EXAM 2 (Chapter 4-7)

The real inquiry into the process of dreaming was begun by ____.

Freud

The idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the ____.

Parallel distributed processing model

A test can fail in validity and still

be reliable

Example of conditioned taste adversion

when coyotes ate sheep laced with lithium chloride, got extremely sick that one time, then stopped eating sheep meat

In real life, information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information. Research suggests that after ________, old information is replaced by new information.

1/4 of a sec

Nearly ___ % of a baby's sleep is REM, compared to about ___ % for a normal, healthy adult.

50;20

In REM sleep, ____% of dreams occur

90

Gardner theorized that there are ____ types of intelligence

?

Kohler's chimp experiment involved what?

A chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana.

When solving a problem, if a person is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past, he or she is stuck in:

A mental set

The primary key to hypothesis is finding someone who _____.

Accepts suggestions easily

Michael finds that most of his dreams are little more than random images that seemingly have been put into a strange storyline. Which theory of dreams best explains this?

Activation syntgesis hypothesis

States that sleep is a product of a evolution?

Adaptive theory

State that includes fuzzy and disorganized thoughts, possibly after taking medication.

Alert consciousness

A change in the quality or pattern of mental activity, such as increased alertness or divided consciousness.

Altered State of consciousness

Terrifying memory is stored in the what?

Amygdala

According to Sternberg's theory, ____________ intelligence is measured in academic achievement tests.

Analytical

New long term declarative memories cannot be formed in this.

Anterograde amnesia

Short-term memory tends to be encoded primarily in

Auditory form

Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our what?

Biological Rhythms

Which of the following is involved in determining when we sleep?

Body temperature

Recent studies support Rosch-Heider's theory of ______, rather than the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Cognitive Universalism

Vegetables, fruit, vehicles, and animals are all examples of _______, or categories of objects

Concepts

can help us interpret or deal with new information or events that we have never encountered

Concepts

People who believe that aliens have come to earth may disregard evidence that crop circles are human-made. This is an example of:

Confirmation Bias

Which of the following is a characteristic of N3 (NREM Stage 3) sleep?

Deepest stage of sleep

What theory of hypnosis includes the idea of a "hidden observer"

Dissociative

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be

Distinctive

Driving and talking on a phone at the same time is an example of a state of _____.

Divided Consciousness

Studies show that most people tend to what?

Dream in color

includes the ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially skilled

Emotional intelligence

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems is called

Encoding

Manny was talking to his friend as he was walking out the door. A few minutes later, Manny asked his friend about the conversation they had few minutes earlier, while walking out the door. Since his friend was not paying attention to him, he could not recall what Manny had said. Manny's friend experienced:

Encoding failure

s the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved.

Encoding specifically

According to Calvin Hall, what are most dreams centered around?

Everyday life

People's memories of September 11, 2001 are best described as

Flashbulb memories

caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, is a biological cause of intellectual disability

Fragile X Syndrome

Tolman and Kohler were ______ psychologists.

Gestalt

If you find yourself in bed unable to sleep for more than 20 minutes, what should you do?

Get out of ned and find some light activity to do

What drug's physical withdrawal symptoms include severe mood swings, paranoia, extreme fatigue, and an inability to feel pleasure.

Heroin

A hallucination that happens just as a person is in the between-state of being in REM sleep and not-yet-fully-awake is ______.

Hypnopompic Hallucination

Visual sensory memory is known as ____.

Iconic memory

A five-year old watches his father dunk a basketball. Since the child is unable to reach the basket in the way his father can, the child cannot learn this behavior by observing because he cannot accomplish the step of:

Imitation

Which of the following statements about nicotine is true?

In terms of addictive power, nicotine is more powerful than heroin or alcohol.

When under the influence of a stimulant, you are likely to be in a state of _____.

