the center of Americas financial activity,

Football and WWII

200 colleges and universities cancelled teams during war, NFL lost 100s of players,

Anit Semitsm

30s was an intense period of this in America, depression blamed on bankers, business men and brokers (three bs), Henry Ford hated Jews and believed it was the Jews who were responsible, International Jewish financially conspiracy, same for Father Charles Coughlin, stereotype Jewish men of being weak and not athletic

Jesse Owens

4 gold medals at Berlin, most publicized olympic games to date, came from very large poor family in Alabama, grandson of slaves, move to Cleveland in great migration (blacks leaving violence of south during WWI), goes to manual labor school, develops talent in track and field under white track coach, becomes dominant in amateur, runs at Ohio State, sets 3 world record and ties another in 1 hour at big 10 championships, after olympics there were no other olympics because of WWII, no ways for him to make money when he came home, reduced to running against horses dehumanized, not well educated

House Un-American Activities Committee

A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists, second red scare expose communist sympathizers, Jackie Robinson called to answer question on whether he would fight, communist party promoted atheism, Jackie Robinson disagrees with Paul Robeson, we will continue to fight for freedom in democracy because we have so much at stake, praised for this

Roone Arledge

ABC television executive, transform Monday night into football night, created wide world of sports, redefine boundaries between sports and entertainment, personality in the booth, people are changing their schedule on Monday nights

Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961

Allows professional sport leagues to pool their broadcasting rights and sell them as a package to television networks, a moment where the government sides with pro sports

The Great Depression

American dream disappears, lose faith, no matter experience or time spent looking millions couldn't find jobs, 25% of workforce unemployed, crisis of rugged individualism (can't pull oneself out of the problem), increase of collective values, how to help others survive What role did sports play? sports helped provide Americans with meaning and purpose at a time when Americans were questioning everything, offered comfort and normalcy, offered escape

Dempsey vs Tunny and "the long count"

Dempsey relied on hard punches, Tunny was more scientific (marine. who served in the war), Philly in front of 120,000 people, Tunny wins on decision, Tex Ricard makes plans for rematch, rematch was 140,000 people and millions on tv, "the long count", Dempsey knocked down Tunney in 7th round, Dempsey hovered (against rules), Tunney can only get to feet because of the added time for Dempsey to stop hovering, instead Dempsey is frustrated and Tunney regains composure, Tunney gets victory in decision after 15 rounds and Dempsey retires

"Green Light Letter"

FDR's response letter to Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis (current MLB commissioner) giving him the OK to continue baseball during WWII. Tells Landis that it is truly his decision as commissioner, but he believes baseball should continue to give the American People some form of recreation during such a hard time. He also adds that players who are being drafted should probably go serve their country, and that baseball will still be good even if it is made up of the older players who are not drafted.

Knute Rockne

Famous Notre Dame football coach/ only lost 12 games between 1919 and 1931, first modern football coach, gets endorsements, national schedule was important (publicity), dies in plane crash at height of success

Branch Rickey and farming system

GM and pres of Cardinals, frustrated with minor league system that operated independently of MLB, couldn't acquire good players, developed farm system (major league teams grow their own talent, make agreements with minor league clubs who become affiliates, financial resources are given to minor league clubs, when a young player signs he signs not just to minor league but also to major league, develop talent, get young talent without paying as much for minor league, only worked because of reserve clause where services could be controlled, allows MLB to exploit labor market)

Louis vs Schmeling

Germany's best boxer, former first European heavyweight champ, same summer as Berlin Olympics, not an official member of Nazi party but associated with them, cast as Nazi hero, scheming knocks Louis down, 9th round defeats Louis

Tex Richard

Greatest boxing promoter in age of ballyhoo,

Nazi Germany

Hitler called Olympics a Jewish event, didn't want to participate, changed his mind because minister of propaganda told him there was tremendous power for having olympics in Berlin, showcasing Hitler as great world leader, in olympics host must promote equality tho, American reports said otherwise, American's don't believe this and call to boycott Olympics, athletes end up going to show Germany there are better athletes than arians

1936 Olympics

Hosted by Hitler's Germany, was supposed to be a showcase for white supremacy. Instead athletes of color such as Jesse Owens won gold medals. Hitler instructs everyone to be extra friendly to make Germany look better, manipulate public about what their policies were, Germans win more medals than any country at these games

Muscular Assimilation

If blacks could break through in the world of sports it would make change elsewhere in society

