Exam 2 A&P lecture 2

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Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

-adenoid- parts that are : -thyroid -adrenal -pituitary

Which viscosity had the fastest flow rate? -8 -2 -6 -4 -1

High blood glucose

1. Blood glucose becomes high 2. pancreas releases insulin 3.insulin binds to receptors on target cells 4. cells take in glucose 5. blood glucose returns to normal

Match the cardiac components in the left column to the blanks near their functions on the right.

1. Bundle branches: Convey(s) the impulse down the interventricular septum 2. Internodal pathways: Link(s) between the SA node and AV node 3. Purkinje fibers: Convey(s) the impulse throughout the ventricular walls 4. AV node: Delay(s) occurs here while atria contract 5. SA node: Set(s) the pace for the entire heart 6. AV bundle : Electrical link(s) between atria and ventricles

Match the term in the left column to the blanks near their definition on the right.

1. End systolic volume (ESV): the volume of blood in one ventricle after contraction 2. End diastolic volume (EDV): the volume of blood in one ventricle before contraction 3. Cardiac output (CO): the volume of blood per minute pumped out by one ventricle 4. Stroke volume (SV): the volume of blood per heart beat pumped out by one ventricle 5. Heart rate (HR): the number of heart beats per minute 6. Venous return (VR): the volume of blood per minute flowing into one atrium

The graph below illustrates the stages of the cardiac cycle and the major pressure, volume, and auscultation events that occur. Match the correct letter with the cardiac cycle event.

1. First heart sound occurs: Arrow B 2. Pulmonic valve opens: Arrow C 3. Second heart sound occurs: Arrow E 4. Atrial systole: Arrow A 5. Ventricular filling begins as cycle starts over: Arrow D 6. Ventricular ejection occurs: Arrow C

Part A - Diabetes

1. In type 2 diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin. 2. In type 1diabetes, no insulin is produced. 3. In both type 1 and type 2diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

Focus your attention on the section called Net filtration pressure at the arteriolar end of a capillary at the upper right corner of Focus Figure 19.1. Note that for an NFP at any point there are four pressures to be considered. Pay attention to which forces are larger and which are smaller. Note that the white arrow represents the net filtration pressure, the result of four different forces.

1. The "pushing" pressure of this fluid is usually very weak: HPif0 mm 2. The "pulling" pressure of this fluid is usually due to large albumens and globulins: OPc~26 mm 3. The "pulling" pressure of this fluid resulting from nondiffusible solutes is very low: OPif~1 mm 4. The "pushing" pressure of this fluid is high and results from blood pressure: BPc~35 mm

Focus your attention on the section called Net filtration pressure occurs at the arteriolar end of a capillary on page 2 of Focus Figure 19.1. Note that for an NFP at any point there are four pressures to be considered. Pay attention to which forces are larger and which are smaller. Note that the white arrow represents the net filtration pressure, the result of four different forces.Drag and drop the terms to the two appropriate blanks describing pressures for each sentence.

1. The "pushing" pressure of this fluid is usually very weak: HPifHPif The "pushing" pressure of this fluid is usually very weak: H P i fH P i f 0 mm The "pushing" pressure of this fluid is usually very weak: H P i fH P i f 2. The "pulling" pressure of this fluid is usually due to large albumens and globulins: OPcOPc The "pulling" pressure of this fluid is usually due to large albumens and globulins: O P cO P c ~26 mm The "pulling" pressure of this fluid is usually due to large albumens and globulins: O P cO P c 3. The "pulling" pressure of this fluid resulting from nondiffusible solutes is very low: OPifOPif The "pulling" pressure of this fluid resulting from nondiffusible solutes is very low: O P i fO P i f ~1 mm The "pulling" pressure of this fluid resulting from nondiffusible solutes is very low: O P i fO P i f 4. The "pushing" pressure of this fluid is high and results from blood pressure: BPc The "pushing" pressure of this fluid is high and results from blood pressure: \rm BP_c\rm BP_c ~35 mm The "pushing" pressure of this fluid is high and results from blood pressure: \rm BP_c\rm BP_c ~35 mm returned

Drag and drop the terms at the left to match the appropriate descriptions at the right. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1. The maximum pressure in the aorta during the cardiac cycle: Systolic pressure 2. Instrument used to measure blood pressure: Sphygmomanometer 3. Sounds that are produced when the heart valves close: Heart sounds 4. The minimum pressure in the aorta during the cardiac cycle: Diastolic pressure 5. Series of events that occur in the heart during one heartbeat: Cardiac cycle 6. Instrument used for hearing heart sounds: Stethoscope 7. Sounds of turbulent blood flow heard while measuring blood pressure: Korotkoff sounds 8. Cyclic expansion and contraction of the arteries: Pulse

Drag and drop the terms to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Not all labels are used.

1. The structure that prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium is the mitral (bicuspid) valve. 2. The vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to tissues is the aorta. 3. The capillaries receiving blood flow from the left side of the heart are the systemic capillaries. 4. The structure that is located anatomically between the aorta and the left ventricle is the aortic semilunar valve.

Oxygen-Rich Blood and the Left Side of the Heart

Blood Entering the Right Atrium

1. The superior vena cava carries oxygen-poor venous blood from above the diaphragm from areas of the upper body and extremities into the right atrium. 2. The coronary sinus carries oxygen-poor venous blood of the coronary circulation into the right atrium. 3. The inferior vena cava carries oxygen-poor venous blood from below the diaphragm from the areas of the lower body and extremities into the right atrium.

Drag and drop the correct item name to complete each sentence. Terms may be used more than once or not at all.

Drag and drop the correct item name to complete each sentence.Terms may be used more than once or not at all.

Events of Second Messenger Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism

1. Water-soluble hormone binds receptor 2. receptor activates G protein 3. G protein activates cyclase 4. Adenylate cyclase generates cAMP 5. cAMP activates protein kinases

Which flow tube length had the greatest flow rate? -20 mm -30 mm -40 mm -10 mm -All flow tube lengths had the same flow rate.

10 mm

Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance?

10% change in vessel diameter

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

140/90

There are various techniques to manually calculate the heart rate based on the ECG readout. However, there are certain standard features that one should note, such as that the paper/monitor travels at the speed of 25 mm/sec and the gird is made up of little squares of 1 mm × mm, each representing 0.04 sec. The distance between the R wave of one cycle to another R wave is composed of 20 small squares on an ECG strip. What is the heart rate in bpm?

25mm/1 sec = 20mm/x x = 20/25 = 0.8 sec (1 beat/0.8 sec) x (60 sec/1min) = 60 beats/0.8 min = 75 bpm 75 bpm

What is the typical range for viscosity of the blood?

3 to 5

Compute the pulse pressure of a person with a BP of 120/90. Drag and drop the correct numbers to complete the calculation.

30 = 120 - 90

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?

34 mm Hg

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? -1 mm Hg -34 mm Hg -12 mm Hg

34 mm Hg

Which right flow tube radius resulted in the fastest flow rate?

