Exam 2 History Ch2
Puritans had to subject themselves to authority, which included their personal freedoms being regulated by the church and God
"Moral Liberty" was critical to the personal and governed lives of Puritans in Massachusetts. Identify the statement that describes the limits to personal freedom that accompanied "moral liberty."
A Puritan spiritual adviser and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy which shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area, and her popularity and charisma helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious community in New England. She was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the colony with many of her supporters.
Anne Hutchinson
Although religious tolerance as a concept would not take root in the colonies for many years, Hutchinson showed other interpretations of the Bible and critiqued preachers Hutchinson demonstrated how Puritan belief in each individual's ability to interpret the Bible could lead to criticism of the establishment
Anne Hutchinson and John Cotton were denounced for Antinomianism, or putting their own judgment or faith above the teachings of the church. Identify the statements that describe the significance of Anne Hutchinson to the region's religious culture.
Interpretations of social and environmental issues-like failed crops and disease-as God's disapproval Warnings issued by ministers for violations of the church's teaching
By the 1660s and 1670s, ministers were regularly castigating the people for selfishness, manifestations of pride, violations of the Sabbath, and a "great backsliding" from the colony's original purposes. Identify the statements that describe "jeremiads" and how ministers used them to influence the actions of settlers.
Femme sole could own land Femme sole women could make contracts and conduct business
Colonial English women were defined by their legal status as "feme covert" (married) or "feme sole" (single). Identify the unique privileges feme sole women enjoyed.
The struggle to unify the country under one church
England had many internal problems that caused both a civil war and persecution throughout the 1500s. Identify the primary conflict during this time.
Settlements didn't spread farther west than the Hudson River at this time Massachusetts was the largest settlement, extending along the coast from the present-day state of Maine to Massachusetts The Connecticut settlement spread along the Connecticut and Thames River
English settlements in New England
A form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662. It was promoted in particular by the Reverend Solomon Stoddard, who felt that the people of the English colonies were drifting away from their original religious purpose.
Halfway-Covenant
The elected representative element of the Virginia General Assembly, the legislative body of the Colony of Virginia.
House of Burgesses
Slavery was allowed in the Body of Liberties A separate list of rights and restrictions existed for those who were "dependent" on others, including women, children, and servants Liberties were viewed as privileges connected to one's place in the social order
Identify the rights and responsibilities of people living in Massachusetts as outlined in the Body of Liberties.
John Winthrop was the first governor of Massachusetts John Winthrop believed that true freedom required individuals to submit to both religious and secular authorities
Identify the statements that describe John Winthrop and his beliefs about the concept of liberty.
Lord Calvert was the son of King Charles I's favorites and wanted to create a feudal system in Maryland Lord Calvert was Catholic and wanted Maryland to be a refuge for those Catholics persecuted in England
Identify the statements that describe Lord Calvert and his vision for Maryland.
English ruler who assumed power after the execution of Charles I Led an aggressive policy of colonial expansion, extending English control over Ireland and Jamaica
Identify the statements that describe Oliver Cromwell and his policy of colonial expansion.
There were religious disputes about how fully the Church of England should distance its doctrines from Catholicism There was conflict over restrictions to liberties, including the king issuing taxes without parliamentary consent There was conflict over the concept of "English Liberty"
Identify the statements that describe the English Civil War in 1642.
Involved the immigration of Puritans from England to Massachusetts between 1629 and the 1640s Created the foundation for a stable and thriving society in Massachusetts
Identify the statements that describe the Great Migration and its impact on New England.
Powhatan Indians allied with neighboring tribes and killed one-quarter of the Jamestown population because of the continued encroachment of English colonies onto native lands
Identify the statements that describe the Jamestown Uprising of 1622.
In order to attract more settlers, the Virginia Company introduced the headright system that awarded land to individuals who paid for their passage to the New World The House of Burgesses was the first elected assembly in colonial America and it was established in place of the governor's militaristic regime
Identify the statements that describe the significance of the headright system and the House of Burgesses to the development of Virginia.
He believed in religious toleration, citing that God had singled out not only the Puritans for salvation He was critical of the King of England for taking land from the natives without payment
Identify which criticisms of the church and the King of England resulted in Roger Williams's banishment from the colony of Massachusetts.
Farmers
In seventeenth-century England, working for wages was widely associated with servility and loss of liberty. Only those who controlled their own labor could be regarded as truly free. Based on this understanding, which type of worker would claim the most personal liberty and freedom?
Massachusetts churches were forced to deal with a growing problem-the religious status of the third generation. This led to the creation of the Halfway Covenant. The Halfway-Covenant made ancestry, not religious conversion, the pathway into the church and inclusion among the elect
In the mid-seventeenth century, some Puritan leaders began to worry about their society's growing commercialization and declining piety, or "declension." Identify the statements that describe the Half-Way Covenant and its impact on the church.
A person under contract to work for another person for a definite period of time, usually without pay but in exchange for free passage to a new country.
Indentured Servant
Indians were exposed to disease, which devastated many tribes Indians traded for alcohol, which caused social problems Indians acquired guns, which led to overhunting
Indian culture was transformed by acquiring new items from the English colonists through trading. Identify what Indians acquired and were exposed to by the colonists.
Hekluyt argued: English could compete against the Spanish Catholics for converted Indian souls in the new world, New world needed rescuing from Spanish, and colonies would be a solution for unemployment.
It took convincing to get Queen Elizabeth I to support colonization. Identify all of the following ideas that were reflected in Richard Hakluyt's A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, which listed 23 reasons why Queen Elizabeth I should support the establishment of colonies.
