Exam 2

Cuban Giants

An African American Team that was the first black professional baseball club that was originally formed in 1885 at the Argyle Hotel, a summer resort in Babylon, NY Began as an exhibition team and toured throughout the south in the winter of 1885-1886

Sam Lacy

An African American journalist who wrote about integration in baseball, devoted his columns to desegregating sports A civil rights leader He was one of the first African American members of the Baseball Writers' Association of America

Elston Howard

First African American to play for the NY Yankees Played 14 year career from 1948-1968 in both Negro Leagues and MLB

Charles Lindbergh

First pilot to cross the Atlantic alone, 1927

Graham McNamee

First recognizable star in sports broadcasting and particularly baseball He is largely credited with helping NBC launch after joining in 1926 He was known as an entertainer first and a broadcaster second He broadcasted the WS in the fall of 1923 and for many years after as well

Bernice Gera

First woman to graduate from Florida Baseball School Was denied to Ump MLB but sued in 1972: umpires at 2nd base in minor leagues

Helene Britton

Owner of the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team from 1911-1916 and inherited the franchise upon the death of her father, she was the first woman to own a MLB franchise

Rosie the Riveter

Symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war A propaganda character for the women rights movement

Double-V Campaign

WW2 effort for integration "Victory over racism at home and abroad" 1 million African Americans would serve in Army/Navy units, the key distinction is the these were all-black, not integrated but separate Many rose to combat level and achieved high distinction During the war even the Red Cross would segregate blood donations

Josh Gibson

"Black Babe Ruth" (or Ruth as White Gibson), the sports greatest home run hitter Played for the Pittsburgh Crawfords Became professional by accident on July 25, 1930 while sitting in the stands and Homestead Grays catcher Buck Ewing hurt his hand, he was invited to replace him Was originally seen as the one to break the color barrier Only player to hit ball out of Yankee Stadium Second highest paid player in black baseball behind Satchel Paige

Rube Foster

"Father of Black Baseball" Created the Negro National League Players salaries rose to unprecedented levels and teams traveled together on a Pullman Coach and they received regular bonuses Wanted to "keep colored baseball from control of whites" Manager of the Chicago American Giants He began by pitching for the Giants in Chicago and jumped to a semi-pro white team before joining Philadelphia Cuban X-Giants, in 1902 he won 44 games in a row He thrived in a dead-ball era

Jose Mendez

"If Mendez was a white man, I would pay 50,000 for his release from Almendares" said John McGraw He was Walter Johnson and Grover Alexander rolled into one He spent his entire career playing either in Cuba or Negro Leagues of North America After arm trouble he reinvented himself as a shortstop Led the Monarchs to the Negro WS Championship

John Henry Lloyd

"Pop" Lloyd considered to be the greatest shortstop in Negro League History, had a 27 year career with a avg .334 and .433 slugging percentage In a pitcher-dominated time he still scored runs with a great eye for the. ball and bat control He spent time with the Cuban X-Giants, Philly Giants and many many other teams "Was the greatest player, manager, teacher" He managed the Hillsdale Daises

Lizzie Murphy

"Queen of Baseball" Played 1918-1935 as a Pitcher, she was a Bloomer Girl Played for Providence and Boston All Stars She was a self-promoter Got a hit off of Satchel Paige Played against Red Sox for 2 innings @ 1st base

Bob Feller

"Rapid Robert" played from the Cleveland Indians as a pitcher from 1936-1956 and was drafted to war After his Rookie year he went home and finished his senior year of high school In his first game he struck out 15 batters in a 4-1 victory over St. Louis Browns While in the Navy he received 6 campaign ribbons and 8 battle stars during 4 years of services He came back and played in the World Series

Ted Williams

"The Greatest Hitter Who Ever Lived" Player for the Boston Red Sox form 1939-1960 Highest batting average for a player with over 300 home runs He missed 5 prime years of play in WW2 and the Korean War Post baseball became a great fly-fisher too Was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom Manages the TX Rangers from 1969-1972 17x All-Star

Lou Gehrig

"The Iron Horse" Player for the Yankees from 1923-1939 Known for playing 2,130 consecutive games, this only ended in 1939 when he removed himself from the game following a poor start due to his ALS A quiet and reserved player who was out shadowed by Babe Ruth and outgoing/flamboyant Led the AL in runs 4 times and scored over 100 runs and 100 RBIs for 13 straight seasons In 1931 set the AL single-season record of RBIs with 185, with Ruth hitting in 162 and Ruth had higher batting avg Was Yankee Captain from 1935 to his death in 1941 due to ALS, later known as "Lou Gehrig's Disease"

Bill Veeck Jr.