5.0 mm

Which right flow tube radius resulted in the fastest flow rate? -All sizes had the same flow rate. -3.0 mm -5.0 mm -1.0 mm

5.0 mm

Calculate the stroke volume if the end diastolic volume (EDV) is 135 mL/beat and the end systolic volume (ESV) is 60 mL/beat. [Physiological factors that determine cardiac output.] 60 mL/beat 75 mL/beat 205 mL/beat 8100 mL/beat

75 mL/ beat The SV is calculated by subtracting the ESV from the EDV. You are comparing the volume of the ventricle at its fullest to its emptiest.

Calculate the stroke volume if the end diastolic volume (EDV) is 135 mL/beat and the end systolic volume (ESV) is 60 mL/beat.

75 mL/beat

At what rate does the sinoatrial (SA) node depolarize? 30 times per minute 40 times per minute 50 times per minute 75 times per minute

75 times per minute *The sinoatrial node typically depolarizes spontaneously about 75 times per minute, although this can vary in different individuals. This rate is directly modulated by the autonomic nervous system.*

Calculate the cardiac output if heart rate (HR) is 90 beats per minute, stroke volume (SV) is 110 ml/beatml/beat, end diastolic volume (EDV) is 140 mlml, and end systolic volume (ESV) is 30 mlml.

9.9 L/min

Calculate the cardiac output if heart rate (HR) is 90 beats per minute, stroke volume (SV) is 110 ml/beat, end diastolic volume (EDV) is 140 ml, and end systolic volume (ESV) is 30 ml.

9.9 L/min - Cardiac output is the product of heart rate times stroke volume.

Refer again to the entire focus figure.Using the same client, Mr. Orange, with the same pressures, what is the client's NFP at the venous end, NFPv?

= (22 + 1) - (26 + 0) = -3 mm

Concluson/Synthesis: Net Filtration Pressure at the Venous End (NFPv) in an Example of a Hypertensive Client Refer again to the entire focus figure. Using the same client, Mr. Orange, with the same pressures, what is the client's NFP at the venous end, NFPv?

=(22 + 1) - (26 + 0) = -3 mm

Determine which ECG shows a normal sinus rhythm. A B C D

A All waves are clearly present in this ECG of a normal sinus rhythm.

Assume you have a U-tube with a semipermeable capillary membrane made of simple squamous epithelium separating the solutions on either side. Blood will be on the left side of the tube, and watery extracellular fluid (ECF) will be on the right side of the tube. Predict what will occur to the water levels by hydrostatic pressure, the pressure of watery fluid pushing on a boundary.

A pump pushing down on the left arm of the U-tube containing blood will increase ECF fluid levels on the right side.

Examine the left side of page 1 of Focus Figure 19.1.Assume you have a U-tube with a semipermeable capillary membrane made of simple squamous epithelium separating the solutions on either side. Blood will be on the left side of the tube, and watery extracellular fluid (ECF) will be on the right side of the tube. Predict what will occur to the levels of fluids by hydrostatic pressure, the pressure of watery fluid pushing on a boundary.

A pump pushing down on the left arm of the U-tube containing blood will increase ECF fluid levels on the right side.

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A remnant of the ductus arteriosus

The order of impulse conduction in the heart, from beginning to end, is __________. A. SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers B. SA node, bundle branches, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers C. SA node, bundle of His, AV node, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers D. SA node, bundle branches, bundle of His, AV node, and Purkinje fibers

What does the ECG wave tracing represent? A. electrical activity in the heart B. contraction of the heart

What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing? A. ventricular depolarization B. ventricular repolarization C. atrial depolarization D. atrial repolarization

Which of the following does NOT deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart? A. pulmonary veins B. coronary sinus C. superior vena cava D. inferior vena cava

Which of the following structures collects the depolarization wave from the atria to pass it onto the ventricles? A. AV node B. SA node C. atrioventricular bundle D. bundle branches

Which of the following terms is correctly matched to its description? A. quiescent period: total heart relaxation between heartbeats B. diastole: contraction period C. stroke volume: amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute D. systole: relaxed period

Which of these vessels returns blood to the left atrium of the heart? A. pulmonary veins B. pulmonary trunk C. superior vena cava D. coronary sinus

Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart? A. SA node B. AV node C. Purkinje fibers D. AV bundle (bundle of His)

Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles? A. AV node B. Purkinje fibers C. AV bundle (bundle of His) D. SA node E. bundle branches

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

ADH (vasopressin)

___ ______ electrical link(s) between atria and ventricles

AV bundle

Which of these structures conduct(s) action potentials the slowest?

AV node

Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles?

AV node

___ _____ delay(s) occurs here while atria contract

AV node

Which of these structures conduct(s) action potentials the slowest? A) Bundle branches B) AV bundle C) AV node D) Purkinje fibers

AV node - Action potentials slow down as they pass through the AV node. This gives the atria time to finish contracting before the ventricles are depolarized.

Which of the following structures collects the depolarization wave from the atria to pass it onto the ventricles? atrioventricular bundle bundle branches SA node AV node

AV node The AV node receives the depolarizing wave from the atria and delays and coordinates that distribution to the ventricles.

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with the corresponding equipment used in this experiment? -left beaker - blood flowing from the heart -flow tube between the beakers - an artery

All of the above are matched correctly.

Cardiac output is _______. -equal to heart rate times (EDV minus ESV) -equal to blood flow and equal to heart rate times stroke volume -equal to heart rate times stroke volume -equal to blood flow -All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following is likely to occur over time in a patient with arteriosclerosis?

An increase in pulse pressure due to increased resistance to blood flow

A man enters the hospital complaining of chest pain. His history includes smoking, a stressful job, a diet heavy in saturated fats, lack of exercise, and high blood pressure. Although he is not suffering from a heart attack, his doctor explains to him that a heart attack is quite possible. What did the chest pain indicate? Why is this man a prime candidate for further complications? Angina pectoris. If the coronary arteries are occluded (atherosclerosis), the heart muscle could be deprived of oxygen, resulting in a heart attack. Myocardial infarction. If the coronary arteries are occluded (atherosclerosis), the heart muscle could be deprived of oxygen, resulting in a heart attack. Angina pectoris. If the coronary arteries are occluded (atherosclerosis), the heart muscle could be deprived of calcium, resulting in a heart attack.

Angina pectoris. If the coronary arteries are occluded (atherosclerosis), the heart muscle could be deprived of oxygen, resulting in a heart attack.

Which of the following describes the graph of flow versus viscosity?

As viscosity increased, the flow rate decreased and the graph was curved.

A woman's blood pressure at rest is 125/75. After 30 minutes of exercise, her blood pressure is 190/80. Choose the response that correctly calculates her pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest and after exercise.

At rest: PP = SP - DP = 125 - 75 = 50 MAP = DP + 1/3(PP) = 75 + 1/3(50) = 91.7 After exercise: PP = SP - DP = 190 - 80 = 110 MAP = DP + 1/3(PP) = 80 + 1/3(110) = 116.7 Pulse pressure at rest = 50, MAP at rest = 91.7. Pulse pressure after exercise = 110, MAP after exercise = 116.7.

During which of the following cardiac cycle stages do the atria contract to force a small amount of additional blood into the relaxed ventricles?

Atrial systole

Match these vocabulary terms to their meanings.