Hank Greenberg

Jewish star for Detroit Tigers. (Jewish babe ruth) first major jewish star in MLB, from Bronx, parents wanted him to get an education, skinny and slow, not natural player, advances quickly in pro career, in the 30s we start to see an infusion of ethnic ballplayers, not all WASPs germans and Irish like previously, 2 time MVP, challenged babe Ruths HR record, faith became part of discourse because of anti-semitism in US at the time

Jimmy Walker

Mayor of NYC, made a promise that the city would provide unemployed one meal a day, city running out of money, charity basketball games to provide money for city in Madison Square Garden

DiMaggio in 1941

Mussolini says he has loyalty over all Italians, changes American perception of Italians for the worst, DiMaggio is on hitting streak (games with a hit), gets 56 consecutive games with a hit, 223 at bats, only 5 strikeouts, reliable and dependable, embodied resilience, "we want you on our side" - Americans recognize him as an American, never spoke out about injustice of Italian Americans, made the difficult look easy, feared people's eyes on him and that nobody would watch him, a man who values privacy but relishes celebrity status, reporters would make up quotes to make him sound better

NFL AFL merger

NFL doesnt want to expand so an AFL is created, Lamar Hunt creates a team in Dallas and Minneapolis as well as others, right after NFL creates teams in same cities, Lamar Hunt sues the NFL, AFL shows it has a viable product, viewers have to choose whether to watch NFL or AFL games on Sunday, college football players are being drafted by both AFL and NFL, get to negotiate with both leagues, salaries are rising, owners merge to make single draft and reduce negotiation wars, after 1966 season common draft, AFL had to pay $18 million over the course of 20 years, common combined regular season starts in 1970, first Super Bowl in 1966, merger had to be approved by congress to avoid anti-trust sanctions, Rozelle goes back to friends at congress and creates New Orleans franchise if senators back and they agree, with merger the NFL has two conferences AFC and NFC

1958 Championship Game

NY Giants vs Baltimore Colts, first turning point from baseball to football, fits NFL title game played on national television, NBC, signaled there was a national audience for pro football

Louis vs Primo Carnera

Primo was 6'7'' 270 lb, immigrant from Italy, myth that Carnera killed a man in the boxing ring, transformed his reputation, Carnera was a sham who just fought in fixed fights, Jacobs wants to exploit that with Joe Louis, Louis knocks him out in 6th round

Ned Irish

Relief games during depression Playing in Garden became imperative, realized there is interest in college. basketball and quits job as sports writer to work as promoter, NY has magnet for promoting games, begins to get teams from all over to come play in Madison Square Garden, creates large tournament (NIT) national invitation tournament, first major post-season mens college basketball playoff which takes place at MSG (becomes Mecca of college basketball), NIC becomes the tournament, NCAA doesnt like this system because promoters make too much in 1939 they create their own post-season tournament goes on until early 50s fighitngin for legitimacy

Carnegie Report

Report in the late 1920s that said colleges were putting too much emphasis on money and winning in college football than on academics, slush funds (alumni paid for athletes), documented lots of deaths, came out right at the beginning of the great depression, caused nothing to change from this report

Hank Luisetti

Stanford player, Stanford came to play in NY against long island at MSG, creates running one handed jump shot. (layup), leading scorer in country, Stanford upsets LIU, he becomes national basketball star, college basketball is becoming commercialized

Babe Didrickson

The most significant female athlete of the first half of the 20th century, from TX, daughter of Norwegian immigrants, played everything, wanted to become known as the greatest athlete who ever lived, but girls dont compete they play, had no desire to be domesticated, dropped out of HS to play basketball for industrial league, people started calling her a freak, thought she was too masculine, becomes star in 1932, won 6 of 10 events and set 3 world records and 2 national records, won 2 gold medals in Olympics and a silver (LA), became entertainer, Americans weren't sure how to react (rooted in the 30s when the number of women working outside the home increases, men can't provide as sole breadwinner, men feel emasculated, men said if you fired all the women and gave men back the jobs it would solve the depression), questions about sexual identity since she didn't get married, a dangerous role model for young girls, focuses on golf, changes image (jewelry, dresses, etc), wasn't ladylike like other golfers, gets married to pro wrestler, silences questions about. sexuality, qualified for PGA twice. against men, 1940 US golf association suspends for non-amateurism because of competing in other paid sports, sport of golf was exclusive for wealthy at that time, couldn't play any sports for 3 years, 1500 golf balls a day during 3 years, regions ammeter status and dominates, 14 consecutive tournaments, establishes LPGA for women, made it possible for women to declare they wanted to be an athlete and have a career as an athlete

