Exam 2 material
Which of the following best describes the conclusions about changes in average IQ with age drawn from cross-sectional versus longitudinal studies?
Cross-sectional findings point to a decline in IQ beginning at about age 35, while longitudinal data point to much longer maintenance of IQ.
Which of the following is TRUE of diabetes?
Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney disease, and amputations of feet and legs.
The finding that average IQ has increased steadily over the 20th century is referred to as the
Flynn effect
Which of the following is true in regards to genetics?
Genetic information can affect individual responses to different treatments.
Which of the following is NOT a well-established risk factor for one or more types of cancer?
HBP
Which of the following is TRUE in regards to health among ethnicities?
Hispanics who were born in other countries and came to the United States as immigrants tend to be in better health than Hispanic Americans who were born in the United States.
Suppose you hear someone say, "Intellectual skill is maintained, with no psychologically significant loss, until about age 60 or 65, after which there is a small decline." You are convinced that this is an overly optimistic view. Which of the following statements would be your most potent counterargument?
In longitudinal studies, earlier declines appear for tests that measure speeded or fluid abilities.
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the relationship of atherosclerosis to aging?
It is a disease occurring only in some adults, but some disease processes are reversible by improvement in health habits
Mr. Rodriguez, a 75-year-old male, was a participant in a study that required him to look at different types of advertisements. These ads featured three types of appeals: emotional, knowledge-related, and neutral. Based on research, it is most likely that:
Mr. Rodriguez will remember the emotional ads the best.
Which of the following is the most probable explanation for the difference in the apparent pattern of decline in IQ from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?
Older cohorts in cross-sectional studies have less education than do younger cohorts
Which is TRUE of Alzheimer's disease?
People with Alzheimer's disease show senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in their brain upon autopsy.
Which of the following is most accurate about depressive symptoms among older adults?
Rates of depression are significantly lower for older adults than young adults and middle-aged adults
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for heart disease?
STDs
When researchers ask young, middle-aged, and older adults to rate their own health, what age pattern do they find?
The percentage who describe their health as excellent declines with age, but 2/3 of those over 75 still rate their health as at least good
refers to the initial step as information is picked up by the senses and processed briefly by the perceptual system.
The sensory store
Which of the following is TRUE?
Those over 65 years of age are more likely than younger adults to suffer from chronic conditions.
What is the key flaw in studies of the effect of exercise on mental abilities in which comparisons are made between regular exercisers and sedentary adults?
Those who choose to exercise may be different in other significant ways from those who choose to be sedentary
Which of the following is an example of a direct link between Type A and coronary heart disease?
Type As have an increased stress rxn and lower immune rxn
The latest version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale provides a Full Scale IQ based on four separate indexes: _____________ each of which consists of a number of different subtests.
Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed
Which individual is most likely to have an advantage in cognitive functioning into old age?
a married female who completed college on the G.I. Bill and is now engaged as a personal trainer
Which of the following would be considered a measure of crystallized intelligence?
a vocabulary test
Which of the following is TRUE in regards to memory?
a. The more related the practical problems are to the older participant's interests and areas of expertise, the better they do solving the problems. b. Younger adults do better than older adults on traditional problem-solving tasks as c. When the "memory" part of the study is de-emphasized, older adults perform better.
Many definitions of intelligence include the global abilities to
a. act purposefully b. think rationally c. deal effectively
John is a 22-year-old college student. Unlike his 70-year-old grandmother, John is most likely to die from
accident
Which of the following is the most common cause of death in adults between ages 25 and 44 in the U.S.?
accidents
Dressing yourself, bathing, walking a short distance, using a toilet, and eating without assistance are all examples of what gerontologists call
activities of daily living, ADLs
The greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease is
age
Which of the following would be considered a measure of fluid intelligence?
an abstract reasoning test
Chiante is an older adult who was taught the memory strategy of forming an image in her mind of the people's faces she met at the party and their names. This is an example of
an internal memory aid
Which form of mental health disorder shows the highest prevalence in adulthood?
anxiety disorders
Among adults, which ethnic group in the U.S. seems to have the best health
asian americans
The term used to describe a disease of the arteries in which there is a gradual build-up of fat-laden deposits is
atherosclerosis
After falling on the ice and breaking three of her ribs, Kathleen is having trouble with ADLs. Which of the following is an example of an ADL?
bathing
Kara, a 40-year-old female who lives in the U.S., is most likely to die from
breast cancer
Which of the following is NOT one of the top three causes of death for individuals between the ages of 15 and 24?
cancer
What is the major explanation offered to account for the differences in the pattern of IQ stability or decline over adulthood shown in cross-sectional versus longitudinal studies?
cohort differences
Older adults' reduced performance on declarative memory tasks when they are reminded of the negative age stereotype is probably the result of such reminders:
consuming more working memory capacity.
When speaking of the type of intelligence based on education and experience, Horn and Cattell refer to
crystallized intelligence
Alzheimer's disease is one form of _______.
dementia
The term used to describe any significant global deterioration in intellectual abilities in older adults is
dementia
Juan is suffering from a disease wherein his body is not able to metabolize insulin. Juan most likely has:
diabetes
It is estimated that 20 percent of the elderly have pathological levels of anxiety. Which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder?
dysthymic disorder
__________ refer(s) to genetic characteristics that are the result of environmental influences during the prenatal period or during the lifespan that affect how existing genes are expressed.
epigenetic inheritance
Roderick arrived at the lab to participate in a study in which he was given two tasks: to remember a list of words and to remember the details of a story. The cognitive psychologist conducting this experiment was measuring his
episodic memory
Vernice is working on a task that requires her to regulate her attention and to determine what to do with information just gathered. These abilities are referred to as:
executive function
At least 50% of adults aged 80 complete fluid and crystallized tests of intelligence and performance at rates similar to young people. This statement suggests
extensive variability within age groups
According to Cattell and Horn's theory of intelligence, which type of intelligence is thought to reflect the more basic, physiologically based type of ability?
