Exam 2 Bio 110

When does independent assortment occur?

Metaphase I

Intermediate Filaments

Middle, Lamin protein, supports cell structure

Aquatic ecosystems are most likely to be limited by which of the following nutrients A) nitrogenB) carbonC) potassiumD) zinc

Nitrogen

Are protists all single celled?

No

Are protists related to eukaryotes evolutionarily?

No

Can independent assortment occur for 2N=2 cell?

No

Which of the following is NOT found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? ​A. Ribosomes​B. Double-stranded DNA ​C. Cytoskeleton​D. Nucleolus

Nucleolus

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Nucleus (eukaryotes), cytoplasm (prokaryotes)

Cilates traits (kingdom alveolata)

Unicellular, freeliving, eat bacteria and other protists, covered with cilia- paramecium

Examples of Parabasalids

Trychomonas - sexually transmitted parasite, Trychonympha - insect endosymbionts and live in termite guts- break down cellulose

Microfilaments

Tubulin proteins, mitosis and meiosis

Oomycota facts

Water molds and downy mildews, unicellular, heterotrophic decomposers, similar to fungi, not closely related to fungi, cellulose composes cell wall

Examples of Alveolata

dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates

When haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg the resulting cell is ....

diploid zygote

Diploid cell

each cell has two complete sets of chromosomes (one from mom and dad)

Steps of Life

egg (n), sperm (n), fertilization occurs, zygote (2n), mitosis (2n)

Dinoflagellates (kingdom alveolata) traits

flagella, paired flagella, photosynthetic and heterotrophic occasionally, comprise phytoplankton, Notiluca are bioluminescent and are blue, help build coral reefs (zooxanthellae), responsible for harmful algae blooms, turn red, release toxins and kill animals

Golgi performs ___

glycolysation

Chlorophytes Facts

green algae, closely related to plants, chlorophyll A and B

Anaphase I

homologs separate and begin moving to opposite poles

What does the rough ER do?

houses ribosomes on its surface - proteins targeted for export outside cell are synthesized

Prophase II

chromsomes condense

Prophase facts (mitosis)

condensation of chromosomes - by end of prophase appear as two replicated, identical chromosomes attached at the centromere

Process of Protein Leaving the Cell

1. mRNA travels through nuclear pore and attaches to free ribosome, SRP binds to signal sequence, Ribosome pulls to rough ER and is now a bound ribosome, Polypeptide moves to rough ER, protein packages in Golgi and modified to sugars (glycolysation!), goes to cell membrane through vesicles or to lysosome

6. If an intestinal cell in a grasshopper contains 24 chromosomes, then a grasshopper sperm cell contains ____ chromosomes.

12

How many homologous chromosomes do males have?

22 (one is XY)

Which of the following phases of mitosis is essentially the opposite of prophase in terms of changes within the nucleus? A. TelophaseB. MetaphaseC. InterphaseD. Anaphase

A.

When do homologous chromosomes pair? A. during Meiosis I B. during Meiosis II C. during mitosis D. prior to meiosis

A. during meiosis I

Which protist group are most closely related to plants? A. green algaeB. dinoflagellatesC. red algae D. both A and C

A. green algae

Which of the following statements is true? Select all that apply. A. Periods of explosive population growth (blooms) in dinoflagellates sometimes cause a phenomenon known as a red tide (or harmful algal blooms). The blooms make the coastal waters appear brownish red or pink. When blooms occur, toxins produced by certain types of these organisms have caused massive kills of invertebrates, fishes, and other aquatic vertebrates, like what happened in Florida in 2018. B. Dinoflagellates are important species that are part of phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic plankton and are the base of the food web in aquatic systems. C. Diatoms are photosynthetic protists that are made up of glass like material known as silicon dioxide. Massive accumulations of diatoms makeup diatomaceous earth, which are sediments that are mined for their quality as a filtering medium and for many other uses. D. The only photosynthetic algae are the green and red algae.

