EXAM 2 interpersonal com
Concrete vs. Abstract
Concrete - if you can experience its referent with one of your senses If you cannot see, touch, smell, taste, or hear a word's referent than the word is abstract Concrete Example: nouns Abstarct Example: trust, beuty, care
Confirming vs. Disconfirming Response
Confirming Response - a statement that causes another person to value himself or herself more Disconfirming Response - a statement that causes another person to value himself or herself less
Descriptive vs. Prescriptive linguistics
Descriptive Linguistics - the work of objectively analyzing and describing how language is actually used by a group of people in a speech community Prescriptive Linguistics - seeks to define standard language forms and give advice on effective language use
4 spatial zones
Intimate Space: the zone of space most often used for very personal or intimate interactions, ranging from 0 to 1.5 feet between individuals Personal Space: the zone of space most often used for conversations with family and friends, ranging from 1.5 to 4 feet between individuals Social Space: the zone of space most often used for group interactions, ranging from 4 to 12 feet between individuals Public Space: the zone of space most often used by public speakers or anyone speaking to many people, ranging beyond 12 feet from the individual
7 Universal Facial Expressions
Joy: raising of the mouth corners and tightening of the eyelids Surprise: eyebrows arching, eyes opening wide and exposing more white, with the jaw dropping slightly Sadness: Symbolized by lowering of the mouth corners, the eyebrows descending to the inner corners and the eyelids drooping Anger:Symbolized by eyebrows lowering, lips pressing firmly and eyes bulging Disgust: Symbolized by the upper lip raising, nose bridge wrinkling and cheeks raising Fear: Symbolized by the upper eyelids raising, eyes opening, and the lips stretching horizontally Contempt: Symbolized by half of the upper lip tightening up and often the head is tilted slightly back
Listening Style
Listening styles: your preferred way of making sense out of the messages you hear
Tell
a nonverbal cue, such as facial expression, body posture, or eye behavior, that gives away what we are thinking and feeling
Conflict Triggers
a perceived cause of conflict Different perspectives Stress and lack of rest Dialectical tension Criticism Feeling entitled Perceived lack of fairness More perceived costs than rewards
Ambush listening
a person who is overly critical and judgmental when listening to others
Spoonerism
an error in speech in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched between two words in a phrase EX: hearing "you have hissed the mystery lectures" when it was actually "you have missed the history lectures"
Interpersonal Conflict
an expressed struggle between at least two independent people who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, or interference in the achievement of their goals
Conflict Style Compromise
attempting to find the middle ground in a conflict A: It can be a good thing if a quick resolution is needed / Reinforces the notion that all parties share equal power / Helps everyone save face, because everyone wins at least something D: May result in each person giving in, but no one feeling pleased with the compromise
Nonverbal Communication
behavior other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone
Working memory, Episodic memory, and Semantic Memory
Working memory: the ability to hold information briefly while working with it Episodic memory: the ability to remember episodes of our lives Semantic Memory: our general knowledge of facts
Bypassing
confusion caused by the fact that the same word can mean different things to different people
Linguistic Determinism
describes how the use of language determines or influences thoughts and perceptions
Polarization
describing and evaluating what you observe in terms of extremes with an either-or perspective EX: you either love or hate me
Affect Display
nonverbal movements and postures used to communicate emotion Examples: waving, slamming hands or object, slumpod shoulders
Elaboration Likelihood Model
provides a basic framework for organizing and explaining why persuasive communications are effective
Task-Oriented Listeners
those who look at the overall structure of the message to see what action needs to be taken; they also like efficient, clear, and briefer messages They don't like to listen to rambling, descriptive messages that don't seem to have a point
Relational Listeners
those who prefer to focus on the emotions and feelings communicated by others searches for common interests and seeks to empathize with the feelings of others are less apprehensive when communicating with others in small groups and interpersonal situations Research shows that relational listeners have a greater tendency to be sympathetic to the person they are listening to
Critical Listeners
those who prefer to listen for the facts and evidence to support key ideas and underlying logic; they also listen for errors, inconsistencies, and discrepancies They are comfortable listening to detailed, complex information and focusing on facts, yet they are especially adept in nothing contradiction in the facts presented Critical listeners are likely to catch errors in the overall logic and reasoning that is being used to reach a conclusion Critical listeners tend to be a bit more skeptical than relational listeners about the information they hear
Analytical listeners
those who withhold judgment, listen to all sides of an issue, and wait until they hear the facts before reaching a conclusion Analytical listeners tend to listen to an entire message before assessing the validity of the information they hear While listening to a rambling personal story, the analytical listener focuses on the facts and details rather than on the emotions being expressed Analytical listeners prefer listening to rich message content and then find ways of organizing or making sense out of the information
