Exam 2
Chapter 7
Response
Important Quote:
"emergency management is a team sport." - Nick - think about it like how a band is orchestrated aka chaos if not following each other
Core Capabilities
*bring in pic from slides
Conducting multi-organizational drills are important because... (all of the above except ONE)
*possible test question*
Review Pg. 176 in book:
- changing the culture of planning at BSW → incident annexes vs. functional annexes
Risk Perception
- complacency and inaction can also occur it warning do not produce the predicted devastation - as such a false sense of security towards future disaster can occur as people begin to normalize the risk and assume it will not occur →ex. smoking an driving without wearing a seat belt are well documented risky behaviors with high chances of causing negative impacts → disasters are low probability/high consequence events people will not prepare
Cultural Preparedness
- culture is a central feature of every society that exerts a powerful influence over individual behavior - different cultures may affect the way you would prepare for a disaster - material vs. nonmaterial culture - people must first believe that they can do something about the threat of disasters - some cultures view disasters as acts of God & thus nothing can be done to prevent them
How do we influence risk perception?
- education and communication - national preparedness month - cyber security month, etc.
Response Framework
- planning - Public Information and warning - Operational coordination - Infrastructure systems - Critical Transportation - Environmental response/health and safety - Fatality management - Fire management - Logistics and supply chain management - Mass care services - Search and rescue operations - On scene security and protection - Operational communications - Public Health, healthcare and emergency medical services - Situational assessment
Protection Framework
- planning - Public Information and warning - Operational coordination - Intelligence and Information Sharing - Interdiction and disruption - Screening, search, and detection - Access control and identity verification - Cyber security - Physical Protective Measures - Risk management for protection programs - Supply chain integrity and security
Communities
- testing sirens, emergency alert, or other warning systems - conducting educational programs and distributing disaster related information - maintaining an emergency operations center - conducting a hazard identification and risk analysis - conduct multi-organizational drills that are realistic and relevant → realistic scenarios about resource shortages and communication difficulties → accurate assumptions about how people/organizations will respond → meaningful involvement rather than mandated participation → integration of multiple organizations and levels of government → require participants to think creatively and improvise to solve unanticipated problems - we do not have a standardized community preparedness measure
Prevention
- the capabilities \necessary to avoid, prevent, or stop a threatened or actual act of terrorism
Recovery
- the capabilities necessary to assist communities affected by an incident to recover effectively
Mitigation
- the capabilities necessary to reduce loss of live and property by lessening the impact of disasters
Response
- the capabilities necessary to save lives, protect property and the environment, and meet basic human needs after an incident has occurred
Protection
- the capabilities necessary to secure the homeland against acts of terrorism and manmade or natural disasters
Preparedness
- the central concept in the field of disaster research and emergency management - refers to the activities undertaken prior to the onset of a disaster to *enhance the response capacities* of individuals & households, organizations, communities, states, and nations
State Planning Guidance in the US
- the state's role is generally: → the states take the federal guidance and create training opportunities for state and local government (ex. NIMS) - the state model their own planning process upon the federal recommendations (Ex. ESF planning) - the planner's toolkit → emergency management planner's guide → documentation standards → legislation navigation guide
Degrees of Preparedness
- there are varying degrees of preparedness aka levels of preparedness - disaster readiness is not a simple either or proposition; rather preparedness is a matter of degree - some are well prepared or capable of preparing; while others will never prepare -- not having the ability or resources needed to prepare (think of communities that are super poor and can't afford to stock up on necessary supplies)
How Do We Prepare
1. Test/Evaluate 2. Update/Assess 3. Make a Plan 4. Make a Kit
Chapter 5
Preparedness
Women & Children
- *female headed families represent the largest group of single parents & according to the US Census nearly a third of them live below the poverty line* - children require direction and supervision from adults, & typically do not know what to do during a disaster - current preparedness measures do not generally account for the needs of women and children → hospitals vs. children hospitals → shelters failed to consider women hygiene and privacy
Summary
- Define preparedness and understand its relationship to response, recovery, and mitigation - Identify common types of preparedness activities and describe how prepared individuals and households, organizations, and communities are for disasters - Identify particular groups that remain at risk due to lack of preparedness and list suggestions for enhancing their readiness - Provide examples of preparedness initiatives at the state, national, and international levels - Identify potential places to work and volunteer in the field of preparedness
PPD-8 Links a Range of National Efforts
- In the US a combination of choices, events, and circumstances has driven national level planning. - *The national level is the only sector that has a commission to develop nationwide strategies with power to bind, power to commit public resources and influence private resources* - Executive Orders, Presidential Directives have created: → Department of Homeland Security → Adoption of NIMS → Develop national preparedness strategy
Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture
- Material Culture: includes the clothes we wear, the houses we live in, the tools we use, the stories we write, the monuments we build, & other physical objects produced by societies - Nonmaterial Culture: covers shared values, our moral beliefs about right and wrong, the norms and rules governing our behavior, traditions, & the sense of collective identity that binds us together
National Incident Management System
- NIMS drive the management structure used by most response organizations in the US - NIMS is the broad management structure for coordinating response efforts among all levels of government, public, private, and non-profit sectors - ICS (a component of NIMS) was adapted from firefighters in California that used the system to manage wildfires
Recovery Framework
- Planning - Public Information and warning - Operational coordination - Infrastructure Systems - Economic recovery - Health and social services - Housing - Natural and cultural resources
Objectives
- Recognize that planning is a process - Discover that the planning process creates important social networks - Understand why long paper documents or boilerplate documents fail - Explain why evidence based planning works - Describe the planning process for: → Households → Organizations → Governments → Cross national events - Understand the role of the federal guidance in disaster planning
Summary
- Recognize that planning is a process - Discover that the planning process creates important social networks - Understand why long paper documents or boilerplate documents fail - Explain why evidence based planning works - Describe the planning process for: → Households → Organizations → Governments → Cross national events - Understand the role of the federal guidance in disaster planning
Does the doomsday clock make us more prepared? How does it relate to preparedness?
