EXAM 2

What is the best way to conceptualize adolescents' free time?

There appear to be adolescents who have substantial time commitments across many activities, adolescents who focus on one type of activity, and adolescents who don't participate in any activity

According to research, which of the following is a benefit that many small schools offer?

a higher proportion of students taking part in extracurricular activities

Which other area could be affected by closing the racial gap in school discipline?

decrease in racial inequities during police arrests

Which parenting characteristic is more prevalent among ethnic minority families?

demandingness

Dorion is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in

his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults

Even though it was clear that another student, Raul, accidentally pushed Noah, Noah insisted that Raul did it on purpose. What phenomenon is this?

hostile attributional bias

Since crowd membership is based on reputation & stereotype, which of the following may pose a problem?

it's possible to get stuck in a crowd you don't wish to belong to

Over the last 50 years, the amount of time adolescents devote to ____________ has declined significantly.

paid jobs

According to Mead, who would adolescents in a postfigurative culture most likely turn to for advice bout dating & marriage?

parents, guardians, and other elders

According to research, conformity to peer pressure

peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood.

Among adolescents. which of the following activities often combines high levels of both concentration & motivation?

playing a musical instrument

hostile attribution bias

plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents

Being placed in a more advanced track generally has a

positive influence on subsequent course selection

Why is it hard to know whether exposing measures about drinking & smoking actually change adolescents' behaviors?

preexisting values, beliefs, and expectations influence what adolescents perceive, what they pay attention to , and what they remember.

Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as _______, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as____________.

proactive aggression; reactive aggression

Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that:

repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an affect on adolescent attitudes & beliefs

In the 5 Cs model of positive youth development, what does character mean?

respect for societal & cultural rules

The idea that an individual's behavior is influenced by others' expectations for them is called a

self-fulfilling prophecy

During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with other girls. This separation of boys & girls has been referred to as

sex segregation

According to behavioral geneticists, siblings are actually quite different from each other. Which of the following has been used to explain this difference?

siblings may experience their family environment differently

The fact that most parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because

the more parents believe in the stereotypes, the worse their relationship with their teenagers become

The proportion of American high school students holding part time jobs

has decreased during the last 30 years

Discipline is more likely to improve behavior in school when students_ _______ their teachers

trust

Inner-city schools in American continue to have tremendous problems. Approximately ________ of the high schools in the United States produce ________ of the country's dropouts.

10%; 50%

What percentage of American adolescents have sent a nude photo?

5%

According to research, the ideal size of a school for adolescents is between

600-900 students

During which period are friendships most likely to end?

7th & 8th grades

Today, the typical student attends more than ________ of each school term.

90%

Which of the following changes typically occurs during adolescence?

Couples become the focus of social activity

Studies that use the experience sampling method have investigated whether adolescents' moods vary as a function of who they are with and whether this connection between mood & companionship changes with age. What are the primary results of these studies?

In general, adolescents' moods are most positive when they're with their friends, least positive when they're alone, and somewhere in between when they're with their family.

Which of the following classroom climates is related to increased student achievement?

one that promotes cooperation among students

Which of the following writers suggested that the speed at which society changes affects the socialization of adolescents?

Margaret Mead

Which of the following accurately states the expectations of a modern society about norms?

Norms should be universal across society

Which of the following accurately describes most other industrialized nations?

The government separates most students into college-bound and non-college bound groups based on national exams

Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?

adolecsents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying

Which of the following is most likely to deter adolescents from delinquent behavior?

adult supervision

Which of the following statements about family conflict is true?

among teenagers & parents who report having problems, the great majority had problematic relationships during childhood

Which of the following characteristics of the retail & service industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment during the second half of the 20th century?

an abundance of low-wage positions

Crowd membership affects adolescent behavior in which of the following ways

an adolescent who denies affiliation with a crowd always has low self-esteem

Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs

are tedious

Adolescents are statistically more likely to be home unsupervised if they

are white

The distancing that takes place between parents and teenagers in early adolescence will

be temporary

By the end of high school, crowds:

become less important to adolescents

Boys who are victims of cyberbullying often report which of the following adjustment problems?

behavioral problems, such as fighting

According to many well designed studies that have looked at the psychological consequences of growing up with lesbian or gay parents

children & adolescents with lesbian or gay parents aren't psychologically different from those with straight parents