Atrioventricular valves control blood flow into the ventricles. The structure dividing the two atria of the heart is called the interatrial septum. Tachycardia is a faster than normal heart rate. A test that records the electrical activity of the heart is a(n) electrocardiogram.

Identify the ear like flaps that are attached to the top chambers of the heart.

Auricle

Determine which of the following electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings is missing P waves but is otherwise regular. A B C D

B B illustrates a QRS complex and a T wave, but it is missing the P wave.

Which event does not happen during ventricular diastole? A) The second sound of the heart is heard. B) Atrioventricular valves close because of the contracting ventricles. C) Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles. D) Blood is pushed into the ventricles by the contracting atria.

B) Atrioventricular valves close because of the contracting ventricles.

Calculate the stroke volume if the end diastolic volume (EDV) is 135 mL and the end systolic volume (ESV) is 60 mL. A. 60 mL B. 75 mL C. 205 mL D. 8100 mL

In order to cause cardiac muscle contraction, the contractile cells must also depolarize. What causes the depolarization of the contractile cells? A. an unstable resting membrane potential in the contractile cells B. the flow of positive ions from adjacent cells C. the flow of negative ions from adjacent cells

One of the changes that occurs in the pacemaker potential (unstable resting membrane potential) in the SA node (an autorhythmic cell) is a decreased efflux of what ion? A. calcium B. potassium C. sodium

The right atrioventricular valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the __________. A. left atrium B. right atrium C. pulmonary trunk D. left ventricle

The right side of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump. A. True B. False

What separates the parietal and visceral pericardium? A. epicardium B. pericardial cavity C. fibrous pericardium D. myocardium

Which portion of the electrocardiogram represents the depolarization wave received by the atria from the sinoatrial (SA) node? A. S-T segment B. P wave C. T wave D. QRS complex

Which statement regarding cardiac muscle structure is accurate? A. Cardiac muscle cells are independent of one another both structurally and functionally. B. Myofibrils of cardiac muscle tissue vary in diameter and branch extensively. C. Cardiac cells possess few mitochondria. D. Cardiac cells are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate.

How can baroreceptors help maintain blood pressure homeostasis when blood pressure increases?

Baroreceptors can inhibit sympathetic activity and stimulate parasympathetic activity.

What Caused the Murmur? So why is Mr. G's mitral regurgitation causing a systolic murmur? Remember, a murmur is caused by abnormal turbulent blood flow.

Because his mitral valve leaks, when the ventricles contract, they push blood back up through it into the left atrium.

Identify the valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Select the correct partial path. This path is part of the complete blood flow pathway. You should be able to trace flow starting in any location.

Blood moves from the aorta, through smaller systemic arteries, and into systemic capillaries. From there it moves through systemic veins, into the right atrium, and through the tricuspid valve.

Drag and drop the correct terms on the left to complete the sentences. Words may be used once or not at all.

Blood pressure is the force per unit area exerted on a blood vessel wall by the blood, and it fluctuates with the alternating contraction and relaxation of the ventricles. Systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction, while Diastolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation. Pulse pressure is calculated as systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure, and indicates the additional pressure in the artery when ventricles are contracting. Pulse is the count of surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle.

Which of the following statements most accurately defines what is happening during the second phase of ventricular systole of the cardiac cycle? A) All four valves of the heart are closed. B) Pressure in the ventricles is rising, but not enough to open the semilunar valves. C) Blood is being ejected from the ventricles through open semilunar valves. D) Due to the pressure generated by the contracting ventricles, the second sound of the heart can be heard.

C) Blood is being ejected from the ventricles through open semilunar valves.

In the non-exercising heart, which event of the cardiac cycle lasts the longest? A) ventricular systole B) atrial systole C) atrial diastole D) ventricular diastole

C) atrial diastole

Adding a chemical that reduces Na+ transport near the sinoatrial (SA) node would have what effect on the heart's intrinsic conducting system? A. The SA node would depolarize more quickly, increasing the heart rate. B. There will be no change. C. The SA node would depolarize less quickly, reducing the heart rate. D. The SA node would depolarize more quickly, decreasing the heart rate. E. The SA node would depolarize less quickly, increasing the heart rate.

Blood enters the left and right coronary arteries directly from which vessel or chamber? A. circumflex artery B. pulmonary trunk C. aorta D. left ventricle

Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing? A. QRS complex B. T wave C. P wave

The P wave on an electrocardiogram represents __________. A. atrial repolarization B. ventricular repolarization C. atrial depolarization D. ventricular depolarization

What structures connect the individual heart muscle cells? A. trabaculae carneae B. anastomoses C. intercalated discs D. chordae tendineae

Which of the following would increase cardiac output? A. parasympathetic stimulation B. high blood pressure C. epinephrine D. decreased calcium during contraction

Which of these muscles is particularly associated with anchoring the right and left atrioventricular valves? A. pectinate muscles B. myocardium C. papillary muscles D. trabeculae carneae

he first heart sound (the "lub" of the "lub-dup") is caused by __________. A. closure of the semilunar valves B. ventricular contraction C. closure of the atrioventricular valves D. atrial contraction

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

Which of the following is NOT a difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle? Cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction; skeletal muscle does. The plasma membranes of cardiac muscle cells interlock, but skeletal muscle fibers are independent. Cardiac muscle cells quickly die in the absence of oxygen; skeletal muscle cells are better able to adapt to oxygen deficiency. Cardiac muscle cells contain more mitochondria than do skeletal muscle cells.

Cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction; skeletal muscle does. *Both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are striated, and both utilize the sliding filament mechanism for contraction.*

______ ________ is the volume of blood per minute pumped out by one ventricle

Cardiac output (CO)

Match the terms in the left column to the blanks near their definition on the right.

Cardiac output: the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute. Total peripheral resistance: the amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels. Blood viscosity: the friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other. Blood pressure: the force of the blood against the vessel wall.

What fibrous structure functions to anchor the atrioventricular valves in a closed position?

Chordae tendineae

Which of the following can be heard with a stethoscope most easily?

Closing of atrioventricular valves

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

Cushing's disease

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema?

Cushing's syndrome

Action potentials generated by the autorhythmic cells spread to the contractile cells through what structures in the membrane? A. tight junctions B. intercalated discs C. desmosomes D. gap junctions

At what point in the cardiac cycle is pressure in the ventricles the highest (around 120 mm Hg in the left ventricle)? A. mid-to-late diastole (atrial contraction) B. early diastole (isovolumetric relaxation) C. mid-to-late diastole (ventricular filling) D. Ventricular systole

At what rate does the sinoatrial (SA) node depolarize? A. 30 times per minute B. 40 times per minute C. 50 times per minute D. 75 times per minute

Consider the following characteristics of the cells found in muscle tissue. Which feature is shared by both cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle? A. intercalated discs B. triads C. branched cells D. striations

Repolarization of an autorhythmic cell is due to the opening of which channels? A. chemically gated calcium channels B. Chemically gated potassium channels C. voltage-gated sodium channels D. voltage-gated potassium channels

The __________ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. A. mitral B. pulmonary semilunar C. aortic semilunar D. tricuspid

When threshold is reached at the SA node (an autorhythmic cell), what channels open causing further depolarization of the membrane? A. potassium B. slow calcium C. fast sodium D. fast calcium

Which of the following increases stroke volume? A. severe blood loss B. decrease in end diastolic volume (EDV) C. decrease in preload D. exercise

Which of the following would cause a DECREASE in cardiac output (CO)? A. suddenly standing up from a supine position B. heightened use of skeletal muscle C. an increase in adrenal medulla output (epinephrine) D. decreasing thyroid function (thyroxine)

Why are gap junctions a vital part of the intercellular connection of cardiac muscles? A. Gap junctions allow calcium to enter the cell, triggering calcium release from the SR. B. Gap junctions contract when stimulated, strengthening the force of cardiac cell contraction. C. Gap junctions form strong intercellular connections. D. Gap junctions allow action potentials to spread to connected cells.