fluid intelligence
An experimenter reads a series of numbers and requires the subject to repeat those numbers back in the order given. This is a test of what kind of intelligence?
fluid intelligence
Across the adult years, the 12-month prevalence of most mental disorders increases from young adulthood to middle adulthood and then declines, with the lowest rates being
for adults who are 60 years of age and older
The developmental origins hypothesis states that
growth during the fetal period, infancy, and early childhood is a significant factor in adult health
Optimism
has been shown to have only positive outcomes on health and health behaviors
Women, when compared to men
have a higher incidence of disabilities, but contract fatal diseases later in
Compared to men, women
have more chronic health conditions, but contract fatal diseases later in life
After examining the evidence regarding cardiovascular disease and gender, Bjorklund concluded that
heart attacks are just as dangerous for men as for women.
Which of the following diseases is the leading cause of death in late adulthood in the United States and other developed countries?
heart disease
Which of the following are the 2 leading causes of death among adults in their 40s and 50s in the U.S.?
heart disease and cancer
Which of the following diseases or health problems is more common among African Americans than among non-Hispanic whites?
high blood pressure
Raymond is a 69-year-old male who lives in the south. It is most likely that he lives
in a community dwelling
Researchers who examined 18th century medical records in Sweden found that the ____________ was/were the strongest factor in determining adult longevity.
infant infections
Research has shown that IQ, from childhood into older adulthood
is very stable
Which of the following is TRUE regarding cardiovascular disease?
it is the leading cause of death and disability for men and women in the US
the probability of dying in any given year in the US is best described as
less than 20% for males and females over the age of 85
When people reach the age 55, the top cancer killer is _____ cancer, which remains through the rest of their life."
lung
Which group of adults shows a pattern of short life expectancy and high rates of chronic illness throughout adulthood?
men
You recently compared your mother's recent IQ scores with those from the test she took 10 years ago. What combination of changes in crystallized or fluid subscale scores would you MOST likely find?
mild increase in crystallized tasks, mild decrease in fluid tasks
The probability of contracting an illness is called the _________ rate
morbidity
the probability of dying in any given year
mortality
A longitudinal sample of adults is followed over 30 years. All of the following findings are hypothesized EXCEPT
no decline in cognitive functioning occurs.
The latest research on age-related changes in judgment and decision-making suggests that older adults utilize less information and take less time to make their choices (when compared to younger adults). However, there were NO differences in the choices made. The authors suggest that this is because
older adults better utilize deductive reasoning skills
Socioemotional selectivity theory provides an explanation for
older people's positivity bias.
The results from older adults' self-reports (surveys) of their health found that
only about 40% of adults over 75 rate their health as good to excellent
Exercise has ________ effect on intellectual skill.
positive
In general, older adults are more emotionally ________ than younger adults.
positive
Short-term memory is also referred to as
primary memory
On which of the following kinds of "everyday" memory tasks is an older adult likely to do as well as younger adults?
recalling whether she voted in the last election
Which of the following would be considered a "fluid" ability?
response speed
Which of the following would be considered a test of "fluid" abilities?
response speed
Word-finding failure and name-retrieval failures are both examples of tasks that require
semantic memory
Your 78-year-old grandfather recently attended his 60th high school reunion, and although he could describe the old gym where he and his teammates won the basketball championship, he had difficulty recalling his teammates' names. This is an example of age-related changes in
semantic memory
Marika's parents earned a combined income that placed them below the poverty level and she grew up in poverty until late adolescence. Based on recent research, one can predict that:
she is obese
When you look up a phone number and say it over to yourself once so that you can dial the whole number without having to check it again, what part of the memory sequence are you using?
short-term memory
You are introduced to someone new, and say his name over to yourself so that you will remember it a minute later when you will have to introduce this new person to someone else. Where is the new name likely to be "located" in your memory system?
short-term memory
Which of the following poor health habits increases a person's risk of both heart disease and cancer?
smoking
Several different distinctions among types of intellectual tests have been suggested. Which set of subtypes appears to be similar in content?
speeded, fluid, performance
Which of the following is NOT more common in adult women than adult men
substance abuse
On which of the following types of tests do adults retain the most skill well into old age?
unspeeded and crystallized
One major sex difference in health experiences over adulthood is that
women have higher rates of nearly all chronic diseases
Which pair of memory systems demonstrates the largest decline with age?
working and episodic
Clarissa is walking through the grocery store and realizes that they only take cash or a debit card. She does not have a debit card, so she starts to add up the cost of her groceries to determine if she has enough money. She is using her ________.
working memory
On which type of memory test do adults show the MOST loss of skill with age?
working memory
What is the term used to describe the amount of information we can hold in mind while performing some type of operation on it?
working memory
At what median age do adults in the United States show the onset of substance abuse?
20 years of age
At what median age do adults in the United States show the onset of mood disorders?
30 years of age
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) scores produce a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. This suggests that 2/3 of all adults obtain a score between
85-115
the last few decades have seen advantages in identifying genes associated with Alzheimer's disease. The gene_______ increases one's risk for Alzheimer's disease.
APOEE4
What is the age-related pattern of acute and chronic diseases over adulthood?
Acute illness declines with age, while chronic illness increases.
Dementia caused by ____________ is the most prevalent type of dementia.
Alzheimer's disease
Which group of adults has the worst health and the lowest life expectancy in the U.S.?
American Indians and Alaskan Natives
A good deal of research supports a link between Type A behavior pattern and increased risk of:
CAD