A., B., C.

Kinetoplastid (Euglenozoa) examples

Africain Sleeping Disease and Chagas Disease

Metaphase facts (mitosis)

All chromosomes have lined up at metaphase plate (longest stage in mitosis)

A biochemist measured the amount of DNA in cells growing in the laboratory and found that the quantity of DNA in a cell doubled A. between prophase and anaphase of mitosis.B. between the G1 and G2 phase of the cell cycle.C. during the M phase of the cell cycle.D. during cytokinesis.

B.

Algae respond to increased nutrients in their environment by increasing their reproductive rate. Is this an example of evolution?A. Yes, when a population changes in response to an environmental change - it is evolution.B. No, populations can respond to changes in their environment without evolving.

B.

It is difficult to observe individual chromosomes during interphase because A. the DNA has not been replicated yet.B. they are in the form of long, thin strands.C. they leave the nucleus and are dispersed to other parts of the cell.D. homologous chromosomes do not pair up until division starts.

B. (they are in long, thin strands)

You find a new species of worm (2n = 10). How many chromosome combinations would result from independent assortment? A. 22 = 4B. 25 = 32C. 210 = 1,024D. 220 = 1,048,576E. A total of 10 chromosomes is not possible in an organism.

B. 2^5=32

Apicomplexans, such as Plasmodium cause malaria in humans.Using the life history of Plasmodium figure in the tutorial answer the following: Sporozoites enter the human body through a mosquito bite and then enter cells of the liver, where they become merozoites. What feature helps them enter the cells? ​A. Kinetoplast​ B. Apical complex ​C. Alveoli ​D. Stramen

B. Apical Complex

Two protist species live in the same biome but on different continents. Although the two species are not at all closely related, they may appear quite similar as a result of A) adaptations.B) convergent evolution.C) natural selection.D) mutations.

B. convergent evolution

What are bound ribosomes?

Bound to rough ER and produce proteins that are either excreted to outside of cell or used within cell membrane

A researcher treats cells with a chemical that prevents DNA synthesis from starting. This treatment would trap the cells in which part of the cell cycle?A. M phaseB. G2C. G1D. S phase

C.

Why is the filamentous morphology of the water molds (oomycetes) considered a case of convergent evolution with fungi? A) Water molds evolved from filamentous fungi. B) Body shape reflects ancestor—descendant relationships among organisms. C) In both cases, filamentous shape is an adaptation for the absorptive nutritional mode of a decomposer. D) All eukaryotes evolved from a filamentous body shape.

C.

Which of the following statements about "protists" is true? ​A. All "protists" are prokaryotes. ​B. All "protists" are unicellular. ​C. Some "protists" are capable of photosynthesis. ​D. Some "protists" can be photoheterotrophs.] ​E. All except A are true

C. Some protists are capable of photosynthesis

Which of the following is not a function of mitosis in humans? A. repair of woundsB. growthC. production of gametes from diploid cellsD. replacement of lost or damaged cells

C. production of gametes=meiosis

What does mitosis produce

Genetically identical cells

1. Unicellular eukaryotic organisms undergo mitosis for different reasons than multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Which of the following statements BEST describes a possible reason for unicellular eukaryotic organisms to undergo mitosis? A. Unicellular eukaryotic organisms, like bacteria, undergo mitosis to create colonies and biofilms; multicellular eukaryotic organisms, like humans, undergo mitosis to create new tissues B. Most unicellular eukaryotic organisms undergo mitosis to reproduce sexually, while most multicellular eukaryotic organisms undergo mitosis to create gametes C. Unicellular eukaryotic organisms mostly undergo mitosis to reproduce the entire organism, whereas multicellular eukaryotic organisms mostly undergo mitosis to build and maintain tissues

C. single celled organisms undergo mitosis for reproduction, multi celled organisms undergo mitosis for growth repair

Are protists heterotrophic or auto?