Indexing
involves avoiding generalizations by using statements that separate one situation, person, or example from another EX: instead of saying "all doctors are abrupt" you would indext "My child's pediatrician spends a lot of time with me, but my internist never answers my questions"
Conflict style Accomodation
involves giving in to the demands of others A: Shows you're reasonable and helpful / If an issue is minor it may help you gain credibility by letting it go / Appropriate response if you realize that you're wrong D: Can give us a false sense of security / You may diminish your power to the extent of being taken advantage of
Conflict Style Collaboration
involves using other-oriented strategies to achieve a positive solution for all involved
Extended Language
is a brief preface to a feedback statement, intended to communicate that you don't want your listener to take your message in an overly critical way EX: I don't want you to misinterpret what im about to say, because i really do care about you
Selective listening
letting our pre-formed biases and expectation color what we hear, which is likely to result in missed meaning and a self-focused filtering or messages
Illustrators
nonverbal behaviors that accompany a verbal message and either contradict, accent, or complement it Example: using hands to indicate size
Adaptors
nonverbal behaviors that satisfy a personal need and help a person adapt or respond to the immediate situation Examples: adjusting clothing, scratching an itch
Triangle of Meaning
Symbols - words, sounds, or visual images that represent something else, such as a thought, concept, or object Referents - what symbols represent Thought - the mental process of creating an image, sound, concept, or experience triggered by a referent or symbol
Underbenefitted vs. Overbenefitted
Underbenefitted: individuals who put more into the relationship than they receive Overbenefitted: individuals who receive more than they put into the relationship
Conversational Narcissism
characteristic of a focus on personal agendas and self-absorption rather than on the needs and ideas of others
Explicit Strategy
characterized by a clear and concise message of forgiveness
Nonverbal Strategy
characterized by forgiving the other person through actions rather than words
Emblems
nonverbal cues that have specific, generally understood meanings in a given culture and may actually substitute for a word or phrase EX: raising your thumb to hitch hike
Conflict Style Competition
stressed winning a conflict at the expense of the other person involved
Emotional Contagion Theory
suggest that emotional expression is contagious; people can catch emotions just by observing others' emotional expressions
Theory of Silence
suggest that the more at ease you are when you share a silence with a close friend, the more comfortable you are with just being together and enjoying each other's companionship
Linguistic Relativity
suggests that each language includes some unique features that are not found in other languages
Expectancy Violation Theory
suggests that we interpret the messages of others based on how we expect others to behave
Territorial Markers
tangible objects that are used to signify that someone has claimed an area or space
Dialectical Tension
tension arising from a person's need for two things at the same time EX: Wanting freedom and be alone but also want some one there
Equity Theory
the perceived balance between the partner's contributions and benefits or consequences (fairness)
Territoriality
the study of how animals use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space
Proxemics
the study of how close or far away from people and objects people position themselves (spatial zones)
Semantics
the study of meaning in language
Phonology
the study of the sound system of language; how the particular sounds contrast in each language to form an integrated system for encoding information and how much systems differ from one language to another
Allness Statement
the tendency to use language to make unqualified, often untrue generalizations EX: all women are poor drivers
Backchannel Cues
vocal cues that signal your wish to speak or stop speaking
Central vs Peripheral Route
Central Route - characterized by a condition of high elaboration Peripheral Route - occurs under a condition of low elaboration
Constructive vs. Destructive Conflict
Constructive conflict: helps build new insights and establishes new patterns in a relationship Destructive Conflict: dismantles rather than strengthens relationships
Denotative vs. Connotative Meaning
Denotative Meaning - the restrictive or literal meaning of a word Connotative Meaning - the personal and subjective meaning of a word
Profanity vs. Euphemism
Profanity - words that are considered obscene, blasphemous, irreverent, rude, or insensitive Euphemisms - a mild or indirect word that is substituted for one that describes something vulgar, profane, unpleasant, or embarrassing
Conflict catagories Pseudoconflict Simple Conflict Ego Conflict
Pseudoconflict: a conflict triggered by a lack of understanding and miscommunication Simple Conflict: stems from differences in ideas, definitions, perceptions, or goals Ego Conflict: occurs when the original issue is ignored as partners attack each other's self-esteem
Discussion strategy
a strategy that individuals use to explain how and why the offense occurred and to express their feelings about the offense
Conditional Strategy
occurs when the victim forgives the transgressor, but attaches stipulations (demand of agreement) to the forgiveness
Emotional intelligence
