exam 2 hd 403

in the third world poverty is correlated with which of the following?

-high infant mortality -low literacy rates =low education system

What monetary dollar amount defines extreme poverty in less developed nations?

1.25

Microloans and microcredit: for whom does it work best? Why?

Contrary to what was conventional belief... Men paid microloans off more often than women Why? MLs work best with... Those with a business already Business-minded persons and when borrowers pay loans back

What are characteristics of core, semiperipheral, and peripheral nations? Be able to clearly identify characteristics of each.

Core vs. periphery; unequal terms of trade; these arise from monopolies of manufactured goods & monopsonies of primary goods (e.g., Ghana & cocoa). Describes dominant capitalist countries which exploit the peripheral countries for labor and raw materials. core nations: Describes dominant capitalist countries which exploit the peripheral countries for labor and raw materials -Highly industrialized Economically diversified Wealthy Powerful (economic and militarily) Have cutting edge technological development Less income inequality Complex occupational structure Have strong state institutions semi peripheral: Countries that share characteristics of both core and periphery countries -Have some economic development Are generally moving up the rank of nations because of economic development Are not as influenced by core nations peripheral: Peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry -(Lower or working class of the international class system) Not economically diversified May set up cheap labor for multinational corps. High % of poor or uneducated Higher inequality (small proportion of population owns land/wealth) Have weak state institutions Have little influence internationally; are heavily influenced by core nations

What three factors influence women's agency in developing nations? How do these factors intersect to influence agency? Be able to apply these concepts to an example (e.g., as we discussed in class).

Economics - the ability for her to earn income, which in turn increases her bargaining power in the home Expanding rights for family formation But these efforts are complex and not always successful -Women have less access to land acquisition, credit, technology and educational resources about farming that would increase their productivity Social norms - shape women's agency by determining the endowments and opportunities women have and whether they can exercise the choices to use them. -More women than men migrate Women get low end jobs - factory jobs 2/3rds of women work in the informal sector in LDCs Prostitution, unregulated jobs

What macro-level policies (e.g., with core nations) can help developing nations grow agricultural practices and markets?

Fair Trade... Helps to support co-operatives that often are started with microloans Reduces child trafficking for labor

how does un define absolute poverty

Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and cloth a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one's food or a job to earn one's living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living on marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation

Why is it that women in LDCs do not often seek help for the violence against them?

Girls are disposable, women are property, violence is acceptable In many countries, violence against women is acceptable and stigmatizing for the woman

Why do Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) use randomized controlled trials (RCT) in their research? How does this research help relieve poverty in developing nations? Why does IPA involve decision makers, communities and governments in their work?

IPA: Uses research analyses to determine effectiveness of poverty relief programs that directly influence Individuals Communities the problem: -limited evidence of what works best for the poor -limited use of available evidence leads to.. ineffective programs and policies -wasted money, enduring poverty the solution: -design and evaluate potential solutions to poverty problems -mobilize and support decision makers to use evidence leads to... better programs and policies -more evidence less poverty

According to the conference of scholars at Brookings on extreme global poverty, what percentage of the world's population today is living in extreme poverty?

In 2015, about 840 million people, or 13 percent of the world, are living in extreme poverty—on less than $1.25 per day.

What additional supports do women in LDNs need to be successful with microloans?

In some cases, money lenders will be more useful. Consider the woman who had a small store. A big loan to buy stock was not useful because she could not store large quantities. She needed small money frequently for cash flow to keep her store stocked with fresh foods/goods. - enough to satisfy the demand.

What effect did the ELH subsidized housing (Massey, 2013) have on the mental health and economic independence of adults, and on the children's academic achievement? Why was the ELH housing project so controversial and difficult to establish? What are the characteristics of those who lived in ELH? What other factors contributed to its success? What can be concluded from this study?

Lastly, families living in poorer neighborhoods tend to be more well off living in a suburban community. Apparently, families living in areas of very low socio economic status, like public housing, who move into suburban neighborhoods experience a significant reduction in the incidence of negative life events, lowered levels of mental distress, increased employment and earnings while decreasing welfare receipt, and generally produced a higher level of economic independence among participating adults (Massey, 2013). This is important because families who live in better neighborhoods are no longer dealing with negative circumstances. Parents who produce a higher level of economic independence from living in these homes are more likely to receive a higher income and eventually jump out of poverty. If the government stepped in and began constructing neighborhoods with a suburban style for lower prices that those in poverty are able to afford we may begin to see decreased levels of unemployment and lower poverty rates.