These activities change heart rate by changing the balance of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Sort each of the activities according to whether it decreases or increases heart rate.

Decrease- Lying Down,Digesting Increase- Standing Up, Fright or Anger, Exercise - The balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation to the heart controls heart rate. Increased parasympathetic activity decreases heart rate, and sympathetic activity increases heart rate.

_________ ________ ______ is the volume of blood in one ventricle before contraction

End diastolic volume (EDV)

_______ _______ _______ is the volume of blood in one ventricle after contraction

End systolic volume (ESV)

Name the inner lining of the heart.

Endocardium

The role of the chordae tendineae is to open the AV valves at the appropriate time. True False

FALSE

Oxygenated blood flows through the right side of the heart

False

Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids.

False

The base of the heart is located at the bottom of the heart.

False

The moderator band is found on both the right and left side of the heart.

False

The right side of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump. True False

False *The right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated. For this reason, the right side of the heart is considered the pulmonary circuit pump. The left side of the heart pumps blood to the body, and is therefore considered the systemic circuit pump.*

_________ ___________ is the number of heart beats per minute

Heart rate (HR)

Understanding and proper pronunciation of the cardiac terminology is essential for proper communication. One should be able to talk and explain these terms such that the patient will understand without feeling overwhelmed. Match the terms with the correct description.

Heart sound made during ventricular ejection. Lubb Slower-than-normal heart rate. Bradycardia Sound of a turbulent blood flow. Korotkoff sound Atrial depolarization seen on an ECG. P wave Ventricular depolarization seen on an ECG. QRS complex Ventricular repolarization seen on an ECG. T wave One-third of the pulse pressure plus the diastolic pressure. Mean arterial pressure The event that happens immediately following the P wave but is not shown due to the amplitude of the QRS wave. Atrial systole Faster than normal heart rate. Tachycardia

What is a hematocrit?

Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample.

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?

IP3

Which of the following is true of blood vessel length?

It increases as we approach puberty.

How does inflating a blood pressure cuff affect brachial artery blood flow?

It restricts local circulation.

Describe the plot of pressure versus flow rate.

It was linear, and the flow rate increased with increased pressure.

Identify the most muscular chamber.

Left ventricle

What heart chamber pushes blood through the aortic semilunar valve?

Left ventricle

If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result?

Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys. The kidneys would be encouraged by PTH to retain more calcium, which would result is less calcium in the urine

Which of the statements describes the proper way to measure a radial pulse?

Lightly press the tips of your index and middle finger over the lateral wrist, in line with the patient's thumb

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Liver cells.

Compute the MAP of a person with a BP of 120/90. Drag and drop the correct numbers to complete the calculation.

MAP = 90 + 1/3 (30) = 100 mmHg

Which of the following is the correct mean arterial pressure (MAP) when the blood pressure is 130/85?

MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP - DP) MAP = 85 + 1/3 (130 - 85) MAP = 100

Mean arterial pressure is important to understand, as this is the pressure that actually assures proper blood delivery to the organs and tissues. It is not a mere average of systolic and diastolic pressures. Recall that the heart is in diastole much longer than it is in systole. What is the MAP for a blood pressure of 120/60?

MAP = DP + 1/3(SP - DP) MAP = 60 + 1/3(120 - 60) MAP = 80

Which statement regarding cardiac muscle structure is accurate?

Myofibrils of cardiac muscle tissue vary in diameter and branch extensively.

Mr. Orange has hypertension (HTN) and other vessel disorders, and his brachial blood pressure is ~160/100. Assume his HPc is ~44 mm and other pressures are unaffected. What is his NFPa?

NFPa = (44 + 1) - (0 + 26) = +19 mm

Review the entire Focus Figure 19.1 again. During your review, consider what would happen if one pressure were atypical. Read through Focus Figure 19.1. Mr. Orange has hypertension (HTN) and other vessel disorders, and his brachial blood pressure is ~160/100. Assume his HPc is ~44 mm and other pressures are unaffected. What is his NFPa?

NFPa = (44 + 1) - (0 + 26) = +19 mm

Baby A was scheduled for surgery to repair her atrial septal defect. The operation went well, and she is recovering nicely. Her mother wants to know whether she will need transfusions, since her blood pressure was so low before the surgery.Will she need transfusions to maintain her systemic volume?

No. Now that the shunt has been repaired, her blood is not being diverted from the systemic circuit into the pulmonary circuit, and her blood pressure should return to normal.

Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing?

P wave

Which portion of the electrocardiogram represents the depolarization wave received by the atria from the sinoatrial (SA) node? QRS complex T wave P wave S-T segment

P wave

ventricular depolarization

P wave

Arteriosclerosis decreases the elasticity of arterial walls and increases arterial resistance to blood flow. Suppose there are two patients. Patient A has a resting blood pressure of 115/70. Patient B has a resting blood pressure of 140/100. Which of the following is a true statement regarding the pulse pressure and MAP of these two patients?

Patient A has a higher pulse pressure, while Patient B has a higher MAP.

Name the ridged bundles of muscle found projecting inside the right atrium.

Pectinate muscles

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

Phosphorylate proteins.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the role of platelets in hemostatic reactions?

Platelets release the only chemical factors that can initiate coagulation.

Recall from the video the procedure to auscultate (listen to) heart sounds. Which of the following is NOT part of auscultating normal first and second heart sounds? -Disinfect the earpieces and diaphragm of the stethoscope. -Position the earpieces so they are angled backward in the ears. -Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the apex of the heart. -Listen carefully for lub - dup.

Position the earpieces so they are angled backward in the ears.

Focus your attention on the section called Net reabsorption occurs at the venous end of a capillary on page 2 of Focus Figure 19.1. Note that for an NFP at any point there are four pressures to be considered. Blood pressure falls ~50% as it passes through the capillary bed.Sort the types of pressures into the appropriate bins. Each bin describes the pressure at the venous end of the capillary bed.

Pressure decreases: HPc NFPv Pressure remains the same:

What is the function of the coronary circulation?

Provide a blood supply to the heart

Identfiy the valve located at the exit of the right ventricle.

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Which statement best describes blood flow through the pulmonary veins?

Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood from lung capillaries to the heart.

Based on the information in the video, rank these blood vessels from predicted weakest pulse on the left to strongest pulse on the right.