Tries to buy minor league/professional teams in order to bring in African American players and move along integration He tried to buy the Phillies in 1944 but due to the fact that. owners new he was trying to integrate they wouldn't sell to him

Pam Postema

Umpire for 1979-1990 AAA Umpire in 1988 she umpires for MLB in Spring Training but never gets called up to pros Lots of comments about body size and gender

Jack Dempsey

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (1895-1983) He fought under the name Kid Blackie in 1914

Jazz Age

1921-1929 Speakeasy's Prohibition Era; rural vs. urban America in both values and lifestyles The Scopes Trial Darrow vs. Bryan on Bible Flappers/Films/Fads all challenged 1800's values and views on gender roles and most particularly women, the liberation of women through college education, Miss America Pageant Cars The rise of the Stock Market

Gus Greenlee

African American businessman and Negro League owner

Marcus Garvey

African American founder of the Negro Improvement Association and created the Black Star Shipping Line

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Bill Allington's All Americans

Allington was a Rockford Peaches Manager and refused to give up in Women's pro-baseball after the AAGPBL ended in 2954 and formed the All-Americans with many players from the old Peaches team Played men's teams from 1955 through 1958 across the US, Canada and Mexico

Jesse Owens

An African American track and field athlete and four-time Olympic Gold Medalist in the 1936 Games The 1936 games were the most significant as they were in Nazi occupied Berlin and was Hitler's failed attempt to use them to prove his beliefs about the superiority of the Aryan race, Owen's completely destroyed this ideas as he won 4 gold medals in the games A ket moment for black athletes, the community and those oppressed by Nazis and fascism

Margaret Gisolo

An American Sportswoman and educator who while still a child was a pioneer in the history of women in baseball, first to play in the American Legion, a predecessor of Little League Featured across newspapers throughout the country

Harlem Renaissance

An intellectual, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, spanning the 1920s During the time it was known as the "New Negro Movement" named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke

Phil Niekro

Atlanta baseball pitcher that mastered the knuckleball

Clark Griffith

Baseball executive of the Washington Senators who during the draft asked for only 1-2 players per team to be taken This was because baseball was deemed a non-essential industry during the war

Satchel Paige

"World's Greatest Pitcher" Played from 1926-1965 Was a showman and drew large crowds due to his entertainment value He was very well known even outside of Negro Leagues but he wouldn't be the one to break the color barrier He made 40,000+ a season Joined MLB a year after Robinson, the Cleveland Indians and was the oldest Rookie in the MLB at 42 Cleveland and Dodger made the largest push to integrate

Joe DiMaggio

"Yankee Clipper" played from 1936-1951 In 1941 had a 56-game hitting streak 1943-1945 served as a USAAF PE instructor Due to his Italian heritage his parents were classified as "enemy aliens" All Star of all 13 seasons, 3x MVP, 9 WS wins, while he was on NY they won 10 AL pennants Inducted into the Hall of Fame on 1955 Married to Marilyn Monroe but got divorced before a year, he had flowers placed at her grave multiple times a week until his own passing

Stan Musial

"the Man", St. Louis Cardinals, 1941-1963 He was the most consistent player/hitter and first. foreigner to win Poland's highest sports award as his mother was Polish

Rationing

...For the War Effort Each American was issued a series of ration books during the war and contained stamps food for certain rationed items like sugar, meat, cooking oil, and canned goods War disrupted trade and limited the availability of some goods and certain supplies were rained to be diverted to the war effort and troops over seas

Nat Strong

1890's-1930's Bought ballparks that African Americans played at to tap into Negro Leagues and profits there He could make or break teams with his stadium monopolies and fees He worked with Spaulding