Larry McPhail

Yankees president defended segregation, very few quality black players, separate but equal benefits negro leagues, if major league teams sign black players white fans will no longer want to come

NFL and 1950s

a game for men, growing concern for masculinity in 1950s, excessive measure time and luxury is softening men, popularity of football begins to grow, still less than MLB tho

AAGPBL

all American girls professional baseball league, Wrigley starts to draw more crowds during WWII, dichotomy between masculine play and feminine looks, regulating women's behavior when they were not at work, while the rules were sexist (reflective of social norms at the time) many women were really happy to be able to finally play professional baseball, collapses when there is a fast return to domesticity after the war, women being able to compete with leagues and increase salary stopped it as well

United States League

all black league started by Branch Rickey, a facade to scout black players, needed a good player but also a man of character

Horse Racing

anti gambling laws hurt race tracks, WWI new laws to tax bets, legitimizes it and makes corruption go down because of state being involved, damaged during Great Depression

Joe Namath

antithesis of Lombardi, played for NY Jets, Hippie football player, personified youthful indulgence, ego, made 4x more than other players, celebrity status, eve of Super Bowl 3 he predicts victory (said something about his manliness) and they do upset

College Football in 20s

attendance more than doubled in 20s, giant stadiums built

Ted Williams

baseball outfielder who was a great fighter pilot during WWII, lots of other baseball players went to war as role models for ordinary Americans

The Serpent in the Garden

basketball becomes as commercialized as college football, players want to be getting paid because of how many people are attending games at MSG, gamblers began to bet on point spread (establish favorite and underdog, if favorite is way better the point spread will be bigger, the number of points needed for the favorite to score for the gamblers to win), shaving points because of this (gamblers gave ball players cash to not play their best so that the favorite team wouldn't cover the point spread), District Attorney gets tip that this is going on, announces 3 players in CCNY cheating, arrests them, takes away character of the game

Mike Jacobs

best promoter in boxing, worked at MSG, worked with Tex Rickard and became head after Rickard died, demands all promotions with Louis in turn for promoting him to heavyweight championship as a black man

Wendell Smith

black journalist, prominent sportswriter, believed players in negro leagues who could compete in majors, campaigned for integration in 1930s, found that 4/5 of NL players didn't mind having a black teammate

College Basketball

boom in 30s,

Committee of Ten

citizens committee to end Jim Crow in baseball, started by Laguardia, concluded that there is no inherent inferiority of black players physically, immediate action must be taken

Frank Merriwell

comic, wrote stories glorifying collegiate sports, making kids be interested in sports, a man of character, played for love of the game

Judge Landis

commissioner from 1920 to 1944, there's no evidence of denying opportunity to black players, it is up to individual clubs, believed white fans wouldn't want to sit next to black fans and white players didn't want black teammates and white managers didn't want to coach black players, integration is unrealistic

Branch Rickey

created farm system during GM of Cardinals, Part owner, president and GM of the Dodgers when he decides to sign Robinson, baseball man through and through, coached college baseball team with black player and saw first hadn't racism, it was a moral issue for Rickey (a Protestant), as long as the other owners ignored black talent it gave him a lot more opportunity,

MLB

declining attendance, owners complain about radio taking away from attendance, 1933 start all star game in the middle of the summer to celebrate biggest names in sport (been happening in negro leagues for years), night games because men couldn't afford to leave work (also began in negro leagues because many didn't own their own ballparks), 1936 established hall of fame (babe Ruth, ty Cobb, etc.), romanticizing times past, glorifying legends and adding meaning to history, farm system

Legacy of Jackie Robinson

desegregation in baseball happened very slowly, a life isn't important except the impact it has on other lives, became more involved in civil rights movement, linked up with NAACP, negro leagues would collapse, this meant many players lost their jobs, but many players believed this was worth it because this was one more unsegregated institution

John Roxborough

discovered Joe Louis, attorney who ran illegal lottery racket in Detroit, needed someone to train Lewis

Scientific Racism

dominance of blacks in track and field, Americans are confronted with the idea that black athletes undermine white supremacy, try to justify success about this, biological determinism (inherent advantages for blacks to do well in track and field), Cobb decides to put debate to rest through science, did research with Owens and found that there was nothing genetically unique about him

WWII

during the war Americans are fighting against racism, but black citizens at home continued to face discrimination, pivotal movement for civil rights struggle in 50s and 60s.