How can teaching girls negotiation skills help with their education?

Note that women in general do not negotiate as strongly as men unless they have learned to do so, and this may be why, in part, there is a wage gap. negotiating with relatives will help them get money to pay for their schools

How can core nations help poorer nations develop their land in way that is productive and just?

Poor nations need assistance in combating tariffs / import duties /agricultural subsidies that keep them from making reasonable profit Diversified economies to protect from global economic decline

Define social underdevelopment How can you tell if a nation is underdeveloped in any or all of these domains?

Poverty and poor public policy adversely affect social conditions in the Third World, thereby narrowing opportunities for human development. (check Table 1.2 on page 7). -Low levels of education and literacy rates are among the Third World's greatest challenges. -An educated work force- contributes to higher labour productivity. -Indicators of social development: Human Development Index (HDI), life expectancy, adult literacy. HDI: a composite measurement of educational level, life expectancy, and income. The highest possible HDI score may achieve is 1.000 and the lowest .000. Canada has the world's highest HDI (.935). India with 0.563 ranks the 128th country on the list. Interestingly, Cuba with 0.793 ranks the 40th on the list. Life expectancy is greatly influenced by the availability of health care, adequate diet, and clean drinking water, the second indicates the accessibility of education.

What was the effect of the great recession on neighborhood vacancy, unemployment, and poverty? Look at main effects/trends that are noted in the Owens and Sampson (2013) article (e.g., did poverty increase, stay the same, or decrease across communities as a result of the great recession).

Poverty, vacancy, and unemployment rates increased in most communities during the Great Recession However, these increases were not borne equally across communities. Communities that were disadvantaged before the recession experienced larger increases in poverty, vacancy, and particularly unemployment rates Communities with greater concentrations of minority and immigrant residents were also particularly hard hit by the recession, with the largest increases in unemployment occurring in these neighborhoods

Why do savings incentives work? What are the factors they address to help people save? Do these help to alleviate poverty?

Programs that help build savings are effective in helping families gain... Savings Wealth Upward mobility They address reasons people don't save E.g., husband drinks it away; friends and family need it; it is not fun; it takes discipline

What effect do housing subsidies have on families' and children's wellbeing? In what specific ways do housing subsidies help alleviate poverty for these families?

Residential stability Housing assistance brings residential stability and reduces stressors parents face trying to pay rent Income enhancement Increases family income which increases family resources, and thus child wellbeing May help families accumulate financial resources they may not otherwise have Poverty trap Argues that concentrated poverty in public housing/section 8 negatively affects children's wellbeing.

in more than good intentions, green bank developed a program that required participants to set a goal for savings and did not allow them to withdraw their money until the had reached their set goal. what was the name of that program?

SEED

What is the SEED program? Why does it work, and for whom does it work best?

SEED (Save Earn Enjoy Deposit) - set goals for savings, and then can retrieve $ when goal is met. Rotating Saving and Credit Associations offered savings accounts that earned no interest but that cost to withdraw money. This helped people overcome barriers to saving. Women who had this could save more than women who did not.

What is the SMaRT program? How does it work, and for whom does it work?

SMarT (Save More Tomorrow) - participants agree to a set % of their salary going for retirement. So, as their salary increases, so does the amount that is deposited toward retirement.

what is rent burden?

Spending more than 30% of household income on rent. Families under 200% of poverty threshold experience rent burden most acutely ~80% of these poor families have rent burden Is the most pressing issue for poor families today

What is the feminization of agriculture? How do policies disempower women in agricultural roles? What is the effect of these policies on a woman's earning potential, and thus her likelihood to be poor?

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): "Feminization of Agriculture" Women produce 60%-80% of food in most LDCs Policies support male farmers, gender bias is prevalent Women have less access to land acquisition, credit, technology and educational resources about farming that would increase their productivity Urban migration More women than men migrate Women get low end jobs - factory jobs 2/3rds of women work in the informal sector in LDCs Prostitution, unregulated jobs

The World Bank also has idea about how to end poverty. What is the World Bank's conclusion about government characteristics needed to successful reduce poverty?

