Exam 2 - Chapter 11

Neurons in the parasympathetic pathway use which of the following neurotransmitters?

Acetylcholine

Which adrenergic receptor subtype has the greatest affinity for epinephrine?

Beta-2

Sometimes the effects of sympathetic stimulation can be contradictory in the same types of tissue. For example, in the arterioles of the GI tract, sympathetic stimulation causes constriction while arterioles of skeletal muscle can dilate in response to sympathetic stimulation. What mechanism explains these opposite effects?

Different receptors for the same neurotransmitter.

The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle causes which of the following?

Muscle contraction

The 2 main types of acetylcholine receptor are known as...

Nicotinic & Muscarinic

Which receptors would these neurotransmitters bind to?

Norepinephrine: Alpha-1 & Beta-1 Epinephrine: Beta-1 & Beta-2 Acetylcholine: Nicotinic & Muscarinic

What are components of efferent nervous system?

Parasympathetic neurons, sympathetic neurons, and somatic motor neurons

A neuron that recieves an AP from another neuron and then delivers that AP to a smooth muscle

Postganglionic autonomic neuron

A neuron that delivers an action potential from the CNS to another neuron in the PNS

Preganglionic autonomic neuron

Match each neurotransmitter with the appropriate site of release...

Preganglionic neuron from sympathetic - ACh Postganglionic neuron from sympathetic - NE Postganglionic neuron from the parasympathetic - ACh Somatic motor neuron - ACh Preganglionic neuron from parasympathetic - ACh

The target tissue(s) of somatic motor neurons is/are ________.

Skeletal muscle

Which of the following is/are targets of the efferent nervous system?

Skeletal muscle, glands, cardiac muscles, smooth muscle

A neuron that delivers an AP from the CNS to a skeletal muscle

Somatic motor neuron

Sympathetic pathways originate in which region of the spinal cord?

Thoracic & Lumbar

The diameter of bronchioles varies under the control of ________ neurons, which cause the diameter to ________.

autonomic; constrict under parasympathetic control and dilate under sympathetic control

What type of acetylcholine receptor is present in the postganglionic neurons and on the target tissue in autonomic pathways?

nicotinic on the postganglionic neurons and muscarinic on the target tissue

The diameter of blood vessels varies under the control of ________ neurons, which cause the diameter to ________.

sympathetic; either increase or decrease, depending upon the type of receptor present

Somatic motor neurons secrete the neurotransmitter ________ onto ________ receptors at the target tissue.

Acetylcholine; nicotinic

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor administration is a common treatment for myasthenia gravis. Why does this help alleviate some of the symptoms of this autoimmune disease?

AChE inhibition increases ACh in the synaptic cleft to bind remaining ACh receptors.

The division of the efferent nervous system that controls smooth and cardiac muscles and many glands is the ________ division.

Autonomic

Which system are parasympathetic pathways, sympathetic pathways, and adrenal sympathetic pathways included in?

Autonomic nervous system

Which of the following best describes the direction and function of efferent signals?

Away from the CNS, causes motor effects in glands or muscles

A location outside the CNS where autonomic signals can synapse

Ganglion

Which type of receptor is found in the neuromuscular junction?

Nicotinic

The somatic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system both release acetylcholine (ACh) onto their target tissues. Do you predict that this would indicate that these two pathways carry out the same effects? Why or why not?

No, because the receptors found on the target tissue for each pathway are different.

A single neuron is stimulated at the central nervous system; this signal travels all the way to the target tissue, where the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released onto the target tissue. The acetylcholine binds to a nicotinic receptor to induce skeletal muscle contraction. These steps describe the function of which branch of the efferent nervous system?

Somatic

These neurons secrete the neurotransmitter acetylcholine onto their targets.

Somatic motor and parasympathetic motor.

The motor neurons primarily associated with the fight-or-flight response are the _____ neurons.

Sympathetic

Muscarine, a chemical produced by certain mushrooms, binds to muscarinic receptors mimicking the effect of acetylcholine. How do you think administering this chemical would change body function? The drug would _____________.

change the functionality of the heart, change the functionality of the smooth muscles within the digestive system, and change the functionality of certain exocrine/endocrine glands