Can be both

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

Cell splits to form 4 gamete cells

Anaphase facts (mitosis)

Centromeres that hold chromatids together dissolve, separating chromatids from each other and newly free chromosomes move towards poles

1. In what way do the membranes of eukaryotic cells vary? ​A. Phospholipids are found only in certain membranes.​B. Certain proteins are unique to each membrane.​C. Only certain membranes of the cell are selectively permeable.​D. Only certain membranes are constructed from amphipathic molecules.

Certain proteins are unique to each membrane

Class of Chlorophyta

Chlorophytes (green algae)

What does the nucleolus do?

Contains an active group of genes that encode and transcribe rRNA

Slime Molds facts

Convergent evolution with fungi

Example of diplomonads

Giardia - intestinal parasite responsible for giardiasis transmitted through water - few can cause disease

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Cytoplasm in both

The cell of a typical single-celled "protist" is much less complex than an animal cell.​A. True. "Protists" are simple organisms with simple cell structure.​B. True. Animal cells are the most complex cells of all organisms.​C. False. Single-celled "protists" must carry out all basic life functions in their single cell. ​D. False. "Protists" are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.

D.

A micrograph of a dividing cell from a mouse (2n = 40) showed 20 chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids. During which of the following stages of cell division would such a picture have been taken? A. prophase of mitosisB. telophase II of meiosis IIC. prophase I of meiosis ID. prophase II of meiosis II

D. Prophase II of Meiosis II

Telophase and cytokinesis (mitosis)

Decondensation of chromosomes- division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis) - division of chromosomes (karyokinesis)

What classes are in the kingdom stramenopila?

Diatoms, Phylum Chyrsophyra (golden algae), Phylum oomycote (water molds), Phaephyta (brown algae)

What are protists with modified mitochondria?

Diplomonads, and Parabasalids

When does a chromosome consist of two identical chromatids?

During interphase or G2

The function of which cellular structure would be least affected by a malfunctioning Golgi?​ A. Secretory vesicles​B. Lysosome​C. Plasma membrane​D. Endoplasmic Reticulum

ER

What are examples of the kingdom Euglenozoa?

Euglena and Kinetoplastids

Are protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Crossing over

Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids

What are free ribosomes?

Float in cells cytoplasm and make proteins that are used within the cell

What happens during interphase?

G1, S, G2 (DNA replicates and forms sister chromatids with centromere) - happens before prophase

What does the nucleus store?

Genetic information

7. Inclusion cell disease is a congenital condition that comes from the lack of a single protein. On an intracellular level, hydrolase proteins meant for the lysosome are not sorted properly and are sent to the extracellular space [outside the cell]. Considering this phenotype, which organelle secretes the hydrolases instead of sending them to the appropriate transport vesicles? ​A. Lysosomes​B. Golgi Apparatus​C. Ribosomes​D. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi (is responsible for sorting and packaging)

6. An individual presenting with a mysterious disease affecting his connective tissues is found to have numerous defects in multiple regulatory proteins. If these proteins are characterized by highly abnormal patterns of glycosylation, to what structure might the patient's disease most likely be attributed? ​A. Golgi apparatus​B. Lysosomes​C. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. Using the image on the left review the various organelles shown and their functions. ​D. Nucleus

Golgi apparatus

Evidence for mitochondria for mitochondria being endosymbionts with prokaryotes

Have circular DNA and no histones, have a double membrane

Law of Segregation

Homologous chromosomes separate (one chromosome or one pair of chromosome)

Prophase I (Meiosis)

Homologs condense and cross over

Metaphase I

Homologs line up at metaphase plate (independent assortment occurs)

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

Homologs separate into 2 cells and cytoplasm divides

What are the types of genetic variation in meiosis?

Independent assortment and crossing over

Diplomonads traits

Lack functional e transport chain, cannot perform cellular respiration, use glycolysis, have flagella, anaerobes and often parasites

Brown Algae (Phaephyta)

Largest protists, includes seaweeds, also kelp, have a body with holdfast, blade, and stipe

Do protists have flagella?