The World Bank concluded that economic development and poverty reduction is most likely to be achieved when governments are... Efficient and fair Have low levels of corruption Work for the benefit of the entire nation

children in families with rent burden

The majority are... Poor (below 200% poverty line) Live in urban areas About a third are... White (30%) Black (26%) Hispanic (36%) Have parents who work full or part time

The feminization of agriculture

The trend estimated that women in developing nations produce about 60-80% of food in LCDs. Named by the UN Food and agricultural organization

Define political underdevelopment How can you tell if a nation is underdeveloped in any or all of these domains?

There is not much of a consensus on what constitutes political development and political underdevelopment. Political development, they maintained, involves the creation of specialized and differentiated government institutions that effectively carry out necessary functions, such as collecting tax revenues, defending national borders, maintaining political stability, stimulating economic development, improving the quality of human life, and communicating with the citizenry. In addition, developed governments must be responsive to a broad segment of society and respect the population's fundamental freedoms and civil rights. Presumably, any government satisfying these Democracies are less susceptible to political instability and mass violence Political stability is important to development Some form of democracy and socioeconomic equality is necessary for political development Democracy is noted by... Honest and competitive elections Opportunity for political participation Universal adult suffrage Respect for human and minority rights Failed states: those that have completely undermined governments - from warlords, ethnic groups, etc.

Why to countries with extreme poverty not have social safety nets? Why did social safety nets form in the US and core nations in Europe but are not in LDCs? (e.g., what context is necessary to allow for social safety nets? Why?)

These programs (health insurance in Germany and other European countries; unemployment insurance, etc.) were supported politically by the working class as they moved toward middle class. Developing countries often do not have the social structure or support of a collective working class to move government toward such support. Fragmented work (no unions), large portions of the labor force in informal sector

Why is it so difficult to end extreme poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa? What is recommended to address the problems that are unique to this region?

This World Bank map shows the % of populations living at $1.90/day Poverty in sub-Saharan Africa is a puzzle. It responds to income growth and to changes in income distribution less than anywhere else in the developing world. Too few jobs are generated to pull families out of poverty To boost exports Africa's economies need trade-related infrastructure and market access. E.g., for agricultural products African countries rank at the bottom of the World Bank Trade Logistics Index, largely as a result of deficient ports, roads, and communications. The US can lead by pushing reform the OECD-WTO "Aid for Trade" initiative. Fulfill promise to make Aid for Trade additional to existing aid budgets European countries and the US should implement a simple, time-bound system of preferences for Africa's non-traditional exports to high-income countries.

Which family type, gender, SES group is most likely to use housing assistance?

Under half of families receiving housing assistance are female-headed families 30-32% earn income through work 10-11% receive welfare income assistance

What is western bias?

View third world poverty as due to cultural values When Western political scientists began to study the Third World seriously, they eventually recognized that evaluating political systems in very different cultural and socioeconomic settings from their own was particularly challenging. Recognizing that most Western European countries did not become meaningfully democratic until they were well along the path to industrial development, scholars were often reluctant to criticize the authoritarian systems that prevailed in many barely industrialized nations of the Third World.

With this in mind, and considering gender roles, why do women tend to default on microloans more than men?

What the Innovations for Poverty Action research found, however, was that women more often defaulted on their MLs. This may be because women were not trained to be business minded. Thus, in order to empower women with business, more than loans is needed.

Why is violence against women so often tolerated and accepted in developing nations? What factor or factors allow violence against women to be so prevalent in LDCs?

When women as a whole gain wealth, power, they are less likely to experience violence - the dynamic shifts in the culture. In many countries, violence against women is acceptable and stigmatizing for the woman Women's economic positon can challenge social norms such as... Girls who are educated have more agency and economic empowerment When women make money, they gain power and this challenges norms of male dominance; shifts roles of men and women to be more egalitarian.

In LDCs, how is a women's earning power related to the likelihood she will experience domestic violence?

