Exam 2 (ch. 5,7,8,9)

In sham-feeding, animals are __________.

Allowed to chew and swallow, but the food never enters the stomach

Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called ___________.

Antagonistic muscles

What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?

Complex

What is a typical characteristic of insomnia?

Consistently feeling sleepy during the day

After entering stage 4 for the first time each evening, the sleeper typically __________.

Cycles back through stages 3 and 2

What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Difficulty initiating movements

Orexin inhibits appetite.

False

The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement.

False

Mammals have circadian rhythms __________.​

For a variety of activities, including sleep

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cells?

Ganglion cells

The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is ____________.

Have strong inhibitory area at one end of the receptive field

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for ___________.​

Integrating vision with action

Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?

It has tightly packed receptors.

Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be ___________.

Just over 24 hours

The __________ increases the pituitary gland's secretion of hormones that increase insulin secretion.

Lateral hypothalamus

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision __________.

Our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones

Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in __________.

Poorly planned movements

The cerebellum is most important for any process that requires __________.

Precise timing

If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus light on which part of your retina?

The Fovea

Damage to ventral stream may interfere with ___________.

The ability to describe the shape or size of an object

After damage to the cerebellar cortex, an individual has trouble with which post of the finger-to-nose test?

The initial rapid movement to the nose

The blood's glucose level ordinarily remains relatively constant because of the activity of ___________.

The liver

Rods are to __________, as cones are to __________.

The periphery; the fovea

Supposed you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of 12 hours of work, then 6 hours of sleep. What rhythm, if any, will your alertness and body temperature show?

They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours

When traveling across time zones, how does direction of travel affect one's adjustment to new time zones?

Travel to the west is easier

A striated muscle controls movement of the body in relation to the environment.

True

Drinking pure water is the best way to reduce osmotic thirst.

True

Homeostasis refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

True

Temporary sleep deprivation causes the body to respond in a similar manner as it does to being ill.

True

The mean preferred time of going to sleep get later and later until age 20 and then starts a gradual reversal.

True

The paraventricular nucleus normally inhibits meal size.

True

The physiological changes that defend body temperature depend on areas in and near the hypothalamus.

True

It is believed that exposure to herbicide and pesticides is ___________.

A contributing factor in some cases of Parkinson's

Cells in the basal forebrain increases arousal and wakefulness by releasing __________.

Acetylcholine

In comparison to NREM dreams, REM dreams __________.

Are more likely to include complicated plots

The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the ___________.

Basal ganglia

How do adult mammals with damage to the preoptic area regulate their body temperature?

Behaviorally

What does the eating cycle of bulimia have in common with addictive drugs?

Both activate the brain's reinforcement areas

What type of muscle controls movements of the heart?

Cardiac

The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the __________.

Dorsal stream

After damage to the lateral hypothalamus, animals __________.

Eat less

A "zeitgeber" is a(n) ____________.​

Environmental cue that resets a biological clock

Fructose, used in corn syrup as a sweetener, may lead to increased obesity by ___________.

Failing to trigger satiety

According to trichromatic theory, we can perceive only three colors.

False

Alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment.

False

Infants are born with the ability to control their visual attention.

False

Melatonin is released by the SCN.

False

REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?

High level of brain activity

Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ____________.

If you are very thirsty

Compared to REM, research suggests that NREM is ____________.​

Important for strengthening memories of lists of words

Electrical stimulation of a rat's lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in ___________.

Increase in food seeking behavior

When bacteria, viruses, fungi or other intruders invade the body, it metabolizes ___________ to attack them.

Leukocytes

What is the principal zeitgeber for land animals?

Light

Young adults deprived of a night's sleep show deficits on __________ tasks.

Memory

The risk of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people?

Men who are overweight

Most young mammals stop nursing, at least partly, due to the loss of what ability?

Metabolizing the sugar in milk

What is the first point in the digestive system where enzymes begin to break down food?

Mouth

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to ___________.​

Movement

Processes that reduce any doscrepancies from the set point are known as ____________.

Negative feedback

Which group would most likely benefit from taking leptin?

Obese people who fail to produce leptin​

Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex?

Occipital lobe

The part of the cortex that is most active during preparation for a movement and less active during the movement itself is the __________.

Premotor cortex

A ballistic movement __________.

Proceeds automatically once it has been triggered

The SCN produces circadian rhythms by altering __________.​

Production of proteins

Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called ___________.

Pupil

Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the nuclei of the cerebellum?

Purkinje cells

Damage to the cerebellum is most likely to interfere with _________.

Rapid movements that require timing

Peripheral vision mainly depends on __________.

Rods

In comparison to the rods, cones are more __________.

Sensitive to detail

What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs?

Smooth

Damage to the ___________ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities.

Supplementary motor cortex

Infants have several reflexes not seen in adults.

True

Mirror neurons are active both during preparation for movement and while watching someone else perform the same or a similar movement.

True

People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex when they want to move.

True

Simple cells are found exclusively in the primary visual cortex.

True

The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes.

True

The retinex theory accounts for the principle for color constancy.

True

Young children are more likely to be "morning people" than older adults.

True

Diabetes insipidus literally means "passing without taste" because the urine is produced in such large quantities that it is tasteless. This disease is most likely caused by a problem with production or release of __________.

Vasopressin

Mirror neurons are active when __________.

Watching others perform movements