- as the doomsday clock changes, it keeps us more aware of when to be prepared and why to be prepared → because the doomsday clock changes w/ changes in the world like: environmental changes, nuclear wars, etc.
Business Continuity Planning
- business disruptions occur and have an immediate impact on their bottom line - businesses may be forced to relocate temporarily or even permanently - each day that a business is not open represents a potential threat to survival - business continuity planning provides the framework for how to respond and maintain critical or essential functions operational
Planning Guidelines (continued-3)
- disaster plans must avoid integrating the myths of such events as mass hysteria, panic, looting, and other incorrect assumptions of anti-social behaviors only negate the plans accuracy → disasters generally bring out the best in people, and assuming anti-social behaviors only negate the plans accuracy - the planning process must stress people working together on the plan within and across organizations → planning should never be conducted within one's own silo →the development of pre-disaster networks during the planning process will enhance disaster response - the planning process and plans must be guided by the science of disaster behavior → operating on what you think would work, or what has worked before, may not work this time - although disaster planning is part of the preparedness phase of disasters, planning should also integrate mitigation, response, and recovery → the planning process should never stop → mitigation plan, recovery plan, training and exercise plan, etc.
Planning Guidelines
- disasters are different from day to day accidents & emergencies → the magnitude a scope requires a fuller set of partners → a disaster plan must consider all people & organizations possible needed - a plan is not the final outcome of disaster planning because planning never stops ex. plans must be living documents, constantly evolving to adapt to changing technology, demographics, best practices, etc. - creating a plan means assuming an agent generic approach toward planning not creating a plan for each specific type of hazard → certain needs occur commonly across disasters; communication, coordination, decision making authority, etc. → all hazard planning ensures a planning can achieve broadly based planning for a range of hazards
Race & Ethnicity
- disasters are not equal oppurtunity events → disasters usually affect lower-class worse - meaning disaster disproportionately affect populations differently - people in less developed nations bear the highest risks - Race & Ethnicity also play a role in disaster preparedness
Why do previous experience increase preparedness level?
- heightened hazard awareness & risk perception - better understand of what needs to be done - disaster subculture of people that are familiar w/ a threat ex. "Tornado Alley"
Personal & Household Planning
- many organizations tell you to "Make a Plan," but what does that mean? → develop a series of steps that you will take when a disaster occurs in your area → planning at the personal level begins with familiarizing yourself with the hazards and risk in your areas. Also known as situational awareness (how well do you know your community?) (what response capabilities does it have?) (what/where are the high risk areas?) - once you are situationally aware you can then begin to formulate a response plan → what are your options for shelter in place or evacuation? → what personal or pet needs do you need to take with you? → how will you communicate with family or friends?