Alta Weiss

1907-1922 Played for Vermillion (OH) Independents She was middle class She pitched then went to medical school

Great Depression

1929-1941 25% unemployment rate Began in President Hoover's term (he was blamed for the Stock Market crash and intense poverty) and ended in President Roosevelt's term who people say ended the depression with his government programs/New Deal What really pulled the nation out of the depression was WW2 and US participation which jumpstarted industries and opened lots of new jobs for men and women alike Women were able to spread outside of home life and join the workforce and armed services even if they couldn't see combat This was a vital way of challenging expectations of women/girls and with men away fighting MLB attendance shrank dangerously low giving women the platform they needed to create AAGPBL and capture the attention/love of the nation as baseball player

Berlin Olympics

1936- was more than just a worldwide sporting event but a show of Nazi propaganda and stirred significant conflict Masked the regime of targeting Jews and Gypsies and Germany's growing militarism People in the US called for a boycott of Olympics due to it's clear human rights violations, even though it failed it set precedents for future boycott campaigns like those in 2008 and 2014 The 49 nations that sent teams legitimized the Hitler Regime both in the eyes of the world and of German domestic audiences However athletes like Jesse Owens totally shut down the Aryan supremacy with his gold medal wins in track and field

"Greenlight" Letter

1942 A letter from Roosevelt to Landis giving the "green light" for the next season of baseball during the war, saying it would be good for the nation and those at war to still have something so truly American during the war effort Many managers/owners wanted confirmation that their players wouldn't be drafted but this was a grey area

Sophie Kurys

2nd baseman who played from 1943-1952 in the AAGPBL she threw and batted right

"Chief" Meyers

A Native American player in the deadfall era He tried his best to shatter the stereotypes of Native Americans and the stereotypical image of the dumb Indian He had a strong love of justice and fund of general info Almost certainly the best offensive catcher of the deadfall era retiring with a .291 avg for his 9 year career Was a member of the Cahuilla tribe He attended classes at Dartmouth during 1905-1906 His career took off after he found the courage to stand up to those who doubted him Became a regular player in 1910 for the Giants

Bobby Jones

A lawyer and golfer who created the Augusta National Course in 1932 and The Master tournament in 1934

Montreal Royals

A minor league professional team in Montreal, Quebec from 1897-1917 and 1928-1960 A top farm club for the Brooklyn Dodgers Jackie Robinson was a player for them during the 1946 season

Kennesaw Mountain Landis

A notoriously hard judge fighting corporations, who becomes the first commissioner of baseball in 1920 First act as commissioner was banning 8 White Sox players for life following the Black Sox Scandal of the 1919 World Series this was after the men were acquitted in their Chicago Trial, known for punishing to the fullest extent of the law Following the scandal he did the most to get rid of crooked sides of baseball; gambling etc, he banned a total of 18 players for varying levels of gambling After he put his efforts to opening connections between minor and major leagues, but didn't include players of color in this consideration He had absolute power in this game but did restore dignity and respect to the game and its players He introduced the first All Star Game and the first big games to be played at night

Larry Doby

A professional player in the Negro Leagues and MLB, he was the 2nd player to break the color barrier Played for the Cleveland Indians but began playing for the Newark Eagles as part of the NNL He was also the first African American player to play professional basketball in the ABL, the precursor to the NBA He joined the Navy during WW2 and returned to the NNL leading them to the NNL Championship in 1946 He was signed to the Indians by Bill Veeck a few months after Robinson broke the color barrier with nationally and in the NL, Doby broke the barrier in the AL He was a 7x All-Star In 1978 Bill Veeck hired him as manager of Veeck's Chicago White Sox

Young Ladies Baseball Club

Began in NY in 1890 They were the first to recruit players for positions

Branch Rickey

Bought Dodgers with Walter O'Malley, eventually moves them to LA Saw integration as both a profit maker and as the right thing to do; creates the US League and Brown Dodgers as a way to find someone to break the color barrier of the MLB He discovered and convinced Jackie Robinson to break the barrier and join the Dodgers, he also traded away all of the current player on the Dodgers that protested his position on the team With Women's Baseball he drew on softball leagues during WW2 to fix a low attendance problem within MLB, the AAGRBL drew large crowds during the war