Women who control their income and assets improve opportunities for their children because... They can control family formation Age of marriage Number of children: Fewer children relates to more investment for education Experience less domestic violence children won't witness violence less likely to repeat cycle of intergenerational violence

In LDCs, what are the linkages between women's land ownership, family formation, education and women's empowerment/agency (recall the model, lecture, and examples). (Hint: if you are a visual person, it might help to draw this out in a model or concept map).

Women who own land can... earn money go to school marry later Women who own land are less likely to experience domestic violence More likely to marry later Women who marry later are wealthier Women who are wealthier have more agency

Section 8 housing

allows private landlords to rent apartments and homes at fair market rates to qualified low income tenants, with a rental subsidy administered by Home Forward Certificates and vouchers Some are project-based; owner accepts certificates and vouchers

rent burden is most common among..

black and Hispanic families Immigrant families Poor families

a country's rate of poverty and mortality tends to reflect what about it?

both its per capita income and its degree of economic inequality

What were the unintended effects of US customers' boycotting of products that were made by children in Bangladesh? Howe did the workers feel? Did boycotting help them?

boycotting is more harmful for factory workers because they need to money to support their families it is a luxury to work in factories

What is landgrabbing and how does it hurt poor nations' prosperity? a. What is an example of good practices when land grabbing happens?

buying land that is not being used to make income from. no animals to hunt, no honey in the forest, wet lands were drained. infrastructure, setting up schools and clinics, palm oil, outgrower system are good practices for local farmers.

What is the assumption of Landesa about how to reduce poverty? Why are they teaching adolescent girls to grow and sell produce?

by giving girls land to grow vegetables and sell them on the streets they are making their money to go to school

What effect did the safe water program have on children's education and livelihood?

children dont get sick as often and will be more likely to attend school deworming

all of the following are typical ways that migrants currently come the US except -community sponsorship -legal permanent immigrant status -refugees status -temporary worker status -undocumented migrant status

community sponsorship

the gender empowerment measure (GEM) measures empowerment of women in nations. which of the following is not true about it? -the higher the scores the more empowerment -compares men and women's HDI scores for discrepency -scores range from 0 to 1

compares men and women's HDI scores for discrepency

depency theory

dependency theory: Underdevelopment is an ongoing process caused by the oppression of the country by external forces Views nations along a continuum from core to peripheral nations - a globalized class system Recognizes historical context sets the stage for LDNs

Define economic underdevelopment How can you tell if a nation is underdeveloped in any or all of these domains?

economic underdevelopment: -Low per-capita income (technically expressed as low Gross Domestic Product) -highly unequal income distribution -Poor infrastructure (including communications and transportation) -Limited use of modern technology -Low consumption of energy At the household level, economic underdevelopment connotes widespread poverty, including unemployment, substandard housing, poor health conditions, and inadequate diets.

according to the author of where are you wearing (Timmerman) people who work in the garment industries in developing nations are grateful when western nations boycott the companies they work for because it demonstrates that such working conditions are not acceptable

false

What are GDI, GEM? How are they measured? What do they tell us about a nation's poverty?

gender development index: It addresses gender-gaps in life expectancy, education, and incomes. It uses an "inequality aversion" penalty, which creates a development score penalty for gender gaps in any of the categories of the Human Development Index which include life expectancy, adult literacy, school enrollment, and logarithmic transformations of per-capita income Compares the HDI of men and women in a nation Score range = 0 to 1 Higher scores mean more equality gender empowerment measure: (GEM) is an index designed to measure of gender equality. GEM is the United Nations Development Programme's attempt to measure the extent of gender inequality across the globe's countries, based on estimates of women's relative economic income, participations in high-paying positions with economic power, and access to professional and parliamentary positions Composite index that compares men and women in terms of income, roles in government leadership, and professional, technical, and managerial positions Score range - 0 to 1; higher scores mean more empowerment Broadly reflects a nation's degree of development

What are the pressures to marry girls off early? What is this more likely in poor families than non-poor families in developing nations?

girls are more likely to find a good household when they are younger. it is better for poor families to marry off their daughters so that they can be supported with money

According to the UN, poor social conditions in developing nations include all of the following except -high infant mortality -low education system -high levels of violence -low literacy rates

high levels of violence

What informal and formal institutions are they addressing with this program (think of the WDR model); how can this change the distribution of resources in families?