Many do

Rhodophytes Facts

Marine algae, red algae, photosynthesizes at water depths that only high energy blue and green light can penetrate, deep water=black, shallow water=green, large and multicellular, have phycobilins

Diatoms facts

Marine and freshwater plankton, photosynthetic diatoms, glass-like silica shell, photosynthetic but can be heterotrophic

Which stage of meiosis most closely resembles mitosis? A. Meiosis IB. Meiosis II

Meiosis II B.

Independent assortment

Orientation of pairs is random (which chromosome goes to each daughter cell is random) - non-homologous chromosomes line up independently of each other

Apicomplexans traits

Parasites, Apical complex (cluster of microtubules in apex of cells), penetrate host cells, plasmodium causes malaria

What does the drug taxol do?

Prevents microtubules from the miotic spindle from being broken down preventing chromosomes from being separated during anaphase, stopping mitosis.

When does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

Order of Mitosis

Prophase, Metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Class of Kingdom Phadophyta

Rhodophytes (marine algae and red algae)

Microtubles

Smallest, contains globular protein actin, cell migration and contractile proteins

4. Hepatocytes, also known as liver cells, play a major role in the detoxification of certain substances in the blood, such as alcohol. You are reviewing the medical record of a patient who was diagnosed with severe hepatic failure due to chronic alcoholism. Which organelle in the hepatocytes is most likely failing to perform its function and is contributing to the hepatic failure?A. Golgi body B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. Nucleus

Smooth ER

A person exposed to toxins would likely have more activity in their __ compared to an unexposed person. A. lysosomes​B. rough endoplasmic reticulum ​C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum ​D. Golgi apparatus

Smooth ER

Haploid cell

Sperm and eggs - each gamete has one complete set of chromosomes

What are ribosomes?

Structures made of rRNA molecules and proteins and are sites of protein synthesis

Perkinsus marinus is a photosynthetic organism that has been observed to "bloom" in the presence of excess nutrients in the Chesapeake Bay. It is unicellular, has two flagella, and have small cavities enclosed in membranes that hug their internal cell surface. To what group is this organism classified? A. The stramenopilans B. The phaeophytes (brown algae) C. The kinetoplastids D. The alveolates

The alveolate

Anaphase II

chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell

Which of these is NOT evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotic symbionts?​ A. Their size is comparable to a prokaryote.​B. They have a circular DNA molecule that lacks histones. ​C. They reproduce by binary fission. ​D. They have a plasma membrane.

They have a plasma membrane. (all organisms have plasma membranes)

A mutation in a cell that secretes proteins results in polypeptides bypassing the Golgi apparatus. What will be wrong with the proteins secreted from this cell? ​A. They will contain too many amino acids ​B. They will have too few amino acids. ​C. They will be missing sugars.​D. They will be stuck in the ER.​E. Nothing will be wrong with them.

They will be missing sugars

5. All translation of proteins starts in the cytoplasm on a free ribosome. ​A. True ​B. False

True

Parabasalids traits

anaerobes, lack functional mitochondria, some contain degenerate mitochondria (hydrogenosome), flagella

Euglena (Euglenozoa) traits

autotroph, euglenoids, photosynthetic

Metaphase II

chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

What is a homologous pair?

maternal and paternal chromosome

Kingdom Alveolata traits

monophyletic, and have alveoli (small cavities enclosed in membranes)

What is responsible for the late potato blight?

oomycetes (both decomposers and parasites)

Chrysophyta (golden algae)

planktonic and freshwater, golden algae, use pseudopodia to press, most are unicellular, have population explosions- golden tides, mixotroph

What metabolic processes occur in protists?

respiration, photosynthesis, digestion, and excretion

What does the smooth ER do?

synthesizes lipids and degrades toxins

Kinetoplastids (Euglenozoa) traits

trypanosome, one large mitochondria and kinetoplast (stores extranuclear DNA), all live in symbiosis with host organisms