exam 2 chapter 5-9 psychology

Which of the following is true of the evolutionary perspective of motivation?

It states that instinctive behaviors are genetically transmitted.

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

Systematic desensitization

Which of the following can teachers learn to use to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it?

behavior modification

A stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information is a(n) ___________.

chunk

Marley had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, their mother baked them their favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to them while they ate the cake. In this scenario, what did Marley's mother use to cure their fear?

counterconditioning

In the context of creativity and intelligence, which of these helps generate many possible solutions to problems?

divergent thinking

Ali enjoys vaping nicotine, but is aware of cases of vaping causing severe lung damage. Ali decides to make a list of reasons to vape and reasons not to vape, and by doing so has taken which step in the problem-solving process?

evaluating pros and cons

According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.

false

Flooding and counterconditioning are techniques for inducing fears.

false

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed, and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied.

false

Robert Rescorla's contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) provides information about the conditioned stimulus (CS).

false

Saccadic eye movements occur once a second but iconic memory holds icons for up to four times a second.

false

Studies generally suggest that the heritability of intelligence is less than 20%.

false

Unlike babbling, crying and cooing are inborn and prelinguistic.

false

In which type of schedule must a specific amount of time elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available?

fixed-interval schedule

Elijah is a web-content writer. He gets paid $100 for every five articles he publishes. In this scenario, on which schedule of reinforcement is Elijah's payment based?

fixed-ratio schedule

Kho noticed a small nail sticking up from the floorboards in the kitchen. They used a small pliers to gently tap the nail down because no hammer was nearby. What did Kho overcome to use the pliers in this manner?

functional fixedness

Eric is a scam-artist who tries to make money through dishonest means. He tried to sell a fake antique Roman sculpture, but was caught when the antiques dealer noticed it was dated "246 BC." What is the dealer's sudden realization about the improper date called?

insight

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Valentina is mentally repeating all the names several times. This scenario illustrates __________.

maintenance rehearsal

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

money

Caleb is learning potty training. He now knows the word potty can refer to the bathroom, the toilet itself, and the act of using the toilet. Caleb has learned what aspect of language?

semanticity

Animals that have just copulated and thereby reduced their primary sex drives often show renewed interest in sex when presented with a novel sex partner. This is an example of ________.

stimulus motives

According to cognitive psychologists, _________.

the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior

According to Robert Sternberg, there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

true

In language development, we naturally use prototypes and exemplars to organize and label objects within categories.

true

Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

true

Men produce seven to ten times the testosterone produced by women.

true

Short-term memory and working memory mean the same thing.

true

With respect to classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is about how well an organism can predict what will come next.

true

With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.

true