informal- it is normal to marry of the daughters before 18 and it is up to the father formal- they can go to the police if parents force the daughters to marry off before their 18 but it is normal if daughters are growing their own veggies and selling them they are making their own money therefore paying for school on their own and can make their own decisions from there

According to the Brookings Institute, what elements must be addressed to eradicate extreme poverty in third world nations

infrastructure to facilitate sustainable employment and job creation striving toward peace through UN peace keeping forces and negotations with factions in warring nations establishing systems that reduce risk of economic failure and build resilience (like safety nets)

How did NAFTA affect the economy in Mexico (in the long run)? Did it decrease poverty in Mexico? What was the effect on farmers?

it increased poverty and did not improve agricultural production. it wiped out several farmers in mexico pushing them to flee the country

the gender development index (GDI) measures gender equality in nations. which of the following is not true about it? -measures the power of women to choose their fate -compares the HDI of women and men in a nation -score that is close to 1 (on a scale of 0 to 1) means a nation has more equality

it measures the power of women to choose their fate

What factors or policies contribute to differences in the working conditions for workers in China versus workers in Cambodia?

labor conditions are far worse in china than in cambodia. they are force to work long hours and not receive pay for overtime hours

according the readings and lecture, which of the migration streams accelerated (increased) after 2009?

legal temporary labor workers

research suggests two potential pathways for how rent burden can impact children's well being . what are these?

material hardship and family stress

two pathways through which rent burden may affect children

material harship family stress

modernization theory

modernization theory: -LDNs will be less poor if they modernization -Underdevelopment is a condition caused by problems internal to the country: the beliefs, attitudes and values of the people, perhaps; the culture; the country's government and policies. Modernization of nations..... necessary for development and eradication of third world poverty Modernization happens.... through education, urbanization, and use of mass media as a cultural tool for change Ideas diffused from highly industrialized nations to LDNs E.g., through.. Peace Corps, foreign aid.... Modernization theory dominated US foreign policy post WWII and during the cold war Too often resulted in political instability Culturally biased - Western nation superiority Development can happen with non-western belief systems E.g., countries with less individualistic orientation can modernize yet maintain collective orientation (Japan, South Korea) Keeping some traditional values is important for modernizing. Thus, adopting Western values is not favorable among all LDNs. Resentment of imposed Western values through modernization can lead to extremist views and actions (terrorism)

According to your readings, what percentage of households with kids have rent burden?

nearly 80% About a third are... White (30%) Black (26%) Hispanic (36%)

approximately how many of all foreigners in the US are undocumented

one third

public housing

owned and operated by Public Housing Authority for low income families Under half of families receiving housing assistance are female-headed families 30-32% earn income through work 10-11% receive welfare income assistance

According to the Brookings institute extreme poverty still exists for about 13% of the world's population. How is extreme poverty defined by this institution?

people earning less than $1.25 per day

5. What does "personal agency" mean? How is it expressed among women in developing nations?

personal "agency," they are referring to an individual's ability to act in a way that accomplishes his or her goals. Girls who are educated have more agency and economic empowerment Women who marry later are wealthier and have more agency within their family and community Women who own land can... earn money go to school marry later Women who own land are less likely to experience domestic violence More likely to marry later Women who marry later are wealthier Women who are wealthier have more agency

What is the most important or memorable (i.e., salient) characteristic of developing nations? (i.e., how can we easily identify a LDC as such?)

poverty Low per-capita income (technically expressed as low Gross Domestic Product) highly unequal income distribution Poor infrastructure (including communications and transportation) Limited use of modern technology Low consumption of energy.