Growing up, Tinashe's parents had a lot of marital conflict and divorced when she was 13. Tinashe is more likely to develop depression, aggression, or delinquency if she was also exposed to which of the following?

domestic violence

Chao has been involved in minor delinquent behavior. To curb this type of behavior, Chao's parents should

enroll Chao in a school-sponsored extra-curricular activity

________ is a term use for teenagers who spend too much time obsessing about their online relationships

facebook depression

An orientation toward life in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual is called

familism

Research indicates that one source of conflict between teenagers and parents is that they define issues very differently. This finding

has been replicated across many cultures & ethnic groups

Before making weekend plans, 15-year-old Adithan considers his family's schedule and checks with his parents to see if the need his help with anything. He also offers to bring along his 13-year-old sister, so that his parents can have time to relax. Adithan's attitude toward the importance of his family is an example of

familism

Decisions about whether to implement tracking in non-tracked schools or to "de-track" schools that use ability grouping are usually controversial. Parents of students in the higher tracks ____________, whereas parents in the lower tracks___________.

favor tracking; oppose tracking

According to the Family Stress Model, financial strain increases parents'_____________. Which in turn, makes them more irritable and adversely affects the quality of their parenting

feelings of depression & anxiety

Which of the following statements best describes how adolescent sons & daughters interact with their parents

girls & boys interact with their parents in similar ways

Adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean & style of dress as matters of personal choice, where as parents tend to judge these issues as matters of

hygiene

In middle & high school, Carlos was involved in many school productions. A psychologist would most likely say that being part of the drama crowd was important in what way?

identity development

Research suggests that creating "schools within schools" in larger high schools can be associated with which of these outcomes?

inadvertently creating "schools" that differ in their educational quality

During adolescence, an individual's peer group usually _________________ in importance.

increases

Under federal law, children with learning disabilities must be

mainstreamed whenever possible

According to the textbook, which of the following explanations support why some researchers believe the availability of private schools in urban areas has contributed to racial segregation?

many white students who would otherwise attend the neighborhood public school would attend private school instead

One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents

may also be experiencing identity crises of their own

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media exposure and also that adolescents not only choose what they're exposed to but interpret the way that shape their impact?

media practice model

Lyna attends a school with 7th & 8th graders as well as adolescents who are a year or two younger. This type of educational institution is called a

middle or junior high school

Which of the following statements about classroom environments is true?

moderate, rather than strict, control in the classroom promotes positive student behavior

According to Baumid, children of indulgent parents tend to be

more involved in delinquent behavior

Which of the following is the most characteristic of childhood peer groups, as compared to adolescent peer groups?

more time with adults

Compared with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ___________ time with their peers ____________ with their parents

more; than

Critics of NCLB emphasize the importance of _________ skills, such as grit, empathy, and self-control, that research has shown are just as significant as intelligence or academic aptitude.

non-cognitive

The addition of socio-emotional learning to school curriculum was designed to stimulate a growth of

social skills, self-reliance, and self-management

With regard to single-parent families in the United States,

the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent

Elise is dancing to her favorite song on the radio when her smartphone beeps. Elise pulls out a notebook and records her current emotional state. This type of data collection is called

the experience sampling method

Overall, what is social media's impact on teenagers?

the impact of social media on teenagers depends on several different factors

Tony belongs to a group called "the partyers." We would expect that Tony is very involved with

the peer culture

When large numbers of students in a particular school work, how does this affect the school work of their fellow students who don't have jobs?

the quality of their education suffers because many teachers have low expectations

Research has shown that teachers tend to favor high-achieving students by providing extra cues for answers and more positive nonverbal behaviors than for lower-achieving students. Such evidence provides support for the notion that teachers' expectations may contribute to to

the self-fulfilling prophecy

As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. The most likely explanation is that

their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood

NCLB was a policy designed to ensure that all students, regardless of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic background achieve academic proficiency. Which of the following statements is true?

to avoid losing large sums of money, some schools actually helped students cheat on standardized tests

The process of separating students into different level within the same school is called

tracking

An adolescent living in a poor neighborhood may benefit more from_______ than adolescents from other neighborhoods.

vigilant parental monitoring