the ability to be empathic and aware of your own emotions as well as the emotions of others Benefits: Accurately perceiving messages: ability to accurately perceive the emotions of others Thinking and working more effectively: better reviews from their supervisors, are viewed as better leaders, and are viewed as creating a positive atmosphere at work by their co-workers Expressing Emotions: An emotionally intelligent person is able to express his or her own emotions / They are able to use words accurately to describe feelings, moods, and emotions Managing your own emotions: If you understand your own emotions, you have the ability to manage them, rather than letting them manage you
Linguistic Discrimination
the act of discriminating against someone because of their language, dialect, or accent
Malapropism
the confusion of one word or phrase for another that sounds similar
Regulators
used to control the interaction or flow of communication between themselves and another person Examples: raising your hand
Minimization Strategy
used to indicate that the transgression (offense) was not important
7 Sins of Memory (Absent-Mindedness, blocking, suggestibility, misattribution, bias, persistence, transience)
Absent-Mindedness: involves lapses of attention and forgetting to do things blocking: the temporary inaccessibility of stored information suggestibility: the incorporation of misinformation, due to leading questions and deception misattribution: involves the attribution of memories to incorrect sources or believing that you have seen or heard something you haven't bias: involves retrospective distortions produced by current knowledge and belief persistence: involves unwanted recollections that people can't forget transience: the decreasing accessibility of memory over time
Accent vs. Dialect
Accent - characteristics of pronunciation inherent in every person's speech Dialect - a variety of language defined by both geographical factors and social factors, such as class, religion, and ethnicity
4 Types of Encoding (Acoustic, Elaborative, Visual, Semantic)
Acoustic: the processing and encoding of sound, words, and other auditory input for storage and later retrieval Elaborative: uses information that is already known and relates it to the new information being experienced Visual: the process of encoding images and visual sensory information Semantic: the processing and encoding of sensory input that has a particular meaning or can be applied to a context, rather than deriving from a particular sense
Conflict Styles Avoidance
Avoidance: characterized by backing off and trying to sidestep conflict A: Allows time to think / Saving Face D: Sends message that you don't care about the other person's feelings / May make things worse / Issues remained unresolved
Eye Contact Cognitive Function Monitoring Function Regulatory Function Expressive Function
Cognitive Function: gives you information about another person's thought processes Monitoring Function: People use eye contact to monitor the behavior of others Regulatory Function: regulates whom you are likely to talk with Expressive Function: Your eyes tend to reveal your emotions
Selecting, Attending, and Understanding
Selecting: Process of choosing one sound while sorting through various sounds competing for your attention Attending: Process of focusing on a particular sound or message Understanding: Process of assigning meaning to sound
Empathy vs Sympathy
Empathy - an emotional reaction that is similar to the reaction being experienced by another person Sympathy - the acknowledgment of someone else's feelings When you sympathize with others, you acknowledge their feelings. But when you empathize, you experience an emotional reaction that is similar to that of the other person
Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
Encoding:involves learning information by perceiving it and relating it to past knowledge Storage: involves maintaining information over time Retrieval: involves accessing information when it is needed
Dimensions of Interpreting Cues Immediacy Arousal Dominance
Immediacy: characterized by feelings of liking, pleasure, and closeness communicated by such nonverbal cues such as increased eye contact, forward lean, touch, and open body orientation Arousal: characterized by feelings of interest and excitement communicated by such nonverbal cues as vocal expression, facial expressions, and gestures Dominance: characterized by power, status, and control communicated by such nonverbal cues as a relaxed posture, greater personal space, and protected personal space
Conflict Process Source Beginning Middle End Aftermath
Source: sets the stage for disagreement It begins when you become aware that there are differences between you and another person Beginning: at least one of you becomes aware that the differences in the relationship are increasingly problematic Middle: When you bring your frustration to the attention of others, a conflict becomes an active, expressed struggle End: When you begin to try to manage the conflict, it has progressed to the resolution stage Aftermath: involves dealing with hurt feelings or managing grudges, and checking with the other person to confirm that the conflict has not retreated into the frustration awareness stage
5 Sources of Power Legitimate Referent Expert Reward Coercive
Legitimate: based on respect for a position that a person holds Ex: Boss, law enforcement, professor, parent Referent: comes from our attraction to another person, or the charisma a person possesses Ex: best friend, peer pressure, politicians, celebrities Expert: based on a person's knowledge and experience Ex: doctor, expert witness, lawyer Reward: based on another person's ability to satisfy your needs Ex: money, gifts Coercive: involves the use of sanctions or punishment to influence others
Listening vs Hearing
Listening: Process of selecting, attending to, creating meaning from, remembering, and responding to verbal and non verbal messages Hearing: physiological process of decoding sound