Poverty rates in a nation are one measure (index) of poverty in developing nations. What do these rates tell us, and what might they leave out of the picture of poverty in a country?

poverty threshold ?? they tell us how many are in poverty tells per capita income cannot determine inequality

Effects of rent burden on family and child wellbeing; what are the pathways through which rent burden affects individual wellbeing (recall, pathways refer to models that show how one variable relates to another through a mediating variables; see models we've discussed)

rent burden - material harship - outcome family stress

all of the programs are designed by the HUD to alleviate rent burden except -public housing -renter occupied house -housing choice voucher programs run by local public housing agencies -privately owned subsidized housing where HUD provides grants to apartment owners who offer reduced rent to low income tenants

renter occupied housing

What are the three main challenges that must be overcome in order to eradicate extreme poverty? What are the critical elements of addressing each of these three challenges? What recommendations are made?

securing peace -Syria, a country that had an extreme poverty rate of 1 percent just three years ago, now has one of 30 percent Recommendation: Greater investment in U.N. peacekeeping and coalition governments for post-conflict states Political settlements, or pacts between elites, can maintain some degree of stability in the absence of strong institutions. creating jobs-An end to extreme poverty will require people around the world to access sustainable incomes. Facilitating job growth is a difficult endeavor, intertwined with infrastructure, regulation, the rule of law, property rights, and more. Ana Revenga, the senior director of the World Bank's poverty global practice notes.. Job or economic growth alone won't work. Distribution of wealth and equity also have to be brought into any discussion of ending poverty Also important are: Agricultural development , equitable access to basic health, and education to expand opportunity. strengthening resilience- Ability to manage, and mitigate, risk. It is critical that systems—say, crop insurance—are in place to prevent that farmer and his family from permanently backsliding into penury. Other shocks, like sickness, unemployment or unexpected expenses to cover a wedding or funeral, can also stress a family's economic situation. People need safety nets to help them cope with shocks

What is the way (i.e., mechanism) through which migrants most typically come to the US?

temporary workers have increased from 1.7 to 2.8 mil in the last few years illegal permanents have remained the same for several years

Trends: Which migrant groups have increased the most overtime and since the great recession? Which migrant groups have not grown since the great recession?

temporary workers have increased the most overtime since the great recession refugees have not grown since the great recession

Looking at the charts, from which regions / nations do most migrants to the US come?

the americas more specifically Mexico then asia

What is the explanation for the decrease in undocumented workers since the GR?

the demand for labor in the united states has weakened

what is a major drawback of reliance of informal sector employment for the poor in developing nations?

the jobs are unregulated and therefore do not contribute to infrastructure

What is the impact on gender roles, marriage, parent child relations when fathers and sons leave to come to work in the US?

the mother becomes the head of the household and becomes responsible for the agricultural reproduction the child typically turns away from those responsibilities

According to aratani (2011), approximately what percentage of low income households with children spend more than 30% of their low income on rent?

the vast majority (nearly 80%)

What factors have historically pushed emigration from Mexico to the US? Who in the family is most likely to leave?

there is just no way to make enough to money to feed their families in Mexico so it is usually the men of the household to make trips to the US to make money for their family

in developing nations when women have more rights and education the following happens

they have greater influence on their own use of birth control and thus childbearing the overall economic health of a nation is improved

how do housing subsidies affect children

they increase residential stability and enhance income

why are temporary immigrant workers in the US so vulnerable

they lack freedom of mobility and labor rights

Who is most at risk for rent burden (which poverty threshold level, race)?

those below 200% of poverty hispanics

In comparing the US garment industry to that in China, Timmerman argues that the US cared more about the workers' lives when it was industrializing than less developed nations do of their workers today. What factors in American history lead him to believe this?

union labors have always been successful in raising awareness

What factor most directly influences a woman's agency in her own home?

wealth how earnings are used

Know the model that explains the constraints on women's agency to be self-supporting. Be able to name the parts of the model (hint: the cogs and wheel model we discussed and that is in lecture).

wheel 1: womens agency- control within household economic opportunities endowments little wheel 4: markets- female autonomous earnings little wheel 2: informal institutions- norms on roles, power relations, mobility and masculinity/networks little wheel 3: formal institutions- laws of ownership and marriage, enforcement, services and information little wheel 1: household- allocation of resources and care/housework

What strategy did IPA find worked best for helping farmers increase yield and sustainability of their job?

when the money for the product is also going to the producer and the community

In what way do microloans empower women and potentially change the marital relationship? (see You Tube videos in lecture and that we discussed in class).

women are more economically successful and gain respect from others. they have power because they have more money. they have more power in relationships

In the Landesa video we watched, what examples did you see of women's agency?

women do not have much control in the household its all up to the man of the house who determines if she gets married