Pulse strength gets weaker in arterial blood vessels as you move away from the heart. Pulse strength is highest in large arteries and decreases with decreasing size of vessels carrying blood away from the heart. After capillary exchange, pulse strength decreases with increasing size of venous vessels.

_____ ______ convey(s) the impulse throughout the ventricular walls

Purkinje fibers

Which portion of the electrocardiogram represents the time during which the ventricles are in systole? QRS complex Q-T interval P wave T wave

Q-T internal The Q-T interval is the period from the beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization, during which the ventricles are in systole.

During which portion of the electrocardiogram do the atrioventricular valves close, correlating with the first heart sound ("lub")? T wave P wave P-R interval R-S waves

R-S waves *When the ventricles enter systole, the atrioventricular valves close. This valve closure is associated with the first heart sound, the "lub."*

Which chamber of the heart exits into the pulmonary trunk?

Right ventricle

Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?

SA node

Which part of the intrinsic conduction system normally initiates the depolarizing impulse that causes a heartbeat?

SA node

__ _____ set(s) the pace for the entire heart

SA node

Which part of the intrinsic conduction system normally initiates the depolarizing impulse that causes a heartbeat?

SA node - Like the rest of the intrinsic conduction system, the SA node contains pacemaker cells that spontaneously depolarize. The cells within the SA node, however, depolarize faster than the other cells within the system. This causes action potentials to initiate in the SA node rather than in any of the other structures.

Arrange the elements of the intrinsic conduction system in the order that a depolarizing impulse travels during a normal heartbeat.

SA node --> internodal pathways --> AV node --> AV bundle --> bundle branches --> purkinje fibers

The order of impulse conduction in the heart, from beginning to end, is __________. SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers SA node, bundle of His, AV node, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers SA node, bundle branches, bundle of His, AV node, and Purkinje fibers SA node, bundle branches, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers The impulses of the heart originate at the SA node (pacemaker). The impulse is then transmitted to the AV node (atrioventricular node), where the impulse slows down to allow the atria to completely contract and thereby fill the adjacent ventricles. The AV node then transmits the impulse to the bundle of His, which branches into left and right bundle branches. The bundle branches give rise to the Purkinje fibers, which transmit the impulse to the ventricle walls and stimulate ventricular contraction

Before Baby A was born, she was not sending much blood to her lungs. Instead, the blood passed through the septal defect into the left atrium, which sent it to the left ventricle and to her body. But why didn't the baby die if no blood was going through her lungs?

She was getting her oxygen from the placenta, not from breathing.

The echocardiogram revealed an atrial septal defect as well as confirming the enlarged right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. Baby A's systemic blood pressure is also decreased.What is the most likely explanation?

Since blood is moving from her systemic circuit into her pulmonary circuit, the pulmonary circuit is distended and the systemic circuit is low on blood.

________ _________ is the volume of blood per heart beat pumped out by one ventricle

Stroke volume (SV)

Systole and Diastole Mr. G has mitral regurgitation. How has this caused a systolic murmur? First of all, let's sort out what is happening during systole and diastole.

Systole: AV valves are closed, semilunar valves are open, ventricles are contacting, blood is flowing through semilunar valves, blood is leaving the heart diastole: AV valves are open, blood is flowing through the AV valves, ventricles are relaxed, semilunar valves are closed, blood is entering the heart.

Drag and drop the correct terms on the left to complete the sentences. Words may be used once or not at all.

Systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction, while diastolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation. MAP can be calculated as diastolic pressure plus one-third the pulse pressure because the ventricles spend more time in diastole. Blood pressure is the force per unit area exerted on a blood vessel wall by the blood, and it fluctuates with the alternating contraction and relaxation of the ventricles. Pulse pressure is the calculated as systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure and indicates the additional pressure in the artery when ventricles are contracting.

During exercise, there is a large increase in systolic pressure, but very little change in diastolic pressure? Choose the response that best explains this.

Systolic pressure results from the action of ventricles, which eject blood more forcefully during exercise. Diastolic pressure is primarily due to factors that would not change during exercise.

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

Drag and drop the terms at the left to match the appropriate descriptions at the right.

The Cardiac cycle consists of one complete heartbeat. Diastole is the relaxation phase of a heart chamber. Systole is the contraction phase of a heart chamber. Auscultation is listening to internal sounds of the body. Korotkoff's sounds are heard when turbulent flow occurs in an artery as a blood pressure cuff is released. The First heart sound is caused by the closure of the AV valves. The Second heart sound is caused as the semilunar valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole. An unusual heart sound is called a Murmur.

The Left-sided Problem Now that you have reviewed normal blood flow, why does a patient with left-sided heart failure have a low systolic blood pressure?

The left side of the heart pumps blood into the body, so when it fails, less blood will be pumped into the arteries.

Breathing Problems Mr. G talks in short bursts with frequent breaths. He tells you he used to feel breathless when he was walking, but now he has been having more and more trouble breathing even when he is lying down at night. When you listened to his lungs you heard fluid in them. Could this be due to his heart failure, or is it another problem?

The left side of the heart receives blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body, so if it fails, blood will remain in the lungs.

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are high

The pancreas releases insulin.

Match these prefixes and roots to their meanings.

The prefix atri- means atrium. The prefix ventriculo- means ventricle of the heart. The prefix cardi- means heart or heart action. The prefix electro- means electricity.

Which of the following represents a correct statement about pressures at the arteriolar side of the capillary bed?

The pressures directed into the blood at the arteriolar end are OPc and HPif.

You have figured out how pulmonary arteriole vasoconstriction could lead to high vascular resistance and therefore high blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit. This high resistance is going to make it harder for the heart to push blood through the vessels, overworking the heart and leading to heart failure. Which side of the heart is most likely to be overworked?

The right side because it has the job of pumping blood through the constricted pulmonary vessels.

Which statement is correct regarding the ventricles? The left ventricle empties into the pulmonary circuit. The left ventricle has a thinner wall than the right ventricle. The right ventricle empties into the pulmonary trunk. The right ventricle forms a complete circle in cross section.

The right ventricle empties into the pulmonary trunk

Which description most accurately describes the functions of the superior and inferior venae cavae?

The superior vena cava primarily drains oxygen-poor blood from the body above the diaphragm, while the inferior vena cava drains oxygen-poor blood from areas below the diaphragm.

The second patient You take Mr. V into the second exam room while the doctor talks to Mr. G. You can tell right away that Mr. V is breathing better than Mr. G because he does not have to stop talking to take a breath. He complains that he is having trouble with walking − his legs feel heavy. And he has gained 6 pounds in a week, even though he has been sticking to the diet the doctor gave him. "My pants aren't any tighter," he says, "but my socks and shoes sure are! I've had to switch to these sandals. I'm too old for my feet to be growing. I don't get why Mr. G isn't having the same problem, since we're both rheumies − rheumatic fever guys." When you examine Mr. V he has pitting edema of both ankles and feet. They were slightly swollen on his last visit, but not this badly. His jugular veins are distended. Mr. V's chart says he has been diagnosed with tricuspid stenosis (narrowed tricuspid valve) secondary to rheumatic fever. His blood pressure is the same as it was the last time he came in, and so is his heart rate. His lungs sound normal, but you hear a diastolic murmur when you listen to his heart. Why would tricuspid stenosis cause a diastolic murmur?