Crosley Field

Built in Cincinnati, Ohio and was the home filed of the NL Reds Was the first stadium to have a night game played under the lights on May 24, 1935

W.E.B. DuBois

Co-founded the NAACP to help secure legal equality for minority citizens. Even though he was born in 1868 and died in 1963 he grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community in MA

Effa Manley

Co-owner, with her husband, of Negro baseball League's Newark Eagles and 1st woman elected to Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006 Demanded for MLB reimbursement for her players "taken" post-integration Invested a lot in her players and brought the batting helmet to players Successfully marched in civil rights campaigns such as "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work" and Anti-Lynching campaigns (from 1889-1922 3,436 people died) She also challenged stereotypes of women by being a very successful businesswomen, she worked with her husband who treated her as an equal

Christine Wren

Played softball but went to be an umpire She was the first to umpire in MLB training camp but never went to real season

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Democratic President during the Great Depression and WWII Famous for "New Deal" recovery program which helped alleviate the Great Depression and expanded the role of the government Wasn't his deals that pulled the nation out of the depression but WW2 Said Pearl Harbor is a "day which will live in infamy" He was a baseball fan and opened games at Griffith Stadium, he bet on the Senators Had Polio in 1920 but never let nation see how it affected his body Sent the Greenlight Letter to Kennesaw M. Landis to keep baseball going during the war

Hank Greenberg

First Jewish player in MLB Played for Detroit Tigers form 1930-1947 Faced major anti-Semitic sentiments from fans and other players alike Was an icon in the Jewish community even if he wasn't very religious Welcomed Jackie Robinson into the league during his final season First push for integration

Al Campanis

General Manager of LA Dodgers, 1987 On 40th anniversary of Jackie Robinson's MLB debut he was chosen to be the subject of an interview on Robinson and race in baseball as he was friends with, roommate/teammates of Robinson while he was on Montreal Royals During this interview he said the African Americans don't have the capabilities to be "leaders" of the team as pitchers and managers He was fired from the Dodgers the following day

Bobby Estalella

Played the infield and outfield for the Washington Senators, St. Louis Browns and Philly Athletics between 1935-1949 spent a brief hiatus spent in the Mexican League

Bloomer Girls

In Chicago, NY, and Boston from 1890's-1930's Named after suffragette Girls Baseball Group Men would occasionally play with wigs They would play Japanese teams visiting

Blondes vs. Brunettes

In IL, New Orleans, and Philadelphia that began in 1875 and was another push for women in baseball

GI Bill of Rights

Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education

Margaret Sanger

Lived 1879-1966 Activist for women rights, birth control particularly for lower class women and immigrants who would die as a result of childbirth and have lots of children

Chicago Race Riot

Sparked with the drowning of an African American teenager on July 27, 1919 after violating the unofficial segregation of Chicago's beaches and was stoned to death by white youths The 1919 "Red Summer" marked the peak of growing racial tensions surrounding the Great Migration that took place following WW1

Bacharach Giants

Negro League Baseball team that played in Atlantic City, New Jersey

Smokey Joe Williams

New York Giants Was one of the most feared Negro leagues pitchers in the first half of the 20th century Known for his fastball, smooth motion and great control of the ball Williams never had the opportunity to showcase his skills at the highest level but in an interview in 1950 he showed no bitterness towards this injustice

Mo'ne Davis

One of 2 girls who played in the 2014 Little League WS and first to girl to earn a win and pitch a shutout in LLWS history

Racine Belles

One of the original four teams of the AAGPBL laying from 1943-1950 The team won the leagues first championship

Jackie Mitchell

Part of Joe Engel's"Great Depression Publicity Stunt" She was part of the AA Chattanooga Lookouts and at 17 years old was the first to sign pro baseball contracts She struck out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig in Chattanooga, TN on March 31, 1931 Ruth was talking smack prior to the inning and it's unlikely that he struck out on purpose She believed that pitchers had the advantage in the game