National Level Preparedness
- numerous resources exist to educate communities, organizations, and inform individuals on how to prepare https://www.fema.gov/national-preparedness-goal https://www.ready.gov/ https://www.dhs.gov/national-terrorism-advisory-system https://www.ready.gov/september
Individuals & Households
- obtaining disaster related information - attending meetings to learn about disaster preparedness - purchasing food and water - storing a flashlight, radio, batteries, and a first aid kit - learning first aid - developing and practicing a family emergency plan - bracing furniture (earthquake prone areas) - installing shutters (hurricane prone areas) - building a safe room (tornado prone areas) - purchasing hazard specific insurance
Pets
- people are less likely to evacuate if they are unable to take their pet - furthermore, without us pets remain at risk for their lives - preparedness steps include: → put a rescue alert sticker on your home → take animal training classes to increase your ability to bond with an help your pet during an emergency → arrange for a safe haven for your pet; family member or friend → develop a pet preparedness kit
Mitigation Framework
- planning - Public Information and warning - Operational coordination - Community resilience - Long term vulnerability reduction - Risk and disaster resilience assessment - Threats and Hazards Identification
Prevention Framework
- planning - public information & warning - operational coordination - intelligence & information sharing - interdiction & disruption - screening, search, & detection - forensics attribution
Planning Across the Life Cycle of EM
- planning generally looks like this: → emergency management committee is formed to drive the program/process → hazard vulnerability analysis (HVA) conducted → are developed to address the outcome of the HVA: - response plan (emergency plan (emergency operations plan - mitigation plan - training and exercise plan - once the plan has been tested and evaluated, it is updated
2 Main Elements of Planning
- planning is a process, not a piece of paper! → those involved w/ the planning process will learn the plan *important* - network, x3 → the planning process helps create & enhance connections or networks among decision makers
Planning Guidelines (continued-2)
- plans must assume that unpredictable events will occur, & that improvisation & group emergence will develop to respond to new situations → disaster plans provide a framework or starting place for response; they do not provide all the answers - plans must focus on coordination & flexibility, not on maintaining a rigid command & total bureaucracy → disasters tend to disrupt established routines & present new - the planning process should create a set of general guidelines or principles for disaster response → disasters generate a high degree of uncertainty, and nobody can list our every possible action needed → rather developing general guidelines are much more effective since they can be applied to a broad set of disaster threats *important to know for exam 2*
Analyzing Preparedness
- preparedness can be viewed and measured at different levels of analysis: communities (biggest), organizations, households, & individuals (smallest) - preparedness is a shared responsibility & successful efforts must involve the whole community
State Level Preparedness
- preparedness initiatives at the state and national levels typically involve educational campaigns, large stale exercises, and development of disaster warning systems www.texasprepares.org www.preparingtexas.org www.dps.texas.gov/dem
Enhance Response Capactity
- refers to the ability of social unites to accurately assess a hazard, realistically anticipate likely problems in the event of an actual disaster - & appropriately take precautionary measures to reduce impacts & ensure an efficient & effective response
Previous Experience
- survivors are far more likely to prepare for another disaster ex. TX coastal communities evacuated promptly after watching Katrina unfold - reactive mindness because you're thinking about it after the fact
Organizations
- talking to employees about disaster preparedness - conducting drills and exercises - received specialized training - developing relocation plans - obtaining an emergency generator - obtaining an emergency generator - purchasing business interruption insurance - public sector is typically better prepared than the private sector → however, business play a vital role in a community's response to and recovery from a disaster
Comprehensive Planning Guide 101
- the central document to support the development of local disaster planning → stresses local/community disaster planning → decades of disaster research ground many of the assumptions about disaster planning → relied upon the expertise of many local emergency coordinators in designing and writing the document → although produced by federal government, the recommendations are guidelines for local disaster planners
Population at Risk
- think about the elderly: difficulty to understand commands (elderly mental diseases), those that are isolated, etc. - SENIOR CITIZENS: → older residents generally live at low income levels, & their resources simply do not cover the costs of preparedness items → many senior citizens are socially isolated and do not maintain social networks that increase the chances of receiving information or communicating needs - THOSE W/ DISABILITIES: they have functional needs like: → communication: language, hearing, or speaking → supervisory: dementia/Alzheimer's → transportation: wheel chair/driving → medical needs: O2, dialysis, medicine, etc.
Take-Away Message
- we can DRAMATICALLY improve our ability before disasters strike
Measure of Preparedness
- we lack a standardized measure of disaster preparedness at the community, state, national, and international levels of analysis - not simply a matter of how many items have been preformed (could you be able to really prepare for a hurricane w/ a checklist? -- NO) - difficult to meaningfully compare communities, states, and nations in terms of disaster readiness
Community Based Planning
- whether planning involves a family in a household or a large community with thousands, people must work together to devise a plan - considering that "all disasters are local" the collection of government offices, neighborhood associations, businesses, volunteer organizations, or churches; all should participate in disaster planning - by involving the full community in the planning process we can: → identify and anticipate those at higher risk → plan for effectively for their survival → empower a broader range of citizens to be proactive - *FEMA calls this approach "Whole Community"
Preparedness Relation to All Hazards & the 4 Phases
- while some hazard specific strategies, for the most part preparedness activities should apply to multiple hazard contexts. → ex. building an underground shelter for Tornado vs. developing a communications plan - preparedness is closely related to the other phases of emergency management → preparedness enhances response capacities → preparedness planning improves recovery → mitigation efforts attempt to reduces the probability; while preparedness mitigate negative consequences of disaster
Race & Ethnicity also play a role in disaster preparedness - examples
1. Katrina struck the urban area of New Orleans which had a higher percentage of African American residents many of whom lacked private transportation 2. Historic patterns of segregation tied to lingering effects of prejudice & stereotypes increase preparedness challenges → hazardous materials sites tend to be closer to minority populations
NIMS
National Incident Management System
Doomsday Clock - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCnWPbn-ZKo&feature=youtu.be - made by Martyl Langsdorf
National Planning Guidance
- →
Chapter 6
Planning
