Exam 2 Ch 4-6 - Review

lipids

do not work well with water

Lipases

enzymes that break down lipids

Adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of

fat as triglycerides

soluble fiber

fiber that dissolves in water or is broken down by bacteria in the large intestine; can lower

Omega 6 FA

found in corn and nut oils -> soft fats contain some of these

Where is bile stored?

gallbladder

Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments are the end products of

lipid digestion

Acidic solutions have a pH value

lower than 7

Chief cell

secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase ; pepsinogen digests proteins after conversion into pepsin and gastric lipase digests small amounts of fat

Glycemic load

serving size

Amylase

starts in pancreas enzyme that breaks down starch

Catalysts

substances that speed up chemical reactions

unsaturated fats

susceptible to oxidation

5 basic tastes

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

Clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called

thrombus

type 1 diabetes mellitus

-autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder -destruction of pancreatic beta cells -insulin REQUIRED -monitoring of glucose

What are the 3 primary cells of the stomach/digestion?

-g cells -chief cells -parietal cells

Three hormones play key roles in digestion:

-gastrin -secretin -cholecystokinin (CCK)

type 2 diabetes mellitus

-not insulin dependent -beta cells burnout -hyperglycemia (cells become insulin resistant) -mainly adults

Primary roles of digestive system

-the breakdown of food into nutrients -absorption of nutrients -elimination of solid waste products

The stomach has a pH of

1; chyme is 2

Total fat:

20-35% of total calories

adequate intake (AI) of fiber in men and women

38g/day ; 25 g/day

triglycerides

Made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone

glycemic index

measuring the bodies insulin response to glucose (carbs)

Bolus

mixture of food and saliva, that is swallowed

GI tract consists of

smooth muscle tissue

transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues

lipoproteins

Peptidase

small intestine, breaks down partially digested proteins into amino acids

Surcrase, Maltase ,Lactase

small intestines, breaks down certain sugars into simpler sugars

The small intestine is the primary site for digestion and absorption of lipids, but the process actually begins in the

stomach

is considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat

sucralose, an artificial sweetener

mechanical digestion

the physical treatments that occurs in the intestinal tract

Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on

the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.

Intestinal cells absorb glucose and ______ by active transport; ______ is absorbed by facilitated diffusion.

galactose; fructose

If the layer of mucus breaks down, HCI and gastric enzymes contact the stomach these can form

gastric / peptic ulcers

disaccharide sucrose

glucose + fructose

disaccharide lactose

glucose + galactose

disaccharide maltose

glucose + glucose

Obesity, certain cancers, and cardiovascular disease are all serious health conditions that often result from consuming high amounts of

lipids

What organ produces bile?

liver

Refined food

(less nutrient dense foods) do not satisfy hunger as well as more protein or fat

By relaxing and contracting, the muscles can:

- mix substances in the lumen - control movement of material through the tract

A hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

Cholecystokinin

Chemical digestion

Enzymes and stomach acid break down food into smaller molecules

True or False A direct line that connects sugar intake for hyperactivity

FALSE, there is no direct line

insoluble fiber

Form of dietary fiber that binds water but does not dissolve; it adds bulk to the diet and improves elimination.

Which type of lipoprotein transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal?

HDL

Do carbs make you fat?

NO, surplus of carbs can along with excess calorie surplus

Lipids

a class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water; triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

Lumen

a hollow space through which food and fluids can pass

Atherosclerosis

a long-term disease process in which plague builds up inside arterial walls

Mucus

a watery slippery fluid secreted from cells in mucosa

Tooth decay is the only health problem clearly associated with eating

carbs

What is needed to create bile?

cholesterol

thrombus

clot set in place

embolus

clots break free and travel through bloodstream

Olfaction

contributes to taste of food through smell

ileocecal sphincter

controls the rate that ileum contents empty into large intestines

complex carbohydrates

have 3 or more monosaccharides bonded together

Alkaline solutions have a pH value

higher than 7

A saturated fatty acid is completely filled with

hydrogen atoms

Carbs are stored

in liver and skeletal muscle as glycogen

Lipase

in pancreas, enzyme that breaks down fat

nuclease

in pancreas, enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA into nucleotides

Lysozyme (enzyme)

in saliva that can destroy some bacteria that are in food/mouth

intestinal lipase

in small intestine, digests fats

Which of the following contributes to softer and easier-to-eliminate feces?

insoluble fiber

Main function of lower portion of stomach

is mixing food with gastric juice to form CHYME

Oil floats because

it is less dense than water

Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?

it produces tans fats

trans fat

keep intake as low as possible

Saturated fat:

less than 10%

People with PKU

must avoid aspartame

What are the two essential fatty acids?

omega 3 and omega 6

pyloric sphincter

opening from the stomach into the duodenum, controls the flow of chyme

Hyperinsulinemia

pancreas releases excessive amount of insulin over time, can contribute to development of type 2 diabetes

Carboxypeptidase

pancreatic enzyme necessary for protein digestion

trypsin and chymotrypsin

partially digests proteins

what makes a phospholipid soluble in water?

phosphorus

Metabolic Syndrome

prediabetes, risk factor of type 2 and cvd

Enzymes in digestion

proteins that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered in the process, ex photosynthesis or breakdown of food

G cells

secrete gastrin ; stimulates stomach motility and gastric gland activity

parietal cell

secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor ; HCl activates pepsinogen and facilitates the absorption of vitamin B-12

minimal carb intake

130g perday

how many types of carbs

3; mon- di- poly-

Carbs should provide how much percentage of cals in diet?

45-65

Typical American diet supplies what percentage of Kcal from Carbs

48%

cholesterol

A lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and Vitamin

What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?

It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.

Where does digestion start at ?

Oral Cavity, not much but some

Why are fat and water able to interact?

Our cell membranes are made of phospholipids.

Where is insulin released from?

Pancreas

In which part of the GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates occur?

Small Intestines

True or false The wall of the stomach is the tickets and strongest of the GI track

TRUE

What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

A phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus and two fatty acids

mucosa

The innermost layer of the human digestive tract; in some parts of the digestive system, it contains mucus-secreting cells and glands that secrete digestive enzymes

Where does breakdown mainly begin at?

The stomach and intestines

sphincter

thickened regions of circular muscle that controls the flow of contents at various points in the GI track