Babe Didrikson

Pitcher for the Athletics/Cardinals First to play for MLB team Threw baseball 300 feet Hit 3 home runs in a single game 1932 Won 2 Olympic gold medals, a true athlete who excelled in golf, basketball, baseball, track and field She won 10 LPGA major championships after her baseball career ended

Dixie Walker

Played for NY Yankees, Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers, Brooklyn Dodgers, Pittsburgh Pirates

Dottie Kamenshek

Played for local Cincinnati softball league at the age of 17 was spotted by a scout for the AAGPBL, she played for the Rockford Peaches Known as a superior 1st base woman

Gene Bearden

Played from 1947-1953 and was an American left-handed pitcher in the MLB playing for Cleveland Indians, Washington Senators, Detroit Tiger, St. Louis Browns and Chicago White Sox

Pete Rose

Player for the Cincinnati Reds Quickly rose to the top of the batting order and was named NL's MVP in 1973 Was an integral part of the famed "Big Red Machine", the Reds teams that from 1970-1976 won 5 division titles, 4 NL pennants and WS championships in 1975 and 1976 During his 24 seasons in the MLB he played SB, LF, RF, 3B,1B, In 1985 he made his record breaking hit while being player-manager Despite retiring in 1986 he remained manager of the Reds until 1989 and came under investigation by MLB commissioner because of reports that he bet on sports teams including his own in mid 1980's, Giamatti banned him from MLB for life and this ruling made him ineligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame In 1990 he was fined 50,000 and forced to serve 5 moths in federal prison for filing false tax returns

Jerry Coleman

Player for the Yankees from 1949-1957 Served in both WW2 and the Korean War

Oscar Charleston

Player in the Negro Leagues for Pittsburg Crawfords "Was like ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, & Tris Speaker rolled into one" A very versatile player At 15 enlisted in the military and was sent to the Philippines as part of the 24th Negro Infantry, when he returned in 1915 still a teenager he returned to Indianapolis and became a star center fielder for the ABC's He hit 34ll over .400 in 1921 He won batting titles in the ECL in 1924 and 1925 in addition to leading the ANL in hitting in 1928 He would join the Pittsburg Crawfords in 1932 and would manage the club that many consider the best Negro League team of all time He played winter ball in Cuba He scouted for Branch Rickey

Cool Papa Bell

Player in the Negro Leagues, Pittsburgh Crawfords, 1922-1946 He never got to the MLB but is still considered the fasted ball player of all time He was the fastest to ever play stealing 175 bases in a 200 game season He was notorious for advancing 2 or 3 bases on a bunt He was on the 1935 Crawfords which had 5 other future Hall of Famers; Oscar Charlston, Josh Gibson, Judy Johnson and Satchel Paige

Rockford Peaches

Professional women's baseball team who played from 1943-1954 Played their home games at Beyer Stadium in peach colored dresses Part of the AAGPBL

Pittsburgh Crawfords

Referred to as the greatest Negro League team of all time and were stacked with talent particularly from 1932-1936 Even though Paige left the team in 1935 that was still the greatest season

Barnstorming

Sports teams that travel throughout various locations, small towns mostly, to participate in exhibition matches This was particularly common for players in Women's Baseball

Scopes Trial

The 1925 court case of The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes Scopes was teaching evolution in schools, illegal in Tennessee This was in response to the Butler Act which was the anti-evolution law, it remained until 1967 when repealed by state legislatures Scopes conviction was overturned on a technicality

AAGPBL

The All American Girls Professional Baseball League Founded by Max Carey in 1943 the teams played 108 game schedule Rockford Peaches (IL), South Bend Blue Sox (IN), Kenosha Comets (WI), Racine. Bells (WI) Were specifically not in major cities Everyone made the same salary and there were tryouts but never really broke race lines Managers picked best players but didn't always end up coaching them Players had to wear skirts and attend charm school, they still had to look and act like a lady They had chaperones and played night games 538 played in the league During the duration of the league they outdrew men's teams and over time built a significant fan base They charged more than men's semi-pro/minor games Very similar to the Negro Leagues Didn't have many sponsors Conflict arose between the league and softball teams Created lots of press coverage similar to MLB players Played differently than men but still played very well, real focus on team efforts, not about one player