Louis and WWII

enters the army, raised over $100,000 for military, irony is that the military is segregated and blacks couldn't rise through ranks, IRS says he didn't pay taxes on the money he donated during the war, in 1960s he suffered from drugs and paranoia, owed tons of money to IRS, greeter at casino

NCAA and the Sanity Code

every school policed itself, the NCAA after WWII began to allow colleges to pay the tuition for athletes as long as they meet two conditions (sanity code): first, the student would have to meet the same academic requirements and second, the student would have to show financial need. To enforce the code, the NCAA formed a committee with the power to investigate violations and punish schools up to and including expulsion from the NCAA. code didn't last (south said it was more difficult to compete), sanity code revoked in 51, based solely on athletics again

Gertrude Ederle

first female sports celebrity, symbol of feminism, 25 amateur titles, rise of the modern woman, gold and bronze at Olympics, first woman to swim the English Channel in 14.5 hours faster than mens record (nationalism and gender), caused a bunch of women to get swimming certifications

Georgia Tech Sugar Bowl

first integrated bowl game in the Deep South, racial friction due to desegregation of schools, sugar bowl began to allow black fan section, U Pittsburgh was integrated team, GT taking on this team was frightening, south protests GT decision to play, 2000 students begin marching on GT campus, march down to court house to protest political forces which prevent going to sugar bowl, ultimately the game is allowed to go on, Georgia Governor gives a speech upholding white supremacy, an integrated athletic event would be the first in a series of falling dominoes, GT wins 7 to 0, law passed to keep non segregated teams from playing segregated ones

Boxing and Great Depression

fixed fights, corruption, falls on hard times, Dempsey is no longer hero he used to be

Paul Robeson

four sport athlete at Rutgers, played in NFL, actor, intelligent, law degree from Columbia, visited Russia, felt that he didn't experience racial prejudice there, black Americans wouldn't fight against soviets in hot war against Russia intensifies fear white Americans have of black Americans

Sea Biscuit

grandson of Man O' War who was dominant horse of the 20s, undersized awkward looking, sold to Charles Howard (son died tragically), Trainer Tom Smith (not at all known), Jockey John "Red" Smith (undistinguished, poor, heavy drinker), odds of them all being successful was very slim, War Admiral (dominant horse of 30s) goes up against them, people obv thought sea biscuit had no chance, represented America, broken and people didn't think would come through, east (dominant in horse racing) vs west

Red Grange

greatest college football player of the 20s, one man wrecking crew, powerful runner, strong work ethic, overcome financial obstacles of his past, approached to play pro and leaves U of Illinois before graduating joins Chicago Bears, transforms pro football

Mickey Mantle

had to fulfill the role of the next DiMaggio, age of instant gratification and the home run represents this, boom mentality and the idea that bigger is better, redemption and the idea that Americans like a comeback, sacrificed his body which a lot of Americans could relate to, personifies daily struggle of Americans and preservers and endures, masculinity, drank hard and played hard, domesticated man-father/husband, very different public and private life, looked like perfect 50s man on the outside to the public but really he was just drinking as much as he could the way manhood is defined as ball players, notorious philanderer, cheated on his wife many times, sportswriters didn't cover these aspects of his life, baseball was unpredictable other than typical American jobs

Vince Lombardi

head coach of Green Bay packers, becomes face of NFL, won first two superbowls, most respected coach in league, grew up in Italian Catholic family in Brooklyn, thought that owners wouldn't let him be head coach because he was Italian, great offensive mind and "teacher of men", discipline, repetition, football is blocking and tackling, had incredible temper, used fear to motivate players, players wanted his approval, Lombardi believed that in late 60s there was too much emphasis on the individual (youth of America disrespected state, military, church), died in 1970 of colon cancer, would not take racial prejudice, progressive when it came to ethnicity and religion, otherwise conservative, "faith, family and football"

DiMaggio and the War

hundreds of ball players enlisted, enemy aliens detained and relocated, this included DiMaggios parents although DiMaggio and his brothers went to fight in the war, he hated it because he wasn't playing baseball and not getting paid like a baseball player