The tricuspid valve is partly blocked, so when blood is flowing through it, there will be a noise of turbulent blood flow. Blood flows through the tricuspid during diastole, so that is when you hear the murmur.

What heart problem would be experienced by an individual whose ECG is seen at C? The atria are not pumping blood. The heart would pump with too much pressure (hypertension). The heart is not pumping any blood at all. The ventricles are not reaching systole in every cardiac cycle.

The ventricles are not reaching systole in every cardiac cycle This condition is known as a second-degree heart block. Some signals from the AV node are not being conducted to the ventricles.

Examine the left side of page 1 of Focus Figure 19.1. Assume you have a U-tube with a semipermeable membrane (boundary) separating the solutions on either side. Predict what will occur to the water level if large, nondiffusible solutes are added only to the left arm of the tube.

The water level on the left side of the U-tube will rise.

Examine the lower left of Focus Figure 19.1. Assume you have a U-tube with a semipermeable membrane separating the solutions on either side. Predict what will occur to the water level if large, nondiffusible solutes are added only to the left arm of the tube.

The water level on the left side of the U-tube will rise.

With regard to the previous question in Part C above, how did the woman's pulse pressure and MAP change after exercise?

The woman's pulse pressure more than doubled after exercise.

What is the functional significance of the walls of large arteries having an abundant supply of elastic fibers?

They can recoil to propel blood forward in the arterial system.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Mr. G's online file also has the results of his recent blood tests. The only thing that looks abnormal is something called ANP − atrial natriuretic peptide. It is elevated. Why would this hormone be elevated in Mr. G, and what is it doing to him?

This hormone comes from the overstretched atrium and makes Mr. G lose more Na+ and water in his urine, lowering blood volume and reducing the load on the atrium.

Name the irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles.

Trabeculae carneae

Identify the right atrioventricular valve

Tricuspid valve

Blood on the right never mixes with blood on the left, once the heart is fully developed.

True

The first branch off the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery in both the sheep and the human.

True

Tissues damaged by myocardial infarction are replaced by connective tissue. True False

True

When released in large quantities, thyroxine, a thyroid gland hormone, causes a sustained increase in heart rate. True False

True

In her notes, the doctor has written "possible cor pulmonale." When you look this up, you find that it is a kind of heart failure caused by "pulmonary hypertension, resulting from reflex vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles due to low oxygen levels and high CO2CO2 levels in the lungs." This can occur in both acute and chronic respiratory diseases.How would arteriole vasoconstriction cause pulmonary hypertension?

Vasoconstriction increases peripheral resistance (also called vascular resistance).

During exercise, cardiac output may increase by more than 170% to meet the body's increased O2 demands. This increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure. But the accompanying increase in arterial pressure is relatively small—only about 40%. What limits this increase in blood pressure so that it doesn't reach dangerously high levels during exercise?

Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle.

________ ______ is the volume of blood per minute flowing into one atrium

Venous return (VR)

Choose the statement below that best explains why the pulse pressure changes for a person with arteriosclerosis.

Ventricles must exert enough force to overcome the increased resistance to circulation caused by the changes in blood vessels.

During which of the following stages of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles passively fill?

Ventricular diastole

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?

a decrease in blood glucose levels

Drag each label to the appropriate location on the diagram of a homeostasis pathway.

a. negative feedback b. endocrine cell c. hormone d. blood vessel

Regulating blood sugar

a. pancreas releases insulin b. body cells take up more glucose c. liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen d. blood glucose decreases to normal e. pancreas releases glucagon f. liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose to the blood g. blood glucose increases to normal

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?

activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

Which of the following hormones is stimulated by stress?

adrenocorticotropic hormone

What hormone, indicated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary modulates the release of aldosterone. The term tropic refers to a hormone that acts on another endocrine gland.

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?

an increase in heart contractility Sympathetic nervous system activity would be increased because of the low blood pressure. Sympathetic fibers go to the ventricles of the heart and increase their contractility. An increase in contractility would increase stroke volume which would lead to an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure.

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following?

an increase in heart rate and contractility Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla and act as part of the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and contractility. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have other effects that would also increase blood pressure.

What gland secretes growth hormone?

anterior pituitary

Conclusion: Blood Flow through the Heart Select the correct partial path. This path is part of the complete blood flow pathway. You should be able to trace flow starting in any location.

aorta to smaller systemic arteries to systemic capillaries to systemic veins to right atrium through the tricuspid valve

The P wave on an electrocardiogram represents __________. ventricular depolarization atrial depolarization ventricular repolarization atrial repolarization

atrial depolarization The P wave reflects the depolarization of the atria.

Which of the following hormones would most likely induce a lowering of blood pressure? -angiotensin II -antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) -epinephrine and norepinephrine

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ANP causes the kidneys to excrete more water and sodium, reducing blood volume and thus blood pressure.

Damage to the ________ causes heart block. sinoatrial (SA) node atrioventricular (AV) bundle atrioventricular (AV) node atrioventricular (AV) valves

atrioventricular node

During the period of ventricular filling ________. pressure in the heart is at its peak blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles the atria remain in diastole the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are ope

blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open atrioventricular valves into the ventricles

During the ejection period, _______.

blood is pumped into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.

blood pressure

What causes the abnormal swishing or whooshing sound that is heard as blood regurgitates back into an atrium from its associated ventricle? aortic recoil semilunar valve closure blood turbulence pulmonary trunk expansion

blood turbulence

Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________.

blood vessel diameter

Which of the following has the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?

blood vessel diameter

Which of the following has the greatest effect on blood flow?

blood vessel radius

In this activity, which of the following were kept constant?

blood vessel radius and blood vessel length

In this experiment, _______.

blood vessel radius will be kept constant and blood vessel length will be varied

______ ______ convey(s) the impulse down the interventricular septum

bundle branches

Which of these glands is responsible for regulating minerals in the body but is also part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

c. The adrenal glands have a medulla that contains postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Its cortex helps regulates mineral levels in the body, along with other functions.

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.

cAMP in the cytoplasm

What hormone is released by the cells pictured in letter D?

calcitonin These humorally-stimulated cells respond to increasing levels of calcium in the blood and secrete calcitonin to counteract it.

What vessels sustain a drop in pressure from approximately 35 mm Hg to around 17 mm Hg?

capillaries

Which type of blood vessel typically LACKS one or more of the three tunics?

capillaries

Which type of blood vessels typically are regulated by sphincters?

capillaries

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.

capillary; interstitial fluid

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?

chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

The beginning of the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram (ECG) immediately precedes which of the following events?

closing of the atrioventricular valves

The first heart sound (the "lub" of the "lub-dup") is caused by __________. closure of the semilunar valves ventricular contraction closure of the atrioventricular valves atrial contraction

closure of the atrioventricular valves The first heart sound (the "lub" of the "lub-dup") is generated by the closure of the atrioventricular valves.