Murderer's Row

The greatest team of all time, the 1927 Yankees In 1927 Babe Ruth hit 60 home runs and Lou Gehrigs 175 RBIs Throughout the 1920's and 1930's won a total of 11 Pennants and 8 WS championships Players included Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Tony Lazzeri, Bob Meusel, Earle Comb, Waite Hoyt, Joe DiMaggio True pinnacle of baseball success and power

Great Migration

The movement of over 300,000 African Americans from the South to urban areas of the Northeast, Midwest, West that took place between 1916 and 1970 This directly resulted in "white flight" and the creation of the suburbs as white po didn't want to mix with the African Americans who moved into the cities

Eastern Colored League

The mutual association the the Eastern Colored Clubs and was one of several Negro leagues with operated during the time organized baseball was segregated Made up of 10 teams and the inaugural season was 1923

Happy Chandler

The new baseball commissioner following the death of Kennesaw M. Landis, he helped Rickey's push for integration and was a key part of the Double V movement with his statement, "A black boy who fights on Okinawa can play baseball too" This was a declaration of acknowledgement towards the black community and recognition of their participation in the war This went directly against Landis's views of integration and African Americans

Sufferage

The right to vote, in this case it was the fight for women to gain the federal right to vote This movement began in 1848 and was enacted by Congress and the 19th amendment in 1920 This was the beginning for women's rights and a changing culture surrounding gender roles

Eiji Sawamura

Was a Japanese professional baseball player/pitcher Played in Japan for the Yomiuri Giants At 17 he struck out Hall of Famers Charlie Gehringer, Babe Ruth, Jimmie Foxx and Lou Gehrig in order at one point and allowed just one hit and a solo homer to Gehrig He was part of a Japanese team that went on a tour of the US winning 93 out of 102 contests The Pittsburgh Pirates tried to sign Eiji He pitched the first no-hitter in Japanese history He led the Japanese Professional Baseball League in wins, shutouts, and complete games in the fall season of 1936 In 1938 he was drafted to the military and severe three tours of duty, during which he ruined his shoulder, he went 16-9 in parts of 3 seasons in the 1940's but wasn't as dominant of a player He died at 27 in 1944 when he was on a transport ship sunk by American warships in the Pacific Ocean In 1947 Nippon Pro Baseball began issuing a Sawamura Award in his honor to the top pitcher in Japan

Larry MacPhail

Was a baseball executive Introduced night ball and tix packages to draw women/children to games Bailed out the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938, worked magic by increasing attendance with night games and hired Babe Ruth as coach Regularly broadcasted games Introduced batting helmets after Joe Medwick was struck on the head During war wanted assurances that his players wouldn't be taken/drafted and the local offices said that no players would be taken until January of 1942 but Pearl Harbor in December of 1941 changed that.

Amanda Clement

Was a female umpire from 1905-1911 Umped her first game at 16 in 1904

Lizzie Arlington

Was a pitcher for the Philly Reserves She only pitched one pro game on July 5, 1898 and they brought her in to the mound on a horse drawn carriage She was "good and tough"

Elmer Gedeon

Was a professional player who appeared in several games for the Washington Senators in 1939, he was killed during WW2 and was one of only 2 MLB players killed during the war Harry O'Niell was the other

Hugh Mulcahy

Was the first MLB player to be drafted even prior to Pearl Harbor Was seen as one of the leagues unluckiest players and had a career record of 45-89 and ERA of 4.49 2x leader in losses His baseball potential was never realized as he lost out on 5 seasons of play due to the war

Toni Stone

Was the first of 3 women to play pro baseball as a part of the Negro League

Flappers

Young women in the 1920's who rebelled against traditional American views of women and sex and societal roles/views of both. The anti-thesis of the Temperance Movement

Paul Robeson

an American singer and actor who became involved with the Civil Rights Movement

Louis Armstrong

an American trumpeter, composer, singer and occasional actor who was one of the most influential figures in jazz A key person of the Harlem Renaissance and the growing development and emergence of modern black culture and lifestyles A major part of the 1920's Jazz movement