exam 2

The ________ is the smallest living functional unit in an organism.

cell

The primary function of the cardiovascular system is

circulation of blood throughout the body

Dorothy is an 85-year-old woman who is having difficulty swallowing. Food seems to enter her stomach too slowly. Based on this information, Dorothy probably has a (an)

condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning

If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be _

converted into fat and stored

Bella is an omnivore, because she can

digest and absorb nutrients from a wide variety of sources.

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome usually includes making dietary changes and

earning ways to manage stress effectively

ared often eats a large dinner about an hour before he lies down to sleep. Based on this information, he is likely to develop

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Jeanne's total blood cholesterol level is 240 mg/dl. According to this information, _

Jeanne needs to reduce her total blood cholesterol level to under 200 mg/dl and increase her HDL level to lower her risk of heart disease

Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes ________ to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits.

glucagon

The starch in oatmeal and wheat is composed of ________ molecules.

gluclose

In the human intestinal tract, cooked rice is broken down into ________ molecules that can be absorbed

glucose

Which of the following foods is a rich source of starch?

Sweet potatoes

Amanda is a three-year-old who has a condition that is characterized by the inability of her pancreas to produce cholecystokinin. Based on this information, she

has difficulty digesting food

The ________ is the third segment of the small intestine.

ileum

A (An) ________ is an atom or a group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

ion

is a mineral nutrient.

iron

The ________ is the second segment of the small intestine.

jejunum

Adrian's diet supplies only about 10% of his daily energy needs from carbohydrates. Therefore, most of his energy intake is provided by protein and fat. As a result of following this diet, Adrian's cells form more ________ than normal.

ketone bodies

Feces form in the

large intestine

Which of the following foods is considered to be a probiotic?

Yogurt with live and active cultures ofLactobacillus

When Leah parties with her friends, she usually drinks 6 beers during a 2-hour party. At this level of alcohol consumption, she is ________.

a binge drinker

Devon's fasting blood glucose level consistently is between 78 and 95 mg/dl. Based on this information, he has

a healthy blood glucose level

Christina drinks 1 beer a day. At this level of alcohol consumption, she is

a moderate drinker

Coretta has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce her likelihood of developing heartburn, her physician recommended that she

lose excess body fat

Marcus has an infection that causes a temporary loss of villi. Based on this information, you would expect Marcus to ________ while he has this illness.

lose weight rapidly

Which of the following statements is true?

matter is composed of atoms

A substance has a pH that is lower than the pH of household bleach but higher than the pH of egg whites. Based on this information, the substance is _

milk of magnesia

Amy has type 1 diabetes. To reduce her son's risk of this disease, Amy should

monitor her child's health, because there is no way to reduce the risk

The brain and spinal cord are structures of the ________ system.

nervous

To reduce her intake of added sugars, Isabelle should

replace regular soft drinks with plain water

Devon adds a little salt to a pot of water before he boils the water to cook pasta. When added to the water, the salt is a

solute

The bladder and kidneys are organs of the ________ system.

urinary

Rose has an autoimmune disease that destroyed her salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Rose probably

uses a lot of spices and sauces to season her foods

April wants to add ________ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats.

walnuts

Chase is a 22-year-old college student. According to recommendations of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR), fat should comprise ________% of his total energy intake each day.

20 to 35

Amanda consumes approximately 2500 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than ________ kcal/day.

250

Oleic acid is an essential fatty acid that is in whole milk.

False

Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid?

Alpha-linolenic acid

Which of the following foods has a high glycemic index (70 or more)?

Baked Russet potato

Which of the following nutrients is made by gut microbiota?

Biotin

When he prepares food, Nick wants to use a product that is a rich source of unsaturated fat. Based on this information, which of the following fats should he select?

Canola oil

Jacob has a rare condition, an inborn error of metabolism, that prevents his body from storing glucose as glycogen. Every four hours, day and night, Jacob has to consume a solution that provides a source of glucose, which is slowly digested and absorbed by the intestinal tract. Which of the following foods should Jacob mix with water to form his life-saving solution?

Corn starch

Which of the following groups of foods are sources of starch?

Corn, potatoes,and rice

Which of the following conditions is an autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and swelling of the intestines?