The first permanent English settlement in the Americas. It was established by the Virginia Company of London as "James Fort" on May 4, 1607, and was considered permanent after brief abandonment in 1610. It followed several failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke, established in 1585 on Roanoke Island. Served as the capital of the colony of Virginia for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699.
Jamestown
An English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630 and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies.
John Winthrop
She adopted English dress after her marriage to John Rolfe After her Christian conversion, her name was changed to Rebecca
Life of Pocahontas
English politician and colonizer. He achieved domestic political success as a member of parliament and later Secretary of State under King James I. He lost much of his political power after his support for a failed marriage alliance between Prince Charles and the Spanish House of Habsburg royal family. Rather than continue in politics, he resigned all of his political offices in 1625 except for his position on the Privy Council and declared his Catholicism publicly. He was created Baron Baltimore in the Irish peerage upon his resignation.
Lord Calvert
The law was a milestone in the history of religious freedom in colonial America The act did not establish religious toleration and liberty in the sense we know it today, as people who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ were punished It guaranteed all Christians the "free exercise" of religion, institutionalizing the principle of religious toleration that had been applied since the colony's beginning
Maryland in the 1640s verged on total anarchy. Identify the statements that describe the Act Concerning Religion (or Maryland Toleration Act) and its impact on society at that time.
True
Much like slaves, indentured servants were subjected to forced labor and brutal treatment. But unlike slaves, after completing their contracted work obligations, indentured servants received "freedom dues" and became members of society.
Furs and animal skins Native farming techniques Free, uncultivated land
Native and English colonial groups traded many goods and ideas. Identify the goods and ideas Indians shared with the colonists.
An English military and political leader. He served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death, acting simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new republic.
Oliver Cromwell
Hakluyt wrote a discourse concerning Western planting, arguing that Queen Elizabeth I should support colonies in the New World. Roanoke Island was settled but ultimately failed due to lack of planning. Jamestown, Virginia was established
Place the following events in chronological order to describe early English colonization.
True
Puritanism came out of the rejection of Catholicism and the search for true Protestantism. As such, Puritans encouraged individuals to read the Bible for themselves, rather than rely on sacraments and formulaic prayers administrated by priests. Puritans considered themselves to be true Protestants.
A Puritan minister, theologian, and author who founded the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. He was a staunch advocate for religious freedom, separation of church and state, and fair dealings with American Indians, and he was one of the first abolitionists. Banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony by the General Court of Massachusetts. He had spoken out against the right of civil authorities to punish religious dissension and to confiscate Indian land.
Roger Williams
All Englishmen had rights and freedoms
The Magna Carta was written in 1215, but by 1600 it was being interpreted very differently than its original intention. Identify the important issue at the heart of the new interpretation of this document.
Maryland: Indentured servants were more likely to become landowners. People of Catholic faith could find refuge and were encouraged to settle here Virginia: This settlement was established by company of investors Both Virginia and Maryland: Conditions were unhealthy, leading to a high death rate for adults and children Indentured servants were relied upon for the majority of labor in the early years Tobacco was the leading cash crop The headright system was in place
The establishment of Virginia and Maryland shared many similarities and also some notable differences. Identify which of the following characteristics correspond to either Virginia, Maryland, or both settlements.
Offered a glimpse of the modern definition of freedom as a universal entitlement based on equal rights, not a function of social class Was the first democratic political movement that proposed a written constitution, which proposed to abolish the monarchy and expand the right to vote
The idea of freedom suddenly took on new and expanded meanings between 1640 and 1660. Identify the statements that describe the Levellers and their contributions to the expanded idea of freedom during this time.
Although it is not known for sure, the English colonists at Roanoke most likely moved and blended in with native tribes
The settlement at Roanoke represented an early failure for the English to colonize. Identify why it most likely failed.
Massachusetts: -Family farms produced a diverse array of crops along with fish and timber -The majority of population consisted of families -The population was healthier due to the climate Virginia: -The House of Burgesses was their first body of government -The majority of population was single men -Tobacco was the most common cash crop
There were many demographic differences when looking at the early settlers of Virginia and those who settled in Massachusetts. Identify the characteristics of the two colonial settlements.
The conflicts resulted in feelings of superiority from the colonists and further encouraged their creation of boundaries between the two cultures Colonists frequently forced out Indians, and then settled on the land that they had cleared
Traders, religious missionaries, and colonial authorities all sought to reshape Indian society and culture. Identify the statements below that describe the recurrent warfare between colonists and Indians.
Refers collectively to two joint-stock companies chartered under James I on 10 April 1606 with the goal of establishing settlements on the coast of America. The two companies are referred to as the "Virginia Company of London" and the "Virginia Company of Plymouth", and they operated with identical charters but with differing territories. The charters established an area of overlapping territory in America as a buffer zone, and the two companies were not permitted to establish colonies within 100 miles of each other. The Plymouth Company never fulfilled its charter, but its territory was claimed by England and became New England.
Virginia Company
Puritans had large families, as a substantial part of women's lives was devoted to giving birth and raising children
What does the image The Savage Family (1779) reveal about the typical Puritan family?
Harvard University
What was the first college established in the English colonies?
Diseases and illnesses such as malaria, dysentery, and typhoid took a heavy toll on the settlers. Early English settlers included numerous sons of English gentry and high-status craftsman who did not want to grow crops or perform labor English colonists were too focused of finding large veins of gold as it was rumored the Spanish had done so easily
When compared to early and rapid success for the Spanish, the English were slow to get their colonies into a profitable state. Identify the reasons why Jamestown was unsuccessful in the first five years.