Jack Blackburn

identified by Roxborough as a good trainer for Joe Louis, realizes he is black and decides not to train him, knows story of jack Johnson because he had fought him himself, make an agreement for more money

Alabama and the Rose Bowl of 1926

image of the south as backward, desert of illiteracy, prejudiced and violent, media covered programs they thought were inferior to north, southerners felt games reflected competition between north and south, rose bowl of 1926 was a shift for southern football, undefeated Alabama played undefeated Washington, Alabama own 20-19, victory celebrated throughout the south, movement of vindication for the honor of the south

The Gentleman's Agreement

in 1876 NL began color ban

Lester Rodney/American Communist Party

in 1930s Americans question capitalism, workers who believe that workers are being exploited under capitalism, Lester was a writer for the daily worker a communist party newspaper, argued that discrimination against black workers was problematic in baseball, this is a form of extreme exploitation, a class system of has and has nots, denying a group of workers an opportunity

Walker Law

legalized prize fighting in NY, regulated sport using commission

Pro football in 20s

lower class sport, college was for middle and upper class

The Scandal in the bluegrass

midwest and southern coaches (Adolf Rupp) argue that this isn't the case in the south, NY teams were integrated and had lots of Jews, Kentucky was a booster school (sanctioned entity to funnel money into the athletic program outside of the normal budget of the university, ran like a business), forged transcripts taking place, same corruption in midwest and south as north, if players were corrupt were they communist (in light of red scare)

Boxing and 30s

more men than ever boxing during this time, needed work and could be thrown in the ring to make a little money, incredibly corrupt, managers and promoters were tied to the mob

Joe DiMaggio

most consecutive hitting games (1941), 3 MVPs, led the Yankees to 9 World Series championships, biggest celebrity and athlete in the 40s

Notre Dame

most dominant college program of the 1920s, was put on the map from Rockne and college football, seen as immigrant Catholic team at a team when KKK promoted 100% Americanism and WASP power, KKK goes to south bend and fight breaks out with students, Notre Dame would prove patriotism on the grid iron, symbol of pride for catholic Americans,

Bill Tilden

most dominant tennis player of the 20s, 94% win percentage, 6 consecutive US opens, 3 wimbledons, incredibly arrogant, stripped of amateur title right before Davis cup but he was still able to play, fought for pro tennis, closeted gay man, had relations with minor boys and spent a year in prison

Louis vs. Schmeling II

most significant athletic event in history in NY, political climate had changed, so much more at stake, Nazi's had seized a bunch of land, world was on brink of war, 1st round knockout of scheming, Louis is no longer just a black boxer, or black hero, now an American hero, majority of white Americans are cheering for him and applauding him, symbol of democracy against fascism

Fighting in Jack Johnson's Shadow

must be the antithesis of jack Johnson if he is going to be the champion, must follow code of behavior, manage public image, no fixed fights, no gloating in ring, be emotionally vacant, obey the law, never allow yourself to be photographed with a white woman, can't ever be compared to jack Johnson or it will ruin career, must be non-threatening, image was popular to a lot of white boxing fans bad negro good negro: non-threatening, submissive, clean living, christian, didn't drink or smoke

Creating the "Student-Athlete"

nemeth claims he is an employee and demands worker compensation for being injured playing college football at U Denver, university has to pay, NCAA creates student-athlete label, get public to embrace amateurism, Dennison killed and wife sues for death benefits in Colorado, commission upheld, but Supreme Court overturned, courts continued to hear cases about players being employees of school up into 60s

Albert "Happy" Chandler

new commissioner of baseball, if a black man can fight in the war, he should be able to play in MLB, commissioner no longer a barrier

Olympics and WWII

no olympics in 1942 or 1944

Golf and WWII

no us open or masters during the war

Louis vs James Braddock

not a great fighter, knew it was only a matter of time before he lost to Louis, cash in on title while he still can, agree to fight if they get 20% of profits for next 10 years, Louis agrees, Braddock makes money and doesn't have to do a thing after he loses in 8th round, became most famous black man in America, symbol of hope in black community during Great Depression, all of 2 of opponents were white, the concentrated essence of black triumph over white