Crohn's disease

Maggie was a subject in a clinical study that was designed to determine the effects of certain diets on health. While participating in the study, she was given a synthetic formula diet that provided vitamins, minerals, egg protein, purified water, and potato starch. Within a few weeks, Maggie's hair began to fall out and she developed patches of scaly skin on her arms and legs. Which of the following substances should be added to her formula to treat her nutritional deficiency?

Essential fatty acids

According to scientific evidence, which of the following actions can help reduce a person's risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Exercising daily

After drinking too much alcohol at a party, Samantha can sober up rapidly by drinking coffee and taking high doses of vitamin C.

False

Which of the following statements is true?

Most enzymes havenames that end with - ase.

Owen usually consumes about 3000 kcal/day. On average, his fat intake is approximately 80 g/day. Based on this information, which of the following statements describes Owen's diet?

Owen's fat intake is within the AMDR

Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion?

Pancreas

Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate?

Soluble fiber

Which of the following statements is true?

The cholesterolcarried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited inplaque.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not banned the use of saccharin.

True

Which of the following characteristics increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Type 2 diabetes

Antonio has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce his likelihood of developing heartburn, his physician recommended that he

avoid overeating during meals

Avi's salivary glands do not secrete amylase. As a result of his condition, his mouth cannot

begin starch digestion

Don recorded his food intake for a week and then used a computerized dietary analysis program to analyze his diet record. According to the results of the analysis, his average daily saturated fat intake was 5% of total calories; his average daily unsaturated fat intake was 12% of total calories; and his average daily cholesterol intake was 350 mg. Based on this information, his total fat intake is ________ the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.

below

The liver uses cholesterol to make

bile

Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach?

bile

A substance has a pH that is higher than the pH of tomatoes and lower than the pH of blood. Based on this information, the substance is

black coffee

A molecule forms when two or more atoms are attracted to each other and held together by

bonds

A primary function of the digestive system is the

breakdown of food into nutrients

An ________ is an ion that can conduct electricity.

electrolyte

A scientist discovers a new chemical in the leaves of a rare tropical plant. When trying to determine the role of the chemical, the scientist determined that it is not a structural part of the plant's cells or a pigment that contributes to the color of the plant's leaves. She was able to learn that the chemical sped up a particular chemical reaction involving the plant's metabolism. Based on this information, the new chemical is a (an)

enzyme

An ________ is a compound that speeds up (catalyzes) a chemical reaction.

enzyme

"Fruit sugar" is the common name for galactose.

false

DNA contains coded information that enables human cells to make micronutrients, including as iron and vitamin C.

false

Electrons are small, positively charged particles that surround the nucleus of a cell.

false

The edges of the tongue do not have any taste buds.

false

Ulcerative colitis is a temporary condition that develops after the large intestine is surgically removed.

false

When the pH of blood is lower than normal, the blood has become more alkaline.

false

The three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are

galactose, glucose, and fructose

An ________ is a body structure composed of tissues that have related functions.

organ

A scientist has isolated a chemical compound that is partially soluble in water. The chemical helps keep water-soluble substances mixed with fats. When analyzing the composition of the chemical, the scientist determined that in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the compound contains nitrogen and phosphorus atoms. Based on this information, the compound is a(an) ________.

phospholipid

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons. Most of the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain are connected by single bonds, except there is a double bond between the number 3 and 4 carbons as well as the number 9 and 10 carbons. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a ________ fatty acid.

polyunsaturated

Melania's fasting blood glucose level consistently is between 102 and 113 mg/dl. Based on this information, she has

pre-diabetes

In the body, fat

provides energy

to make hot tea, Sonya adds boiling water to a cup that has a teabag in it. She waits about 5 minutes for the tea to steep, then removes the teabag. Before drinking the tea, she adds a teaspoon of sugar to the hot beverage. When added to the tea, the sugar is a

solute

Carlos has a family history of premature heart disease and stroke. To lower his risk of cardiovascular disease, Carlos should _

stop smoking cigarettes

Protons carry a positive charge

t

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, fiber is a nutrient of public health concern.

true

Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes

true

Human cells contain organelles, including ribosomes and mitochondria.

true

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that live in the human large intestine

true

The body stores glucose in the form of glycogen.

true

The pyloricsphincter controls the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine.

true