A foramen ovale ________. is a shallow depression in the interventricular septum connects the two atria in the fetal heart is a condition in which the heart valves do not completely close is a connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus

connects the two atria in the fetal heart

An increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase stroke volume by increasing __________.

contractility

An increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase stroke volume by increasing __________.

contractility - Increased sympathetic activity increases heart contractility. This causes cardiac fibers to contract more forcefully at all levels of preload. Regardless of end diastolic volume, this mechanism increases stroke volume by reducing end systolic volume

The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________. fossa ovalis coronary sinus coronary arteries coronary veins

coronary arteries

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

cortisol

Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?

decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system A decrease in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system would result in decreased activity of vasomotor fibers, resulting in vasodilation.

increased

decreased flow rate

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

decreased insulin secretion

How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output?

decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output

Which of the following is the correct equation for the calculation of mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

Tricuspid Stenosis Mr. V has also had a recent echocardiogram and blood work. With tricuspid stenosis, what changes do you expect to see in the echocardiogram report?

dilated right atrium because blood is not flowing down into the right ventricle fast enough

During exercise, we might expect blood vessels in the skeletal muscle to be somewhat _______________ and the blood vessels in the digestive organs to be somewhat ____________.

dilated, constricted

Blood flow is _______.

directly proportional to the pressure gradient

The flow rate of a liquid is _______.

directly proportional to the pressure gradient

What does the ECG wave tracing represent?

electrical activity in the heart

The volume in the pump when the pump piston is all the way down represents the _______.

end systolic volume

Which of the following leukocyte is NOT correctly matched with its function?

eosinophil: bacterial macrophage

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

epinephrine

Which of the following would increase cardiac output? epinephrine decreased calcium during contraction high blood pressure parasympathetic stimulation

epinephrine Sympathetic stimulation leads to the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, both of which increase heart rate and increase contractility, which increases stroke volume. Increasing heart rate and stroke volume increases cardiac output.

Which of the following would increase heart rate?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which of the following increases stroke volume? severe blood loss decrease in preload exercise decrease in end diastolic volume (EDV)

exercise Exercise increases venous return, which would in turn increase the amount of blood in the presystolic ventricle (preload).

When threshold is reached at the SA node (an autorhythmic cell), what channels open causing further depolarization of the membrane?

fast calcium

When the radius of the flow tube is decreased, the _______.

fluid flow rate decreases

How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?

four

In Baby A, the atrial septal defect did not close at birth. Blood is flowing through her defect in what direction? Choose the best answer.

from the left atrium into the right atrium The right side of the heart is sending blood to the lungs. The lungs are low pressure, so the right side of the heart is also low pressure. The left side is high pressure.

Which of the following plasma proteins is improperly matched with its function?

gamma globulins: lipid transport

Action potentials generated by the autorhythmic cells spread to the contractile cells through what structures in the membrane?

gap junctions

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism in the individual in the center of this image?

growth hormone (GH)

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________. cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells has more nuclei per cell lacks striations has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

Increasing blood vessel length _______.

has the same effect as decreasing blood vessel radius and increases resistance to flow

Arteries that are closer to the heart _______.

have more elastic tissue and must be able to withstand pressure changes

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

heart palpitations

What variable(s) can the cardiovascular system alter to maintain blood pressure?

heart rate, stroke volume and resistance

What causes heart sounds? heart valve closure blood flowing from the atria into the ventricles pressure of blood in the ventricles opening of heart valves

heart valve closure Heart sounds are caused by heart valve closure.

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

homeostasis.

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

hormone production

What area of the brain is designated by letter A?

hypothalamus

Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made?

hypothalamus The hypothalamus regulates the release of several other hormones by producing releasing and inhibitory hormones, including TRH.

Where are the vasa vasorum located?

in the tunica externa of large blood vessels

Formed elements in the blood _______.

include platelets and whole cells that slide past one another

An increase in venous return will _______.

increase EDV and therefore, increase stroke volume

Which of the following result(s) in an increase in fluid flow rate?

increase in pressure and increase in radius diameter

An increased preload is equivalent to, or causes, a(n) _______.

increased EDV

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume?

increased contractility

Increase in stroke volume is a result of _______.

increased contractility of the heart, increased EDV and increased preload

By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume?

increased end diastolic volume

Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent?

increased heart rate and increased stroke volume

Polycythemia results in _______.

increased resistance to flow

In this activity, we changed the pressure delivered by the left beaker. This is analogous to _______.

increasing the force of contraction of the heart

What structures connect the individual heart muscle cells? trabaculae carneae anastomoses intercalated discs chordae tendineae

intercalated *Intercalated discs connect the heart muscle cells. They include desmosomes (anchoring junctions) and gap junctions (communicating junctions).*

A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______.

interfering with the normal transmission of ADH to the posterior pituitary via the axons of hypothalamic neurons

_______ _________ link(s) between the SA node and AV node

internodal pathways

Other than the brain and heart, what organ would hypertension affect the most?

kidney

Which factor is most responsible for regulating long-term blood pressure?

kidneys altering blood volume The kidneys regulate long-term blood pressure via the direct renal mechanism that controls the amount of water from the blood that leaves in urine, or by the indirect renal mechanism that involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.

The free-flowing blood located in the middle of a blood vessel is called _______.

laminar flow

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________. right atrium left ventricle left atrium right ventricle

left atrium

Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?

left atrium

Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs? left ventricle left atrium right ventricle right atrium

left atrium

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?

left ventricle

The overlap length of cardiac muscle in the healthy heart is _______.

less than optimum for maximum tension production

Which of the following would NOT be a characteristic of normal blood?

less viscous than water

Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

look at question above; neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte

Oxygen-Rich Blood Returning to the Heart

lung capillaries, pulonary veins, left atrium, miral/bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic/semilunar valve

Which type of leukocyte is responsible for antibody production?

lymphocytes

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?

net osmotic pressure

Identify the leukocytes in the figure in order.

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte

When a person has an acute bacterial infection, such as bacterial meningitis or appendicitis, which type of leukocyte increases in number?

neutrophils

When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________. tracing out where the auricles connect finding the papillary muscles locating the base noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls

noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls

An increase in venous return _______.

occurs during exercise

Which of these muscles is particularly associated with anchoring the right and left atrioventricular valves? myocardium trabeculae carneae papillary muscles pectinate muscles

papillary muscles

Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels?

parathyroid

Which of the following is correctly matched?

pernicious anemia: results from a vitamin B12 deficiency

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

phosphodiesterase

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?

phosphodiesterase

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling?

phosphodiesterase

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.

plasma membrane receptors

What "clot buster" enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occurred during fibrinolysis?

plasmin

Suppose that an individual injects himself with erythropoietin in order to raise his level of endurance, an act that is usually illegal in competitive sports. Which of the following could result?

polycythemia

One of the changes that occurs in the pacemaker potential (unstable resting membrane potential) in the SA node (an autorhythmic cell) is a decreased efflux of what ion?

potassium

In this activity, which variable will be changed?

pressure

Hypercalcemia could cause ______. increased osteoclast activity prolonged T wave hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone All of the listed responses are correct.

prolonged T wave The T wave on an ECG tracing represents ventricular repolarization. Repolarization requires the net efflux of K+ ions. Recall that changes in normal ion concentrations, like Ca2+, in the plasma can affect the ability of other ions to move in and out of the cell.