Increased alertness

Abby's new puppy cries each night when left in her crate. When Abby picks up the puppy and holds her to her chest, the puppy stops crying and falls asleep. However, after she puts the puppy back in the crate, the crying begins again. After a few nights, Abby suddenly realizes that her heartbeat is helping the dog fall asleep. She places a ticking clock next to the crate, and the puppy goes right to sleep at night. Abby's realization is an example of:

Insight

Divergent thinking is especially difficult to teach to

Japanese females

Melatonin supplements are often used to treat ____.

Jet Lag

The learning/performance distinction is a kind of

Latent Learning

While hypnosis may make it easier to recall some memories, it also _____

Makes it easier to create false memories

In freud's theory, the actual content of a dream. The dream itself.

Manifest content

Believed that cognition was an important part of behavior.

Martin Seligman

Another term for trial and error

Mechanical solution

Keneisha is only 11 years old, but she can answer questions that most 15 year olds can answer. Fifteen is Keneisha's ______.

Mental age

Sleepwalking occurs in ___ sleep, whereas night mares occur in ____ sleep.

N3 (NREM Stage 3); REM

In which stages of sleep do people typically experience hypnogogic images

NI( NREM Stage 1)

Sleep seizures are signs of

Narcolepsy

Depressant drug derived from the opium poppy.

Narcotics

Supress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins.

Narcotics

form as the result of people's experiences with concepts in the real world

Natural concepts

Following a response with the removal of something unpleasant.

Negative reinforcement

In most employment situations, people are paid ____.

On a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Can be used to explain how rapidly the points on the semantic network can be accessed.

Parallel distributed processing model

A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is _____.

Partially reinforced

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first

Pay attention

Sternberg's three types of intelligence are analytical, creative, and:

Practical

Rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.

REM behavior disorder

A person who relies heavily on sleeping pills or alcohol to sleeo might experience ____ the following night.

REM rebound

In his later studies, Bandura added the condition of _____ into his studies of children and the Bobo doll.

Reward

A recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with ______, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial.

Schizophrenia

In the ____ model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning are thought to be stored physically near each in the brain.

Semantic Network

The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of

Shaping

In the three-stage process of memory, the second stage is

Short term memory

In which disorder do people tend to snore in a very loud manner?

Sleep apnea

occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways

Stimulus discrimination

Pavlov believed that the CS, due to its association close in time with the UCS, came to activate the same place in the brain originally activated by the UCS. What is this belief called?

Stimulus substitution

The sleep-wake cycle typically follows a 24-hour cycle and is regulated by the _____.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

The pineal gland receives instructions from the ___ to the _____.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus; melatonin

Higher false recall and recognition response can be predicted by:

Symptoms of depression

The brain ____, or puts together, an explanation of the cortex's activation from memories and other stored information.

Synthesizes

One of B.F. Skinner's famous experiments involved ______.

Teaching rats to learn how to obtain food

Remains aware of what is going on during hypnosis.

The hidden observer

Suggests that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are playing the role expected of them in that situation.

The social-cognitive theory

If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, that test has:

Validity

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

Vicarious conditioning

Explicit memory begins to form after about age two______________.

When the hippocampus is more fully developed

Freud says that dreams are a means of _______

Wish fulfillment

As consequences to stopping drug use, headaches, nausea, shaking, and elevated blood pressure are all signs of what?

Withdrawal

an example of a recognition task?

Word search puzzle

Language allows people to ____ and _____.

communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity

Cultures like that of the Japanese, which hold to well-established cultural traditions, put less value on:

divergent thinking

Research suggests that once people learn something

it is always present somewhere in memory.

Predators such as lions sleep ____ their prey, the gazelle.

more hours per day than

Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of:

proactive interference

Terry exhibits extraordinary musical ability. According to Spearman, this is an example of ____________ intelligence

s factor

In waking up and getting ready for class in the morning, one might follow a(n)

script

Chris learns her vocabulary words while listening to upbeat, happy music, and is then better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called

state-dependent learning

Brainstorming, keeping a journal, and subject mapping are all _________________________.

strategies to stimulate divergent thinking

The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences is:

syntax

Carl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have difficulty. This is:

the primacy effect.