League Think

philosophy developed by Pete Rozelle, large markets make way more than small markets, disparities in revenue meant league had no stability and teams with more money had better teams, Rozelle says revenue sharing plan from national television contract will create better balance and stability to make sure small market teams also thrive, convinces all owners to let him create a contract with CBS for all games, justice dpt says this violates anti-trust law (all other networks can't compete for broadcasting rights), Rozelle argues NFL franchises are not competitors but are interdependent partners, petitions congress to give exemption

Claire Bee

premier college basketball coach, LIU in NYC

America's Game (1960s)

pro football became Americas game, fans doubled during 1960-68, industrialism reflects pro football team, people looking to other people for how they should behave in 50s and 60s, people encouraged to fit in during Cold War, people defer to others and authority more, this is similar to pro football, coach is authority and all players must conform, pitching becomes dominant in the late 60s and sports writers begin to say that the sport is more for 19th century values

NFL

pro football started in 1890s played by blue collar men, college football was dominated by WASPs pro football is mostly immigrants, falls on hard times during depression, teams barely made profits and many collapsed, began playing exhibition games against some college players proceeds went to needy in NYC, in 1933 divided league in half and started championship game, changed where quarterback could throw ball (anywhere behind line of scrimmage instead of 5 feet back), created sleeker ball, 1934-46 segregation to employ more white men during depression (movements during depression for employers to not hire black men), 1936 institute draft in which teams at bottom of standings are given more privilege in draft order to create more competitive balance, owners. are exercising control over labor pool, draft allowed owners to suppress salaries, services are dependent on one team who players have to speak wit

NFL films and properties

properties: sold merchandise in house, created team merchandising strategy for first time films: ed and Steve sable founded NFL films to glamorize and make NFL football special and appealing, shoot games like movies and turn into documentaries

Louis vs Max Baer

recent heavyweight champion, Louis disposes him 4 rounds, Louis is number one contender in championship

Jack Dempsey

richest athlete in America (moralists believe this is wrong, especially because of claims of draft dodging), heavyweight, homeless man bouncing between mining camps in the west, fights and defeats Willard who is a giant (defeated Johnson in 1915) and rose to prominence, 1921 fights decorated French pilot George Carpentier, Dempsey was a draft dodger (mother and sisters and also did help in war effort)

Boxing in the 20s

soldiers who boxed would be better

Rise of the Clipper

son of poor Italian fisherman immigrant, from SF Bay Area, redefined image of Italians in America (along with Sinatra and LaGuardia) from the old view (Al Capone and mob connections), grows up in age of nativism and anti-Italian bigotry, had to overcome more than a WASP, fist star Italian athlete, booed in home stadium for asking for raise in 1938 during the depression, changes this reputation with WWII when Mussolini says he has loyalty over all Italians,

Southern football racism 1920s

southern college football teams would refuse to play with non segregated teams, wanted credibility of winning over northern teams but not at the risk of loosing to black men

WWII and baseball "the American Way"

sports become politicized, American exceptionalism, look at sports as better than rest of world, build American character, loyalty, discipline, winning at all costs, national anthem begins being played, baseball attendance decreased as well as at the quality of play during WWII (as a result of draft)

Hoover

sports make young people incorruptible

Modern Women of the 20s

suffrage, working outside home, living in cities, rejection of the victorian code (flappers), wore makeup, assert independence, drink and smoke tennis, swimming, golf are most popular sports

Jackie Robinson

symbol of change in desegregation, not the best in negro leagues, had characteristics that convinced Rickey he should be put in the MLB, born in Georgia, grandson of slaves, raised by mother, moved to CA when he was a young boy, enrolled at UCLA, four sport star, baseball, basketball, football, track and field, drafted into Army, stationed in camp hood, TX, moral officer, gets on a bus with white bus driver, sits down next to friends wife, bus driver stops bus and tells Jackie he needs to move and can't sit next to white woman, charged with drunkenness even though he didn't drink and insubordination, acquitted of all charges and honorably discharged, Rickey says he will have to endure the harassment, have to show self restraint, be example for black fans, white southern teammates who have no interest in playing with him, wins rookie of year award 1947, earned respect and voted most valuable player of 1949, shaped and made Americans change their attitudes about race

George Carpentier

the French pilot who got beat up by Dempsey, differenced from Dempsey in that people thought he was a draft dodger

Joe Louis

the brown bomber, Fought Max Schmelling, German Boxing, most important sporting event in history, born in Alabama, family moved to Detroit, wins AAU heavyweight championship and turns pro

Double V Campain

victory abroad against fascism, victory at home against racism, Pittsburgh courier