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.

proteins in the blood

In which of the following blood vessels would you expect to find the LEAST amount of carbon dioxide?

pulmonary vein The pulmonary vein carries blood from the lungs that is rich in oxygen and poor in carbon dioxide.

Which of these vessels returns blood to the left atrium of the heart? pulmonary veins pulmonary trunk superior vena cava coronary sinus

pulmonary veins

Which of the following does NOT deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart? coronary sinus superior vena cava inferior vena cava pulmonary veins

pulmonary veins *The pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium.*

Conclusion: Blood Flow through the Heart oxygen right

pulmonary veins, aorta, left ventricle, left atrium

When the flow tube radius increased, _______.

resistance decreased and pump rate increased to maintain pressure

In an ischemic heart, the affected cardiac muscle cells are likely to have an altered ______. number of Z discs number of desmosomes number of slow Ca+2 channels resting membrane potential

resting membrane potential *Ischemia is cell and tissue damage that result from a lack of proper blood and oxygen delivery. The damaged tissue is normally replaced by scar tissue that lacks the normal cell structure of the original tissue. So "scarred" cardiac muscle would lack the pumps and channels that are necessary to establish resting membrane potential.*

The right atrioventricular valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the __________. left ventricle pulmonary trunk right atrium left atrium

right atrium

Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?

right atrium

Assume that blood is flowing from the coronary sinus to the lung capillaries. Place the anatomical labels in order of flow in the target boxes. Not all labels are used.

right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulomonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries

Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?

right ventricle

Arrange these elements of the intrinsic conduction system in the order that a depolarizing impulse travels during a normal heartbeat.

see picture

Arrange these images of the phases during the cardiac cycle in order starting with atrial contraction. Rank the phases of the cardiac cycle from first to last. Do not overlap any phases.

see picture

Assume that blood is flowing from the coronary sinus to the lung capillaries. Place the anatomical labels in order of flow in the target boxes. Not all labels are used.

see picture

Drag and drop the correct identification label to the box with a leader line. Answers may be used once or not at all.

see picture

Drag and drop the terms to arrange them, from left to right, in order of blood flow of oxygen-rich blood into the heart.

see picture

Drag and drop valve names to their correct location in the image.

see picture

Place the appropriate valve position for the atrioventricular valves (AV) and semilunar valves for each phase of the cardiac cycle on the left side of the heart. Identify the valves' positions by dragging the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

see picture

Predict the changes in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output for each of the following conditions by filling out the table below. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

see picture

Sort the terms into the appropriate category of either oxygen-poor or oxygen-rich.

see picture

The tiles below are pieces of a normal ECG tracing representing a little less than two heartbeats at a resting rate of 80 bpmbpm. Arrange the tiles in their correct order. Drag and drop the images in the correct order of an ECG tracing.

see picture

Which of the following graphs depict the cardiac cycle of an individual with chronic hypertension in which blood pressure is 140/90?

see picture

Identify the phases of the cardiac cycle by dragging the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

see picture

Specifically, what part of the intrinsic conduction system stimulates the atrioventricular (AV) node to conduct impulses to the atrioventricular bundle? bundle branches subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers) sinoatrial (SA) node interventricular septum

sinoatrial (SA) node *The sinoatrial node, by spontaneously depolarizing faster than the atrioventricular node, initiates heart contraction.*

qrs complex

sinoatrial node atrioventricular node

Which type of blood vessel is the most permeable?

sinusoid capillaries

Which of the following factors does NOT influence heart rate? gender skin color age body temperature

skin color

The flow rate in this activity _______.

stayed constant, because pump rate decreased as the stroke volume increased

Which of the following tools are most commonly used to measure blood pressure indirectly?

stethoscope, sphygmomanometer

Hemostasis is important for __________.

stoppage of bleeding

Which of the following stayed constant throughout this activity?

stroke volume

Which variable was altered in this activity?

stroke volume

Conclusion: Blood Flow through the Heart oxygen poor

superior vena cava, right atrium, right venticle, pulmonary arteries

When blood vessel length increases, _______.

surface area increases

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

synergism

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________. tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action it would be much longer before cardiac cells could respond to a second stimulation contractions would last as long as the refractory period pacemaker cells would cease to spontaneously depolarize

tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action

Afterload is the pressure threshold that must be exceeded to open _______.

the aortic semilunar valve and the pulmonary semilunar valve

If a person jumps quickly out of bed, which of the following is most likely to decrease in order to maintain blood pressure homeostasis?

the diameter of blood vessels If blood pressure drops, baroreceptors will quickly activate the vasomotor center, which will constrict, and thus decrease, the diameter of the blood vessels.

In order to cause cardiac muscle contraction, the contractile cells must also depolarize. What causes the depolarization of the contractile cells?

the flow of positive ions from adjacent cells

In the cardiovascular system, the pressure gradient is provided by _______.

the force of contraction of the heart and peripheral resistance in the blood vessels

What allows a cell to respond to a hormone?

the presence of a specific hormone receptor

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? -leukocytes - white blood cells -erythrocytes - red blood cells -thrombocytes - plasma proteins -All of the above are matched correctly

thrombocytes - plasma proteins

The left side of the heart pumps blood _______.

through the aortic valve

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?

thyroid hormone

Which of the following describes why the body might need to increase vessel length?

to accommodate weight gain and height changes

What is the main function of the pulmonary circuit?

to oxygenate the blood

The __________ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. pulmonary semilunar tricuspid mitral aortic semilunar

tricuspid

Which valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle? pulmonary semilunar valve bicuspid valve mitral valve tricuspid valve

tricuspid valve

Right-Sided Anatomical Features

tricuspid valve, inferior vena cava, pulomary semilunar valve, right ventricle, pulomary artery, pumonary trunk, lung capillary bed.

Conclusion: Valves in Blood Flow through the Heart

tricuspid valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve, mitral (bicuspid) valve

The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?

two pumps

The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?

two pumps The right side of the heart pumps to/from the lungs (pulmonary circuit) and the left side of the heart pumps to/from the rest of the body (the systemic circuit).

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?

tyrosine kinase receptors

How does the body decrease the blood vessel radius?

vasoconstriction

Laminar flow of the blood is achieved through _______.

vasodilation

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

venous

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

venous It is because the hydrostatic pressure of blood (which favors filtration out of the capillary) is lowest in the venous end of the capillary.

What is happening during the "pause" phase when the heart is resting (relaxing)? Atria are contracting. Ventricles are filling. Valves are closing. Ventricles are contracting.

ventricles are filling

Which of the events below does NOT occur when the semilunar valves are open? Blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta. Ventricles are in diastole. AV valves are closed. Ventricles are in systole.

ventricles are in diastole

What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing?

ventricular depolarization

Repolarization of an autorhythmic cell is due to the opening of which channels?

voltage-gated potassium channels

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?

water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine

The atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed ________. while the atria are contracting when the ventricles are in diastole when the ventricles are in systole by the movement of blood from atria to ventricles

when the ventricles are in systole

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?

β receptors

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